A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC

Transcription

1 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC Fifth Edition Chapter 7 Floppy Drives

2 Floppy Drive Subsystem 2

3 How Data Is Physically Stored on a Floppy Disk In concentric circles (tracks or cylinders) Each track is divided into sectors Each sector holds 512 bytes of data 3

4 How Data Is Physically Stored on a Floppy Disk 4

5 How Data Is Logically Stored on a Floppy Disk Cluster Smallest logical unit of space allocated to a file On a 3½-inch high-density floppy disk, one cluster = one sector (512 bytes) 5

6 How Data Is Logically Stored on a Floppy Disk 6

7 Boot Record First sector of the disk Stores basic information about how the disk is organized Has a bootstrap loader that can be used to boot from the disk 7

8 File Allocation Table (FAT) Lists location of file segments (clusters) on a disk in a one-column table Width of each entry in the column is 12 bits Lists how each cluster on the disk is currently used 8

9 Root Directory Table Lists all files and subdirectories assigned to this table Contains a fixed number of rows to accommodate a predetermined number of files and subdirectories 9

10 Important Items in the Root Directory Filename and extension Time and date of creation or last update File attributes 10

11 The Data Cable 11

12 Common Error Messages Non-system disk or disk error. Replace and strike any key when ready. No operating system found. Bad or missing COMMAND.COM Error in Config.sys line xx Himem.sys not loaded Missing or corrupt Himem.sys 12

13 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC Fifth Edition Chapter 8 Understanding and Installing Hard Drives

14 Hard Drive Subsystem 14

15 Types of Hard Drive Interfaces EIDE (Enhanced IDE) 40/80 pin gray cable SATA (small red cable for data) 15

16 IDE Cabling Methods 16

17 IDE Cabling Methods (continued) 17

18 IDE Cabling Methods (continued) 18

19 Configuring EIDE Drives EIDE standards support two IDE connections, a primary and a secondary Each connection can support up to two IDE devices for a total of four devices on a system Primary IDE channel, master device Primary IDE channel, slave device Secondary IDE channel, master device Secondary IDE channel, slave device 19

20 Configuring EIDE Drives (continued) 20

21 Other Interface Standards SCSI (small computer system interface) USB IEEE 1394 Fibre Channel 21

22 How Hard Drives Work 22

23 How Hard Drives Work (continued) 23

24 Tracks and Sectors on the Drive 24

25 Tracks and Sectors on the Drive (continued) 25

26 Low-Level Formatting Occurs at the factory Process of writing sector and track markings on the disk Expected to last for the life of the drive 26

27 Considerations When Purchasing a Hard Drive Capacity Spindle speed Technology standard Cache or buffer size Average seek time Match drive to motherboard 27

28 Communicating with the Hard Drive Controller 28

29 Hard Drive Size Limitations Operating system DOS and Windows 9x FAT16 Windows NT/2000/XP FAT16 Windows 2000/XP FAT32 Windows 9x FAT32 Windows 2000/XP with Service Pack Maximum size supported 2.1 GB; cannot be used on hard drives that exceed 8.4 GB 4 GB 32 GB 137 GB Larger than 137 GB 29

30 How a Hard Drive Is Logically Organized to Hold Data Steps for preparing a hard drive to hold files Low-level format (usually done at the factory) Partitioning the hard drive High-level format 30

31 Hard Drive Partitions and Logical Drives Active partition Primary partition Extended partition Logical partition 31

32 Partitions and Logical Drives 32

33 Choice of File Systems FAT16 Supported by all Windows systems FAT32 (and VFAT) Supported by Windows 95 Second Edition, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP NTFS Supported by Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP Each logical drive has its own file system 33

34 When to Partition a Drive First install a new hard drive Existing drive is giving errors Suspect a virus has attacked the drive Want to wipe a hard drive clean and install a new OS 34

35 Installing a Hard Drive 1. Set jumpers or DIP switches; physically install drive; attach power cord and data cable 2. Inform CMOS of new drive 3. If installing an OS on the drive, boot from OS setup CD (and skip next two steps) 4. If drive is not intended to hold an OS, use Fdisk or Disk Management to create partition(s) and divide extended partition into logical drives 5. For second drive, use Format command or Disk Management to high-level format each logical drive 35

36 Prepare for Installation Read documentation Plan drive configuration Prepare work area and take precautions 36

37 Jumper Settings 37

38 Jumper Settings (continued) 38

39 Jumper Settings (continued) 39

40 Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued) 40

41 Use CMOS to Change Hard Drive Settings 41

42 Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive 42

43 Format Each Logical Drive After using Fdisk, you must reboot the PC before you format the drive Commands used to format logical drives C, D, and E: Format C:/S Format D: Format E: 43

44 Using Windows to Partition and Format a New Drive Boot from Window setup CD Follow on-screen directions to install Windows on new drive The setup process partitions and formats new drive before it begins Windows installation 44

45 Troubleshooting Hard Drive Installations Check CMOS setup to verify that system BIOS recognizes large drives Verify status of Fdisk Verify that Format C:/S was done Check configuration of CMOS setup Confirm setting of DIP switches or jumpers Check connection of power cord and data cable Refer to Web site of manufacturer for suggestions 45

46 Binary Numbering Systems 2 values (Need by Week 8, Start Week 6) 1,0 in programming +5v, 0v Logic level on IC Pin All 1,0 s eventually Hardware represented as software in HEX code Hard Drives (N/S or S/N alignment) CD s pits (Hole, No Hole) Laser jumps, No Jump 46

47 Hex Numbering System 0-15 (Need by Week 8, Start Week 6) Decimal - Binary Hex Table Addresses using 32 bits, 16 bits, 8 bits Machine Code, HEX code, HEX file 1KB, 1MB, 1GB in binary vs. analog Digital processing, noise 2 values vs. 10 Base 2: Binary Base 10: Decimal Digital Analog 47