Impact of Distributed Generation on Voltage Profile in Deregulated Distribution System
|
|
- Jayson Chase
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Impact of Distributed Generation on Voltage Profile in Deregulated Distribution System W. EL-KHATTAM M. M. A. SALAMA Electrical & Computer Engineering, Waterloo University, Ontario, Canada Abstract: Due to the deregulation trend in electric power system networks, many factors have to be taken into consideration such as lack of supplying electric power, system reliability, power quality, electric system losses and voltage disturbance and profile problems. The excessive growing needs for electricity force electrical researchers to implement new approaches through the electric system. Introducing Distributed Generation (DG) in the distribution network is considered to be a promising new approach to solve these problems. DG is capable of providing some, or all of the required power for the demand increase and at the same time improves system s performance. This paper focuses on introducing a new approach to generate power in the distribution network and in addition enhance the distribution system s voltage profile and reduce the electric system losses by installing DG in the distribution system. Results of computer simulations are presented to confirm the proposed ideas. Key Terms: Deregulation, Voltage Profile, Electric Power Losses, Distributed Generation (DG), Distribution System. I. INTRODUCTION Applying deregulation to the electric power system has divided the electric power system into three different categories; electric power generation, transmission and distribution sectors. Each one of these categories owned and operated by a separate company and has its individual identity. The main concerns of implementing deregulation are to reduce the electricity cost especially for retail prices and in the same time improve the power quality of the delivered power to customers. These aims create a worldwide competition in the electricity market to reduce the prices fluctuations, costs in the electric power prices and supply the best customer s service as possible. Transmission companies and distribution comp anies are now operating for profits, this lead to an increase in the retail electricity bills. Electric companies tried to maximize their profits and minimize their costs. This is done by reducing spending on the maintenance, which will lead to a lot of technical problems in the electric network []. The most expensive problems usually appear in the distribution system. Distribution system considered the most expensive part in the electric network []. As load demand densities increase the more complication and problems will occur in the distribution network. Voltage regulation is one of the main problems in the distribution systems especially at the much far-end load and in the rural areas. Voltage regulation and maintaining the voltage level are well known problems in the radial distribution network. Several techniques have been applied by implementing many devices in the distribution network to solve these problems. The most common devices and techniques used are transformer equipped by load tap changer (LTC), supplementary line regulators installed on distribution feeders, shunt capacitor switched on distribution feeders [] and shifting transformers towards the load center []. A substation s LTC transformer equipped with a Line Drop Compensator (LDC) operation for radial distribution voltage regulation is based on the amount of current passing through the transformer. Where, the main objective of LDC is to maintain a certain voltage level for predetermined load values. As the current passing through this transformer increases, the feeder voltage drop increases (and vice versa). So the output voltage of this transformer must increase to readjust the voltage level and to compensate the expected increase of the feeder s voltage drop [,]. Supplementary line regulators installed on distribution feeders are either induction type or step type. Feeder s voltage regulator is used to get a constant voltage at the utilization point which some times called Constant Voltage Point (CVP). The regulation is usually between ± % of the base voltage []. Shunt capacitor switched on distribution feeder is placed at nearly / of the radial feeder length from the substation according to the Two- Thirds Rule and its size will be around / of the total load reactive power in the distribution network []. The main concept of using shunt capacitor is that it regulates the voltage and the reactive power flow at the point of connection with the distribution feeder. By regulating the voltage at the shunt capacitor s connection point, the voltage profile of the far-end feeder point is improved depending on the shunt capacitor size (the amount of reactive power injected by the shunt capacitor). Switched shunt capacitor is considered to be the cheapest device used to improve the voltage regulation and usually place in the distribution feeder combined with voltage regulators in the same distribution network to maintain adequate voltage profile especially for long feeders []. This paper presents a new effective approach to solve the voltage regulation problem, improve the voltage profile along the distribution network and reduce the electric power losses as well. This is done by implementing DG
2 as a source of active power in the distribution network. DG is a new generation technologies such as renewable resources; photovoltaic, wind turbines and hydro, storage energy devices; batteries and flywheel, fuel cells [,]; combined heat and power modules (CHP) and microturbines. Their technologies have become a very important issue. The main purpose of using DG is to supply safe, clean, reliable, low price, reduced losses and more efficient electricity than the traditional centralized power generation electricity. A couple of years ago, as a result of deregulation, some customers are going to install small generation units (DG) at their load locations in parallel with the existing large generation stations. As a result of implementation of DG into an electric distribution system, the system performance and operation will be strongly affected. In the past, distributed generations were available in small size and designed to serve a single end-user s site. But nowadays, distributed generations can be included as large co-generation providing up to hundreds of MWatts to customers or back to the grid. If distributed generation is properly sized, installed and operated [] it can have significant effect in lowering the costs [9], improving the system reliability and power quality and minimizing the substation, transmission and distribution system exp ansion [,] as it will be later discussed in this paper. Distributed generation can be the solution for the future electricity generation by spreading distributed generation units along the distribution network for on-site generation. So the proposed distributed generation change the distribution network from passive network to an active one. Therefore, the new electric power system is no more vertically operated. Recently, due to need for more electricity, deregulation policies, restructuring electricity markets investments and the development of DG technologies, DG can be implemented and operated by utilities and/or customers, which change the electric power infrastructure industry []. This paper consists of three sections. First the system configuration is simulated on computer software in section II. The results are illustrated and explained in section III. Finally, section IV concludes the paper. II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION A. The System