Engineering Materials and Metallurgy (65332)

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1 An-Najah National University Faculty of Engineering Industrial Engineering Department Engineering Materials and Metallurgy (65332) Lecturer: Eng. Tamer H. Haddad Time: 10:00-11:00 & 15:00-16:00 (Sun, Tue, Thu) Locations: & Chapter 1-1

2 COURSE MATERIALS Required text: Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction W.D. Callister, Jr., 7th edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2007). Course Objective... Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Science You will learn about: material structure how structure dictates properties how processing can change structure This course will help you to: use materials properly realize new design opportunities with materials Chapter 1-2

3 Chapter 1 - Introduction What is materials science? Investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials What is materials engineering? Designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties Structure & Property Definitions. Materials drive our society Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Now? Silicon Age? Polymer Age? Chapter 1-3

4 Example Hip Implant With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate. Particularly those with large loads (such as hip). Adapted from Fig , Callister 7e. Chapter 1-4

5 Example Hip Implant Requirements mechanical strength (many cycles) good lubricity biocompatibility Adapted from Fig , Callister 7e. Chapter 1-5

6 Example Hip Implant Adapted from Fig , Callister 7e. Chapter 1-6

7 Hip Implant Key problems to overcome fixation agent to hold acetabular cup cup lubrication material femoral stem fixing agent ( glue ) must avoid any debris in cup Ball Acetabular Cup and Liner Femoral Stem Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Chapter 22, Callister 7e. Chapter 1-7

8 Structure, Processing, & Properties Properties depend on structure ex: hardness vs structure of steel Hardness (BHN) (a) 30 mm (b) 30 mm (c) 4 mm Cooling Rate (ºC/s) Processing can change structure ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel (d) 30 mm Data obtained from Figs (a) and with 4 wt% C composition, and from Fig and associated discussion, Callister 7e. Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig ; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig ; and (d) Fig , Callister 7e. Chapter 1-8

9 Types of Materials (Depends on chemical makeup and atomic structure) Metals: Strong, ductile high thermal & electrical conductivity opaque, reflective. Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding sharing of e s Soft, ductile, low strength, low density thermal & electrical insulators Optically translucent or transparent. Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides) Brittle, glassy, elastic, hard. non-conducting (insulators) High resistive to temperature and harsh envirinmenrs. Chapter 1-9

10 Chapter 1-10

11 Composites: Utilized in high technology (CD/DVD Players) Combination between the previous materials Advanced Materials: Semiconductors (Computer Industries). Biomaterials (Human body components). Materials of the future (Sensors). Chapter 1-11

12 Chapter 1-12

13 Chapter 1-13

14 Chapter 1-14

15 Chapter 1-15

16 Chapter 1-16

17 The Materials Selection Process 1. Pick Application Determine required Properties Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative. 2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s) Material: structure, composition. 3. Material Identify required Processing Processing: changes structure and overall shape ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping forming, joining, annealing. Chapter 1-17

18 Solid Materials Properties Classification ELECTRICAL Electrical Resistivity of Copper: Resistivity, r (10-8 Ohm-m) Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e. (Fig adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New York, 1970.) T ( C) Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity. Deforming Cu increases resistivity. Chapter 1-18

19 Space Shuttle Tiles: --Silica fiber insulation offers low heat conduction. 100mm THERMAL Adapted from chapteropening photograph, Chapter 19, Callister 7e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc.) Thermal Conductivity of Copper: --It decreases when you add zinc! Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) Composition (wt% Zinc) Adapted from Fig. 19.4W, Callister Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e. 6e. (Courtesy of (Fig is adapted from Metals Handbook: Lockheed Aerospace Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and Ceramics Systems, Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, Sunnyvale, CA) (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals, (Note: "W" denotes fig. 1979, p. 315.) is on CD-ROM.) Chapter 1-19

20 Magnetic Storage: --Recording medium is magnetized by recording head. MAGNETIC Magnetic Permeability vs. Composition: --Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a better recording medium! Fig , Callister 7e. (Fig is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.) Magnetization Magnetic Field Fe+3%Si Fe Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Chapter 1-20

21 OPTICAL Transmittance: --Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque depending on the material structure. single crystal polycrystal: low porosity polycrystal: high porosity Adapted from Fig. 1.2, Callister 7e. (Specimen preparation, P.A. Lessing; photo by S. Tanner.) Chapter 1-21

22 Stress & Saltwater... --causes cracks! Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Chapter 17, Callister 7e. (from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.) DETERIORATIVE Heat treatment: slows crack speed in salt water! crack speed (m/s) Adapted from Fig (b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John Wiley and Sons, (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.) --material: 7150-T651 Al "alloy" (Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr) Adapted from Fig , Callister 7e. (Fig provided courtesy of G.H. Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company.) as-is held at 160ºC for 1 hr before testing Alloy 7178 tested in saturated aqueous NaCl solution at 23ºC increasing load 4 mm Chapter 1-22

23 Course Goals: SUMMARY Use the right material for the job. Understand the relation between properties, structure, and processing. Recognize new design opportunities offered by materials selection. Chapter 1-23

Materials Sciences. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Hort norbert.hort@gkss.de. International Masters Programme in Biomedical Engineering

Materials Sciences. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Hort norbert.hort@gkss.de. International Masters Programme in Biomedical Engineering Materials Sciences International Masters Programme in Biomedical Engineering Magnesium Innovations Center (MagIC) GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH Dr.-Ing. Norbert Hort norbert.hort@gkss.de Contents