Overcoming Icing Effects on Wind Turbines. John Maissan, P. Eng., Director, Technical Services Yukon Energy Corportation

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1 Overcoming Icing Effects on Wind Turbines John Maissan, P. Eng., Director, Technical Services Yukon Energy Corportation

2 Rime and Glaze Icing In the Whitehorse area, rime icing typically occurs at higher altitudes Rime icing can also be present in lower lying areas further north than Whitehorse, particularly near sources of humidity Glaze icing can occur throughout most of North America, but is most prevalent along Canada s east and west coastal regions

3 Higher Altitude Operation Source: Finnish Meteorological Institute, Wind Energy Production in Cold Climate Higher energy winds tend to be found on ridges, hilltops and mountains These locations lead to cloud and rime ice formation

4 Measuring Duration and Severity of Icing Reliable detectors for rime and glaze icing needed Limited supply on market at present Models on market do not seem to cope well with severe rime icing Two heated anemometer approach is reasonably reliable

5 Wind Speed & Icing Event Monitoring Haeckel Hill NRG Heated Anemometer & Wind Vane (30 m). Ice detector at ground level. Bonus Heated Bearing Anemometer (30 m) (replaced in first year)

6 Icing Periods Bonus 150 kw Performance

7 Bonus Performance Under Icing Wind data multiplied by actual ice-free power curve to determine maximum possible energy yield per month This ice-free maximum is compared with actual performance data The performance data are then compared to icing data from the monitoring station All three are independent data sets

8 Manufacturer s vs. Actual Power Curves Bonus 150 Mark III Power Curve y = x x x y = x x Power Output (kw) Manufacturer's Curve YEC Data Power Curve (No Ice) y = x x y = x x x Wind Speed (m/s)

9 40 Bonus 150 kw Actual v. Ice-free Performance July 2002 Bonus 150 kw Actual vs. Theoretical Performance July 2002 Actual Power Produced Ice-Free Ice-free Actual Power Produced Available Goodrich Theoretical (Rosemount) Power Available Icing Icing NRG Icing Power Production (kwh) No icing Icing Intensity Icing Intensity Jul 6-Jul 11-Jul 16-Jul 21-Jul 26-Jul 31-Jul Date -160

10 40 Bonus 150 kw Actual v. Ice-free Performance July 2002 Bonus 150 kw Actual vs. Theoretical Performance July 2002 Actual Power Produced Actual Power Produced Ice-Free Power Available Theoretical Power Available Goodrich (Rosemount) Icing NRG Icing Power Production (kwh) No icing Icing Intensity Icing Intensity /13/02 0:00 7/13/02 12:00 7/14/02 0:00 7/14/02 12:00 7/15/02 0:00 7/15/02 12:00 7/16/02 0:00 Date

11 40 Bonus 150 kw Actual v. Ice-free Bonus 150 kw Actual vs. Theoretical Performance January 2001 Performance January 2001 Actual Power Produced Ice-Free Actual Power Produced Available Goodrich Theoretical (Rosemount) Power AvailableIcing NRG Icing Power Production (kwh) Icing Intensity Icing Intensity Jan 6-Jan 11-Jan 16-Jan 21-Jan 26-Jan 31-Jan Date -160 Underproduction due to Ice

12 Power Production (kwh) Bonus 150 kw Actual v. Ice-free Bonus 150 kw Actual vs. Theoretical Performance January 2001 Performance January 2001 Power loss caused by icing Actual Power Produced Actual Power Produced Ice-Free Power Available Theoretical Power Available Goodrich (Rosemount) Icing NRG Icing Note return to normal power assistance from heaters and black blades Icing Intensity Icing Intensity /1/01 0:00 1/2/01 0:00 1/3/01 0:00 1/4/01 0:00 1/5/01 0:00 1/6/01 0:00 1/7/01 0:00 Date

13 Achievements Heated wind instruments and ultrasonics now quite good Low temperature synthetic lubricants and fluids After-market blade heating systems and blade coatings Reductions in energy losses

14 Challenges Remaining Ice detectors for severe conditions Off-the-shelf blade heating systems Further reductions in energy losses Adaptations of turbine control algorithms

15 Manufacturers Working on Cold/ Icing Environment Equipment Large Machines Vestas Bonus NEG Micon Enercon Lagerwey Small Machines Atlantic Orient Corp Vergnet Northern Power Systems Bergey (no blade heating yet available)

16 Overcoming Icing Effects on Wind Turbines John Maissan, P. Eng., Director, Technical Services Yukon Energy Corportation