Model The system under study as shown in Figure () is a small portion of a distribution network. It consists of a main feeder and three laterals. Three industrial loads are connected directly to the main feeder at different points while another seven loads are pointed out from the three laterals. The cross section areas of the laterals are different from that of the main feeder. The loads are represented as constant impedance loads. The distribution main feeder and laterals are connected to the rest of the electric system network through a distribution substation s bus (DS) with the voltage level of. kv three phase line voltage. As shown in figure () the main feeder has six feeder-segments, which contain the far-end load point; L, and the much far-end load point; L, in the network under study exists in the four-segment lateral;. A small size controllable [] DG with an output active power of KW [] is used to study its effect on the distribution network s voltage profile, electric power losses and the substation size and loading. The computer simulations are carried out using the PSCAD/EMTDC software. DS Lat L L9 L L L L Fig. (): The Distribution System Under Study B. The Simulation Process First, the simulation is carried out without inserting the DG into the network. The voltage at each load points and laterals connections with the main feeder, the current flows in the main feeder s and laterals sections and the active & the reactive power feed by the distribution substation are measured. Second, the simulation is run with implementing the DG into the network. Again, the voltage at each load points and laterals connections with the main feeder, the current flows in the main feeder s and laterals sections and the active & the reactive powers feed by the distribution substation and the installed DG are measured. Third, repeat the second step six times and at each time vary the location of the DG at several load node points; L, L, L, L, L, L. The output power of the DG is kept constant at all cases. Fourth, place a shunt capacitor switched at load point L. Vary the value of the shunt capacitor until we obtain the best adequate voltage regulation value at the much far-end load; L. Then at that shunt capacitor value we calculate the voltage at each load point, the current flows in the main feeder s and laterals sections, the complex power feed by the distribution substation and the reactive power injected by the shunt switched capacitor to the distribution network. III. THE SIMULATION RESULTS L First, the voltage profile across the whole system is shown in figure (). The voltage values are represented by the voltage along the main feeder () and the three laterals (Lat,, ) in the same graph as a y-axis while the x-axis represent the main feeder s and the laterals L L L
3 segments starting from the distribution substation to the far-end loads in the distribution network under study Lat. Fig. (): The Distribution s Network Voltage Profile Without DG Second, the electric power losses along the main feeder s and the laterals segments are calculated at each segment and added sequentially from the substation till the end of the main feeder and the laterals as shown in figure (). Lat Fig. (): The Electric Network Power Losses Without DG Implementation in the Distribution Network Third, introducing the DG in the distribution network at several points are carried out. Figure () shows the voltage profile through the whole system s nodes under study with connecting the DG at the much far-end load point L Lat. Fig. (): The Distribution s Network Voltage Profile With DG at L The electric power losses are calculated at each segment and added sequentially from the substation till the end of the main feeder and the laterals after introducing the DG at node L as shown in figure (). Lat Fig. (): The Electric Network Power Losses With DG Implementation in the Distribution Network at L It is very clear from figure () that without implementing the DG in the network, the phase voltage at node L (end of segment in the graph), is. KV instead of. KV due to the network loading. Node L has the maximum voltage regulation percentage (.% at load point L) through the entire network. While after connecting the DG in the network at load point L, as shown in figure (), the voltage of the point L is regulated to get the required voltage value and the maximum voltage regulation percentage in the whole distribution network found to be ( %), which occurs at point L. Also, figures (,) show that adding the DG into the distribution network reduces the electric power losses significantly along the main feeder and the laterals in the distribution network. For example, the electric power losses from the distribution substation to the end of that has the far-end load; L, is reduced from approximately. KW to. KW (more than % reduction) by inserting the DG at L. The previous results emphasize the voltage profile improving and the electric power losses reduction all over the distribution network under study by placing the DG into the distribution network. This is because DG injecting active power (current) directly beside the load to satisfy its demand, which in turn reduces the power taken from the distribution substation. As a result of reducing the power taken from the distribution substation, the value of the total current flows from the distribution substation to the loads through the main feeder s and the laterals segments is reduced. The substation current reduction means that the voltage drop across the main feeder s segments is less and the electric power losses in the main feeder s and the laterals segments are greatly decreased by a square proportion. The current injected by the DG will not increase the electric power losses as a great part of it goes directly to the load on which the DG is connected to supply its demand.
4 Fourth, figures (&) give the network voltage profile along and respectively due to the DG connected to different load points; L, L, L, L and L, L Without DG L L. L L L L. Fig. (): The Distribution s Network Voltage Profile Along Points With DG at Different Load Points. Without DG L L L L L L Fig. (9): The Electric Network Power Losses along With DG Implementation in the Distribution Network at Different Load Points Fifth, introducing a shunt capacitor switched at node L and by varying the shunt capacitor s value, the best adequate voltage profile is shown in figure ()..... Without DG L L. L L L L. Fig. (): The Distribution s Network Voltage Profile Along Points With DG at Different Load Points Also, the electric power losses calculated through the longest two paths from the distribution substation to the end of and, as DG connected at different load points are shown in figures (&9) respectively. Without DG L L L L L L Fig. (): The Electric Network Power Losses along With DG Implementation in the Distribution Network at Different Load Points Lat. Fig. (): The Distribution s Network Voltage Profile With installing a shunt capacitor Also the electric system power losses can be calculated as shown in figure (). The value of the shunt capacitor chosen is at C= µf and it injects approximately KVAR, as the value of C increases the injected reactive power increases and may lead to system over compensation. It is clear that the network s voltage profile and the system electric power losses are slightly improved which is due to the low inductive load of the distribution network under study. By increasing the capacitor injected reactive power beyond KVAR, the system voltage profile improves but it was found that the distribution substation s apparent power and the total electric power losses increase. That describe why this capacitor s value has been chosen.
5 Table (): Distribution System s Operating Cases Lat Fig. (): The Electric Network Power Losses With installing a shunt capacitor Different values for the maximum voltage regulation in the entire distribution network under study are shown in figure (). The electric power losses percentage with respect to the total power generated and delivered to the distribution network as shown in figure () due to different distribution system s operating cases as shown in table (). Case () Case () Case () Case () Case () Case () Case () Case () The distribution system operates alone a shunt capacitor connected at L DG connected at L DG connected at L DG connected at L DG connected at L connected at L connected at L VR% Maximum Voltage Regulation % (VR%) Distribution System's Operating Cases Fig. (): The Distribution s Network Maximum Voltage Regulation at Different Operating Cases PL %..... Maxinum Power Losses % (PL%) Distribution System's Operating Cases Fig. (): The Electric Network Powe r Losses Percentage at Different Operating Cases Figure () gives the maximum system s voltage regulation percentage points under the above operating cases. We found that the maximum voltage regulation occurred at point L in cases (,,,,), while happened at point L in case (,,). From figures (,), It is obvious that the distribution system operating cases with DG have the privileges over the case of operating the distribution system alone or with a shunt switched capacitor. DG s locations strongly affect the system performance. The DG s point of connection with the distribution network that gives the minimum voltage regulation percentage is not the same connecting point used to get the lowest total electric power losses percentage. These points are expected to differ according to the distribution network s configuration, loading and the output power of the used DG. This means that to find the optimum DG s location to get the best system performance is not an easy task and need more further investigation and study. Implementing the DG approach in the distribution system achieves great advantages on the distribution system s performance. But the hidden benefit of applying DG approach is to inject active power to the distribution system. So the amount of power taken from the distribution substation will be reduced as shown in figure (), which means that the distribution substation s capacity can be reduced according to different distribution system operating cases as shown in table ().
6 Complex Power (KVA) Distribution System's Equipments Capacities Distribution System's Operating Cases S_Substation S_DG S_Capacitor Fig. (): The Distribution System Equipments Complex Powers at Different Operating Cases Case () Case () Case () Case () Case () Case () Table (): Distribution System s Operating Cases The distribution system operates alone a shunt capacitor connected at L connected at L connected at L connected at L connected at L IV. CONCLUSIONS This paper proves that the DG implementation as a source of active power in the distribution network will change the electric distribution system operation s map. DG mainly provides part of the required demand in the distribution network. In addition to its main purpose, DG has a great positive impact on improving the voltage profile and reducing the total electric power losses through the entire distribution network over the traditional methods. Also, DG reduces the distribution substation required capacities all over the distribution system. [] Gõnen, T.; Electric Power Distribution System Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 9 [] Barker, P.P.; De Mello, R.W., Determining the impact of distributed generation on power systems. I. Radial distribution systems, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,. IEEE, Volume:,, Page(s): - vol. [] Ijumba, N.M.; Jimoh, A.A.; Nkabinde, M., Influence of distribution generation on distribution network performance, Africon, 999 IEEE, Volume:, 999, Page(s): 9-9 vol. [] Joon-Ho Choi; Jae-Chul Kim, Advanced voltage regulation method of power distribution systems interconnected with dispersed storage and genera tion systems, Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: Issue:, April, Page(s): 9 [] Del Monaco, J.L., The role of distributed generation in the critical electric power infrastructure, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, IEEE, Volume:,, Page(s): - vol. [] Lasseter, B., Microgrids [distributed power generation], Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, IEEE, Volume:,, Page(s): -9 vol. [] Hadjsaid, N.; Canard, J. -F.; Dumas, F., Dispersed generation impact on distribution networks, IEEE Computer Applications in Power, Volume: Issue:, April 999 [9] Coles, L.; Beck, R.W., Distributed generation can provide an appropriate customer price response to help fix wholesale price volatility, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, IEEE, Volume:,, Page(s): - vol. [] Barker, P.P.; De Mello, R.W., Determining the impact of distributed generation on power systems. I. Radial distribution systems, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,. IEEE, Volume:,, Page(s): - vol. [] Marnay, C.; Robio, F.J.; Siddiqui, A.S., Shape of the Microgrid, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, IEEE, Volume:,, Page(s):, vol. [] Kirkham, H.; Klein J., Dispersed Storage and Generation Impacts on Energy Management Systems, IEEE Transactions Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-, No., February 9, Page(s): 9- [] Ackermann, Thomas; Andersson, Göran; Söder, Lennart, Distributed generation: a definition, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol:, Issue:, pp. 9 -, April, VI. REFERENCES [] Ding Xu; Girgis, A.A., Optimal load shedding strategy in power systems with distributed generation, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, IEEE, Volume:,, Page(s): -9 vol.
Distributed Generation and Power Quality Case Study
16 Distributed Generation and Power Quality Case Study Vu Van Thong and Johan Driesen C16.1 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK A segment of an existing Belgian medium-voltage distribution system is used to study the
More informationConservation Voltage Reduction (CVR)
Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) Nicholas Abi-Samra Senior Vice President October 15, 2013 DNV GL Energy Table of Contents What does CVR do? Why Does CVR Work? DNV GL s CVR Project Experience Needs
More informationControl of Distributed Generation Units in Stand-Alone Industrial Networks
2 nd International Conference on Electrical Systems Design & Technologies, Hammamet Tunisia, Nov. 8-10, 2008 Control of Distributed Generation Units in Stand-Alone Industrial Networks Ali Asghar Ghadimi
More informationDeep Dive on Microgrid Technologies
March 2015 Deep Dive on Microgrid Technologies 2 3 7 7 share: In the wake of Superstorm Sandy, a microgrid kept the lights on for more than for the more than 60,000 residents of Co-Op City in the northeastern
More informationVOLTAGE CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AS A LIMITATION OF THE HOSTING CAPACITY FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES
VOLTAGE CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AS A LIMITATION OF THE HOSTING CAPACITY FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES C. Schwaegerl*, M.H.J. Bollen, K. Karoui #, A. Yagmur + *Siemens AG, # Tractebel STRI AB
More informationIntegration of Distributed Generation in the Power System. IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
Brochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2171489/ Integration of Distributed Generation in the Power System. IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering Description: A forward
More informationWhat Matters for Successful Integration of Distributed Generation
What Matters for Successful Integration of Distributed Generation Thomas Ackermann Energynautics GmbH, Germany t.ackermann@energynautics.com Expert User of DIgSILENT PowerFactory for Power Systems Studies
More informationDroop Control Forhybrid Micro grids With Wind Energy Source
Droop Control Forhybrid Micro grids With Wind Energy Source [1] Dinesh Kesaboina [2] K.Vaisakh [1][2] Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Andhra University College of Engineering Visakhapatnam,
More informationMicrogrid Building block for Smart Cities
Microgrid Building block for Smart Cities Shay Bahramirad, Ph.D. Manager of Smart Grid & Technology December 2014 COMED OVERVIEW 1 The service territory covers 11,400 mi 2 in Northern Illinois Serving
More informationJoint Con Edison LIPA Offshore Wind Power Integration Project Feasibility Assessment
Joint Con Edison LIPA Offshore Wind Power Integration Project Feasibility Assessment March 20, 2009 Joint Con Edison LIPA Offshore Wind Power Integration Project Feasibility Assessment Table of Contents:
More informationStep Voltage Regulators
Step Voltage Regulators Don Wareham Field Application Engineer Today s Agenda Introduction Voltage Regulator theory Voltage Regulator application considerations Installation and proper bypassing Wrap-up/questions
More informationSolar Power Plant Design and Interconnection
Solar Power Plant Design and Interconnection Wind & Solar Super Session July 27, 2011 E.H. Camm, S.E. Williams S&C Electric Company Outline Introduction Utility-scale PV power plant Grounding Reactive
More informationGPS Interfacing of Banediya Feeder (M.P) Using MI Power Software
GPS Interfacing of Banediya Feeder (M.P) Using MI Power Software Swati Paliwal 1, V.K Tayal 2, H.P Singh 3 Assistant professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Northern India Engineering
More informationModeling of PV Based Distributed Generator Systems with Diverse Load Patterns
Modeling of PV Based Distributed Generator Systems with Diverse Load Patterns Mehmet H. Cintuglu, mcint015@fiu.edu, Armando Altamirano, araltami@fiu.edu Osama A. Mohammed, mohammed@fiu.edu Energy Systems
More informationReactive Power and Importance to Bulk Power System OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY ENGINEERING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Reactive Power and Importance to Bulk Power System OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY ENGINEERING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DIVISION Outline What is Reactive Power and where does it come from? Why is it important?
More informationAdvanced Protection of Distribution Networks with Distributed Generators
Date:- 8 10 March 2011 Venue: University of Manchester EES-UETP Course title Advanced Protection of Distribution Networks with Distributed Generators Peter Crossley Director of the Joule Centre School
More informationCERTS Microgrid Research and Lessons Learned
CERTS Microgrid Research and Lessons Learned Advanced Grid Technologies Workshop Microgrid Controls and Management Systems July 9, 2015 Bob Lasseter University of Wisconsin Madison Power System of the
More informationCOMPARISON OF THE FACTS EQUIPMENT OPERATION IN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
COMPARISON OF THE FACTS EQUIPMENT OPERATION IN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Afshin LASHKAR ARA Azad University of Dezfoul - Iran A_lashkarara@hotmail.com Seyed Ali NABAVI NIAKI University of Mazandaran
More informationModeling Simulation Technology Research for Distribution Network Planning *
Energy and Power Engineering, 2013, 5, 980-985 doi:10.4236/epe.2013.54b188 Published Online July 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/epe) Modeling Simulation Technology Research for Distribution Network
More informationLP-based Mathematical Model for Optimal Microgrid Operation Considering Heat Trade with District Heat System
LP-based Mathematical Model for Optimal Microgrid Operation Considering Heat Trade with District Heat System Ji-Hye Lee and Hak-Man Kim Incheon National University hmkim@incheon.ac.kr Abstract Since Combined
More informationA Design of DC/DC Converter of Photovoltaic Generation System for Streetcars
Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.164~168, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/jicee.2013.3.2.164 A Design of DC/DC Converter of Photovoltaic Generation System for
More informationReduction of Power Losses Using Phase Load Balancing Method in Power Networks
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 009 Vol I WCECS 009, October 0-, 009, San Francisco, USA eduction of Power Losses Using Phase Load Balancing Method in Power Networks
More informationThe design and performance of Static Var Compensators for particle accelerators
CERN-ACC-2015-0104 Karsten.Kahle@cern.ch The design and performance of Static Var Compensators for particle accelerators Karsten Kahle, Francisco R. Blánquez, Charles-Mathieu Genton CERN, Geneva, Switzerland,
More informationImpact of electric vehicles on the IEEE 34 node distribution infrastructure
International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy Impact of electric vehicles on the IEEE 34 node distribution infrastructure Zeming Jiang *, Laith Shalalfeh, Mohammed J. Beshir a Department of Electrical
More informationFor a phase-to-phase voltage between 100 V and 1000 V. The standard ratings are: 400 V - 690 V - 1000 V (at 50 Hz)
24 1. NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS definition Standard IEC 38 defines voltage ratings as follows: - Low voltage () For a phase-to-phase voltage between 100 V and 1000 V. The standard ratings are: 400 V - 690
More informationA Fuzzy Based Solution for Improving Power Quality in Electric Railway Networks
A Fuzzy Based Solution for Improving Power Quality in Electric Railway Networks Mohammad Ali Sandidzadeh School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran Tel: 98-21-7749-1030
More informationIEEE Smart Grid Series of Standards IEEE 2030 TM (Interoperability) and IEEE 1547 TM (Interconnection) Status. #GridInterop
IEEE Smart Grid Series of Standards IEEE 2030 TM (Interoperability) and IEEE 1547 TM (Interconnection) Status #GridInterop Smart Grid (IEEE 2030): the integration of power, communications, and information
More informationGreen Power Connection Net Energy Metering Engineering Review Process in Delaware and Speeding Up the Application Fee Process
Green Power Connection Net Energy Metering Engineering Review Process in Delaware and Speeding Up the Application Fee Process Presented by: Marianne Mannschreck Date: Welcome A Look at the Net Energy Metering
More informationEnergy Systems Integration
Energy Systems Integration Dr. Martha Symko-Davies Director of Partnerships, ESI March 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,
More informationUTILITY RATE STRUCTURE
UTILITY RATE STRUCTURE Electricity and Natural Gas Service Residential Commercial Industrial Examples Electricity Use Characteristics Variety of customers with differing use patterns: residential- lighting,
More information6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)
INTERNATIONAL International Journal of JOURNAL Electrical Engineering OF ELECTRICAL and Technology (IJEET), ENGINEERING ISSN 0976 & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) ISSN 0976 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume
More informationEngineering innovation
Eaton's Electrical Engineering Services & Systems Solutions Focus Seamless Solutions for Reliable, Efficient and Safe Power Systems Engineering innovation Progressive solutions for today s power systems
More informationUnitil Energy Systems, Inc. Interconnection Standards For Inverters Sized Up To 100 kva
Unitil Energy Systems, Inc. Interconnection Standards For Inverters Sized Up To 100 kva Issued: August 2009 SIZED UP TO 100 KVA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction... 1 1.1 Applicability... 1 1.2 Definitions...
More informationIntroduction to Paralleling of LTC Transformers by the Circulating Current Method
TAPCHANGER CONTROLS Application Note #11 Introduction to Paralleling of LTC Transformers by the Circulating Current Method 1.0 ABSTRACT This Application Note discusses the elements of paralleling load
More informationSERVICE CLASSIFICATION NO. 14-RA STANDBY SERVICE
Fourth Revised Leaf No. 135 Consolidated Edison Company Superseding Second Revised Leaf No. 135 (Third Revised Leaf No. 135 Canceled) Applicable to Use of Service for SERVICE CLASSIFICATION NO. 14-RA STANDBY
More informationTransformers. Special transformers Reactors products
Transformers Special transformers Reactors products Reactors Custom designed, custom built ABB Oy Transformers has extensive experience and numerous references from different reactor applications, having
More informationVoltage regulation in distribution systems - Tap changer and Wind Power
CODEN:LUTEDX/(TEIE-5270)/1-59/(2010) Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Voltage regulation in distribution systems - Tap changer and Wind Power David Sáez Romero D of Industrial Electrical
More informationA Modelling Tool to Investigate the Effect of Electric Vehicle Charging on Low Voltage Networks
EVS27 Barcelona, Spain, November 17-20, 2013 A Modelling Tool to Investigate the Effect of Electric Vehicle Charging on Low Voltage Networks Lacey G. 1, Putrus G., Bentley E., Johnston D., Walker S and
More informationModelling and Simulation of Distributed Generation System Using HOMER Software
Modelling and Simulation of Distributed Generation System Using HOMER Software Bindu U Kansara Electrical Engineering Department Sardar Patel University SICART, Vidyanagar 388 1210, Gujarat, India bindu_kansara@yahoo.co.in
More informationHybrid Wind-Fuel Cell Renewable Energy Utilization Scheme for Village Electricity
Proceedings of the 4 th International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON 0), Cairo University, Egypt, December 9-, 00, Paper ID 3. Hybrid Wind-Fuel Cell Renewable Energy Utilization Scheme for
More informationWINDING RESISTANCE TESTING
WINDING RESISTANCE TESTING WINDING RESISTANCE TEST SET, MODEL WRT-100 ADWEL INTERNATIONAL LTD. 60 Ironside Crescent, Unit 9 Scarborough, Ontario, Canada M1X 1G4 Telephone: (416) 321-1988 Fax: (416) 321-1991
More informationSURVEY OF HARMONIC DISTORTION IN LV AND MV NETWORKS: RESULTS AND CORRECTIVE STRATEGIES
SURVEY OF HARMONIC DISTORTION IN LV AND MV NETWORKS: RESULTS AND CORRECTIVE STRATEGIES E Bompard*, E Carpaneto*, R Napoli*, P Ribaldone**, C Vercellino** * Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Industriale,
More informationSystem Modelling and Online Optimal Management of MicroGrid with Battery Storage
1 System Modelling and Online Optimal Management of MicroGrid with Battery Storage Faisal A. Mohamed, Heikki N. Koivo Control Engineering Lab, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5500, FIN-0015
More informationPower System review W I L L I A M V. T O R R E A P R I L 1 0, 2 0 1 3
Power System review W I L L I A M V. T O R R E A P R I L 1 0, 2 0 1 3 Basics of Power systems Network topology Transmission and Distribution Load and Resource Balance Economic Dispatch Steady State System
More informationRadial Distribution Test Feeders
Radial Distribution Test Feeders Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee Report Abstract: Many computer programs are available for the analysis of radial distribution feeders. In 1992 a paper was published
More informationTotally Integrated Power SIESTORAGE. The modular energy storage system for a reliable power supply. www.siemens.com/siestorage
Totally Integrated Power SIESTORAGE The modular energy storage system for a reliable power supply www.siemens.com/siestorage Totally Integrated Power (TIP) We bring power to the point. Our products, systems,
More informationACTIVE NETWORKS: DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT & VOLTAGE CONTROL. Master of Science in Energy Systems and the Environment. Jayanth Krishnappa
ACTIVE NETWORKS: DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT & VOLTAGE CONTROL A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirement of degree in Master of Science in Energy Systems and the Environment By Jayanth Krishnappa
More informationINTRODUCTION TO HARMONIC ASSESSMENT IN POWER SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION TO HARMONIC ASSESSMENT IN POWER SYSTEMS LIST OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION... 1 2. HARMONIC VOLTAGE ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENT IN THE UK... 2 3. THE ASSESSMENT... 2 3.1. SYSTEM MODELLING...3 3.2.
More informationOverview brochure. Energy Storage Keeping smart grids in balance
Overview brochure Energy Storage Keeping smart grids in balance Reliable power, where and when it s needed Energy storage is not a new concept in itself. It has been an integral component of electricity
More informationALL STAR ELECTRIC COMPANY 10,000 Trumbull SE, Suite #F Albuquerque, NM 87123 (505) 856-1010 voice & fax NM License 21880 www.allstarelec.
ALL STAR ELECTRIC COMPANY 10,000 Trumbull SE, Suite #F Albuquerque, NM 87123 (505) 856-1010 voice & fax NM License 21880 www.allstarelec.com On-Site Power System Specialists: Photovoltaics, Wind Turbine
More informationDesign of Four Input Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy Application
Design of Four Input Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy Application A.Thiyagarajan Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Karpagam Institute of Technology
More informationDesign a Phase Interleaving PFC Buck Boost Converter to Improve the Power Factor
International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research ISSN 2351-8014 Vol. 11 No. 2 Nov. 2014, pp. 445-449 2014 Innovative Space of Scientific Research Journals http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/
More informationModeling and Testing of Unbalanced Loading and Voltage Regulation
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Modeling and Testing of Unbalanced
More informationSimulation of Cable Overloading Problem on a University Distribution System
Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering. ISSN 2231-1297, Volume 3, Number 6 (2013), pp. 765-770 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/aeee.htm Simulation of Cable Overloading
More informationTransient analysis of integrated solar/diesel hybrid power system using MATLAB Simulink
Transient analysis of integrated solar/diesel hybrid power system using ATLAB Simulink Takyin Taky Chan School of Electrical Engineering Victoria University PO Box 14428 C, elbourne 81, Australia. Taky.Chan@vu.edu.au
More informationRequest for Payment Instructions Wholesale Distribution Access Tariff (WDAT) Attachment I - GIP
Grid Interconnection & Contract Development Request for Payment Instructions Wholesale Distribution Access Tariff (WDAT) Attachment I - GIP Submittal Instructions Prior to submitting your application and
More informationStrategic Microgrid Development for Maximum Value. Allen Freifeld SVP, Law & Public Policy Viridity Energy 443.878.7155
Strategic Microgrid Development for Maximum Value Allen Freifeld SVP, Law & Public Policy Viridity Energy 443.878.7155 1 MICROGRIDS Island Mode Buying and Selling Mode Retail Cost Structure to Maximize
More informationElectric Power Systems An Overview. Y. Baghzouz Professor of Electrical Engineering University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Electric Power Systems An Overview Y. Baghzouz Professor of Electrical Engineering University of Nevada, Las Vegas Overview Power Generation Conventional power generation Power generation from renewables
More informationSERVICE CLASSIFICATION NO. 14-RA STANDBY SERVICE
Fourth Revised Leaf No. 135 Consolidated Edison Company Superseding Second Revised Leaf No. 135 of New York, Inc. (Third Revised Leaf No. 135 Canceled) Applicable to Use of Service for SERVICE CLASSIFICATION
More informationMICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT WITH INDUCTION GENERATOR SUPPLYING SINGLE PHASE LOADS
MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT WITH INDUCTION GENERATOR SUPPLYING SINGLE PHASE LOADS C.P. ION 1 C. MARINESCU 1 Abstract: This paper presents a new method to supply single-phase loads using a three-phase induction
More informationA Stable DC Power Supply for Photovoltaic Systems
Int. J. of Thermal & Environmental Engineering Volume 12, No. 1 (216) 67-71 A Stable DC Power Supply for Photovoltaic Systems Hussain A. Attia*, Beza Negash Getu, and Nasser A. Hamad Department of Electrical,
More informationIntegrating End-User and Grid Focused Batteries and Long-Term Power-to-Gas Storage for Reaching a 100 % Renewable Energy Supply
Integrating End-User and Grid Focused Batteries and Long-Term Power-to-Gas Storage for Reaching a 100 % Renewable Energy Supply M. Hlusiak, Ch. Breyer 7 th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference
More informationGlossary of Terms Avoided Cost - Backfeed - Backup Generator - Backup Power - Base Rate or Fixed Charge Baseload Generation (Baseload Plant) -
Glossary of Terms Avoided Cost - The incremental cost Flint Energies would pay for the next kilowatt-hour of power in the open marketplace for energy. Flint Energies Board of Directors sets this Avoided
More informationDistributed Power, Renewables, Stored Energy and the Grid Blinkless Synchronous Inverter System
Distributed Power, Renewables, Stored Energy and the Grid Blinkless Synchronous Inverter Go Electric Inc. www.goelectricinc.com 1 Distributed Power, Renewables, Stored Energy and the Grid Blinkless Synchronous
More informationAN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTED ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTED ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES ABSTRACT Alexander Mészáros Distributed generation, the small-scale production of electricity at or near customers' homes and businesses,
More informationINTELLIGENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS WITH DISTRIBUTED FEEDING ON THE BASIS OF FORECASTS OF DEMAND AND GENERATION Chr.
INTELLIGENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS WITH DISTRIBUTED FEEDING ON THE BASIS OF FORECASTS OF DEMAND AND GENERATION Chr. Meisenbach M. Hable G. Winkler P. Meier Technology, Laboratory
More informationMICROGRIDS BLACK START AND ISLANDED OPERATION
MICROGRIDS BLACK START AND ISLANDED OPERATION J. A. Peças Lopes, C. L. Moreira, F. O. Resende INESC Porto Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores do Porto and FEUP Faculdade de Engenharia da
More informationTaming Energy Energy Storage System Solutions. Visionaries 2015
Visionaries 2015 Taming Energy Energy Storage System Solutions The growing deployment of renewable energy, in the form of hillside and offshore wind farms, extensive megawatt-class solar power plants,
More informationExperimental Verification of Advanced Voltage Control for Penetration of PV in Distribution System with IT Sectionalizing Switches
21, rue d Artois, F-75008 PARIS C6 _113 _2012 CIGRE 2012 http : //www.cigre.org Experimental Verification of Advanced Voltage Control for Penetration of PV in Distribution System with IT Sectionalizing
More informationAdvanced Distribution Grid Management for Smart Cities
Smart Grid Solutions Advanced Distribution Grid Management for Smart Cities Kevin Corcoran, Director Product Line Management IEEE SmartGridComm 2015 Miami, FL Bridging Smart Cities & Smart Grids Common
More informationLab 7: Operational Amplifiers Part I
Lab 7: Operational Amplifiers Part I Objectives The objective of this lab is to study operational amplifier (op amp) and its applications. We will be simulating and building some basic op amp circuits,
More informationData center power dynamics within the settings of regional power grid
Data center power dynamics within the settings of regional power grid Gulnara Zhabelova 1, Alireza Yavarian 1, Valeriy Vyatkin 1,2 1 Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering Lulea
More informationVOLTAGE REGULATOR AND PARALLEL OPERATION
VOLTAGE REGULATOR AND PARALLEL OPERATION Generator sets are operated in parallel to improve fuel economy and reliability of the power supply. Economy is improved with multiple paralleled generators by
More informationRequirements for Offshore Grid Connections. in the. Grid of TenneT TSO GmbH
Requirements for Offshore Grid Connections in the Grid of TenneT TSO GmbH Bernecker Straße 70, 95448 Bayreuth Updated: 21 December 2012 1/10 Requirements for Offshore Grid Connections in the Grid of TenneT
More informationControl Development and Modeling for Flexible DC Grids in Modelica
Control Development and Modeling for Flexible DC Grids in Modelica Andreas Olenmark 1 Jens Sloth 2 Anna Johnsson 3 Carl Wilhelmsson 3 Jörgen Svensson 4 1 One Nordic AB, Sweden, andreas.olenmark@one-nordic.se.
More informationDistributed Energy Resource Options and The Importance of The Electric Power Grid
Distributed Energy Resource Options and The Importance of The Electric Power Grid David K. Owens Executive Vice President Edison Electric Institute National Conference of State Legislatures Webinar on
More informationCO-ORDINATION OF PARALLEL AC-DC SYSTEMS FOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE
CO-ORDINATION OF PARALLEL AC-DC SYSTEMS FOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE Ana Diez Castro & Rickard Ellström Ying Jiang Häfner Christer Liljegren Vattenfall Utveckling AB ABB Power Systems Gotlands Energiverk AB
More informationFuture Grids: challenges and opportunities
Future Grids: challenges and opportunities Sistemi e strumenti per l'automazione, A. Flammini, AA2011-2012 Energy Distribution Today It is common believe that AC distribution is the most economic approach:
More informationHarmonic components: electrical network polluters. LV and MV networks are becoming increasingly polluted by current and voltage harmonics. Harmonics a
Harmonics and transformers Harmonic component filter Harmonic components: electrical network polluters. LV and MV networks are becoming increasingly polluted by current and voltage harmonics. Harmonics
More informationOptimal Distributed Photovoltaic Generation Capacity: Puerto Rico Case Study
Optimal Distributed Photovoltaic Generation Capacity: Puerto Rico Case Study Capstone Research Project April 24, 2015 Daniel Schultz Jennifer Baker Michael Liu Jeffrey Smith Interdisciplinary Telecom Program
More informationAC COUPLED HYBRID SYSTEMS AND MINI GRIDS
, Michael; Hermes, Matthias SMA Technologie AG Hannoversche Str. 1-5 34266 Niestetal GERMANY E-mail: Michael.@SMA.de E-mail: Matthias.Hermes@SMA.de 1. INTRODUCTION Distributed supply based on renewable
More informationThe Quest for Energy Efficiency. A White Paper from the experts in Business-Critical Continuity
The Quest for Energy Efficiency A White Paper from the experts in Business-Critical Continuity Abstract One of the most widely discussed issues throughout the world today is the rapidly increasing price
More informationDistributed Generation: Benefits & Issues
Distributed Generation: Benefits & Issues Johan Driesen K.U.Leuven ESAT/ELECTA http://www.esat.kuleuven.be/electa Traditional low voltage grid Limited number of loads Energy supplied top-down from central
More informationA Tariff for Reactive Power Christopher Tufon, Alan Isemonger, Brendan Kirby, Senior Member, John Kueck, Senior Member, and Fangxing Li, Senior Member
1 A Tariff for Reactive Power Christopher Tufon, Alan Isemonger, Brendan Kirby, Senior Member, John Kueck, Senior Member, and Fangxing Li, Senior Member Abstract-- This paper describes a suggested tariff
More informationRECENTLY, interest in distributed generation systems
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL 19, NO 6, NOVEMBER 2004 1551 Control of Distributed Generation Systems Part II: Load Sharing Control Mohammad N Marwali, Member, IEEE, Jin-Woo Jung, Student
More informationMAKING SOLAR ENERGY COST-EFFECTIVE TODAY IS A SNAP
MAKING SOLAR ENERGY COST-EFFECTIVE TODAY IS A SNAP Dr. James A. White, P.E. Senior Energy Services Engineer Chelan County Public Utility District P.O. Box 1231 Wenatchee, Washington 98807 jamesa@chelanpud.org
More informationLIMITING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN MEDIUM-VOLTAGE APPLICATIONS
LIMITING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN MEDIUM-VOLTAGE APPLICATIONS Terence Hazel Senior Member IEEE Schneider Electric 38050 Grenoble France Abstract The power requirements for large industrial sites is increasing.
More informationGUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (08) & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (09) ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION SUBJECT CODE: 2140908 B.E. 4 th SEMESTER Type of Course: Engineering
More informationHOW HARMONICS HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO MANY POWER FACTOR MISCONCEPTIONS
White Paper: MIRUS-TP003-A January 15, 2014 HOW HARMONICS HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO MANY POWER FACTOR MISCONCEPTIONS Prepared by: Anthony (Tony) Hoevenaars, P. Eng President and CEO Mirus International Inc.
More information100% Stator Ground Fault Detection Implementation at Hibbard Renewable Energy Center. 598 N. Buth Rd 3215 Arrowhead Rd
100% Stator Ground Fault Detection Implementation at Hibbard Renewable Energy Center Introduction Roger Hedding Steven Schoenherr, P.E. ABB Inc. Minnesota Power 598 N. Buth Rd 3215 Arrowhead Rd Dousman,
More informationConsidering the effects of UPS operation with leading power factor loads
Considering the effects of UPS operation with leading power factor loads Over the past five years, a new generation of data processing and communications equipment has become prevalent in modern data centers
More informationEnergy Cost Reduction through Load Balancing & Load Shedding
white paper Energy Cost Reduction through Load Balancing & Load Shedding SCR controllers firing in phase angle degrade the power factor while increasing harmonics and electrical noise. A poor power factor
More informationReliability and security of electricity supply: the Italian blackout
Reliability and security of electricity supply: the Italian blackout Alessandro Ortis President AEEG The Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas of Italy 5th NARUC/CEER Energy Regulators Roundtable
More informationThe electrical energy produced at the gen
300 300 Principles of Power System CHAPTER CHAPTER 12 Distribution Systems General 12.1 Distribution System 12.2 Classification of Distribution Systems 12.3 A.C. Distribution 12.4 D.C. Distribution 12.5
More informationEXTENDING THE LIFE OF POWER FACTOR CAPACITORS
by John Houdek, President, Allied Industrial Marketing, Inc., and Cesar Chavez, Engineering Manager, ARTECHE / Inelap Abstract: The addition of power factor improvement capacitors to individual motors
More informationPG&E Transmission Interconnection Handbook. Section L3: SUBSTATION DESIGN FOR LOAD-ONLY ENTITIES AND TRANSMISSION-ONLY ENTITIES
Section L3: SUBSTATION DESIGN FOR LOAD-ONLY ENTITIES AND TRANSMISSION-ONLY ENTITIES PURPOSE This section provides substation design information for Load Entities interconnected at transmission voltage
More informationPhysical Address: City: State: Zip Code:
Application for Small Generator Facility Interconnection Tier 2, Tier 3 or Tier 4 Interconnection (For Small Generator Facilities with Electric Nameplate Capacities of 10 MW and less) Applicant Contact
More informationAdvanced Electricity Storage Technologies Program. Smart Energy Storage (Trading as Ecoult) Final Public Report
Advanced Electricity Storage Technologies Program Smart Energy Storage (Trading as Ecoult) Final Public Report Introduction Ecoult, working with CSIRO as its principal subcontractor, was provided $1,825,440
More informationO Desafio da Microgeração e das Microredes
31 Março 2008 Sessões Técnicas OE Campus da FEUP Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 378 4200-465 Porto Portugal T +351 222 094 000 F +351 222 094 050 jpl@fe.up.pt O Desafio da Microgeração e das Microredes J. A. Peças
More informationLEHI CITY POWER NET METERING STANDARDS For Customer-Owned Electric Generating Systems
LEHI CITY POWER NET METERING STANDARDS For Customer-Owned Electric Generating Systems A. General This Net Metering Standard for Customer-Owned Grid Connected Electric Generating Systems sets forth the
More information