Toward a Selectionist Framework for Behavioral and Cultural Selection

Transcription

1 Toward a Selectionist Framework for Behavioral and Cultural Selection AILUN Lecture 5 Sigrid Glenn

2 Selection in Three Domains Organic (Phylogenic ) selection Contingencies of natural selection account for origin and evolution of species and relations among them (locus: Earth) 1 Operant (Ontogenic) selection Contingencies of reinforcement account for origin and evolution of operants and complex relations among them (locus: repertoires of individual organism) 1 Cultural (Sociogenic) selection Contingencies of cultural selection account for origin and evolution of complex cultural level entities and the relations among them (locus: socioeconomic entities functioning as coherent wholes cultures ) 2

3 Selectionist Theories of Cultural Evolution Variations of proposed models virtually always leave out the role of operant behavior and operant selection The unit of selection at the cultural level is not identified Elements in the systems suggested are not specified There is a strong tendency to view the site of retention in cultural selection as gene lineages or brains There is a strong tendency to view natural selection as the mechanism accounting for culture Species Brains Cultures Natural Selection

4 A Behaviorist Perspective Nervous Systems Culturo-behavioral Lineages (embedded in IBCs) Species Operants Culture Natural selection Operant selection Cultural selection Operant processes as the product of natural selection Operant behavior as product of operant processes plus the particulars of operant contingencies Operant behavior as platform for emergence of cultural things Units of selection at cultural level always involve operant behavior and sometimes involve organized cultural things that can undergo selection of a third kind

5 Operant Selection, Social Behavior & Social Learning Operant selection accounts for most social as well as non-social behavior of humans Social behavior Defined: Behavior for which the behavior of others functions as environment in contingencies of reinforcement Social behavior is embedded in interlocking contingencies Distinguished as social by content of elements in the contingencies The environment that is operated on is the behavior of someone else and/or Someone else s behavior functions as discriminative stimulus, reinforcer, etc Verbal behavior is a major component of social behavior in humans Humans possibly highly susceptible to social stimulation Social learning 3 Defined: Behavior acquired as a result of social interaction No new process required to explain social behavior or social learning

6 From Learned Social Behavior to Cultural Organization Interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBC) are the smallest supra-organismic individual Behavior acquired by learners participating in IBC may never participate in those IBC again (ex: once taught to read, learner can read without teacher functioning as environment) Behavior acquired by learners participating in IBC may occur in other IBC (ex: reader can respond in class to what she has read) Patterns of IBC can be transmitted to many behavers in short time Resulting in homogeneity of behavior across many people Resulting in homogeneity of interlocking behavioral contingencies in groups

7 From Learned Social Behavior to Cultural Organization Behavior acquired by learners participating in IBC may become part of recurring IBCs (ex: Once 2 people learn independently to sail, they may sail a boat together cooperatively) Successive replications of IBC across repertoires constitute a culturo-behavioral lineage Repetition of IBC sequences involving the same people can be expanded to include the behavior of additional people and increasing division of labor in accomplishing an outcome IBCs can become complex and become hierarchically related Larger units subsume many smaller units Larger and smaller units participate in their own contingencies

8 Nested Interlocking Behavioral Contingencies in Complex Cultural Entities 4 Organisms Tom & Marta [and many others] Cultural Lineages (Recurring Interlocking BehavioralContingencies) Cook meals Operate a restaurant Operate a chain of restaurants Elements of Each Recurrence Many behaviors of each O have function for the operant behavior of the other O(s) T & M cook meals T & M hire and manage wait staff Wait staff serve diners Diners order and pay for meals Operate restaurants (multiple actors) Additional interlocking behavioral contingencies involved in training, advertising, etc.

9 Recap of Elements of Behavior Analytic Selectionist Framework Behavior occurs at locus of individual organism Relations between behavior and environment are the subject matter Environment includes both physical and social events Unit of analysis is contingencies of behavioral selection (reinforcement/extinction) Behavioral level units (operants) have origins in contingencies of reinforcement Repertoire of a particular organism includes many operants

10 From Operant Contingencies to Cultural Contingencies of Selection Extends the behavior analytic perspective to cultural selection Cultural selection defined as selection of coherent wholes involving the behavior of 2 or more people Coordinated behavior of multiple individuals occurs at locus of interlocking behavioral contingencies Relations between IBCs and their environment are the subject matter Environment includes physical and social events Unit of analysis is metacontingencies (selection/deselection) Cultural level units have origin in cultural level selection contingencies Phenomena constituting a particular culture includes many behavioral units and many cultural level units

11 Operant Selection Contingencies as Model Movements in relation to the environment (lever) Recurring lever presses All other behavior Operant Effect on environment (part of the behavioral definition) Switch Closures Contingent action of external environment Consequence Food Pellet Behavioral Contingency IF it is demonstrated that the behavioral contingency results in increased frequency of lever presses, then 1) The lineage of recurring lever presses is an operant 2) The behavioral contingency is a functional (operant) contingency 3) The external environment is selecting for lever presses that have the effect of closing the switch (e.g.. lever presses with force values > x)

12 A Cultural Analog of Operant Contingencies Operant behaviors of 2 or more people are related to one another in a particular pattern (interlocking behavioral contingencies - IBCs) We fish together, you operating the net and I maneuvering the boat and being lookout for you (our movement/effects function as SDs and Sr+ for 1 another) IBCs (the pattern of interrelated operant contingencies) can recur We fish together in the same way many times The IBCs can result in a product that is the effect of the IBCs Our coordinated fishing operants net 100 fish (analogous to switch closure as effect of lever pressing) The environment external to the IBCs provides consequences contingent on the product (establishes a cultural contingency) People on shore give us money for fish we can t eat The cultural contingency between (1) IBCs/their resulting product and (2) action by the external environment can function to maintain recurrences of the IBCs that result in the product)

13 Schematic of Metacontingency Behavior of 2 or more people Culturant Recurring IBCs (Specified operants and interlocks) Effect on environment: Cultural Product Surplus Fish Action of external environment Buyers pay for fish Cultural Consequence All other operants/interlocks Metacontingency IF it is demonstrated that the cultural contingency results in increased frequency of IBCs having the specified operants and interlocks 1) The lineage of recurring IBCs is a culturant (named by Chad Hunter) 2) The cultural contingency is a functional metacontingency 3) The external environment selects for features of IBCs that result in fish

14 Summary Operant social behavior is the content that links biological evolution to cultural evolution Social transmission of learned behavior requires interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBC) Learned social behavior forms the basis of cultural organization Complex cultural organization comprises hierarchies of IBC Recurring IBC may be selected by an external environment

15 References 5 1 Skinner, B. F. (1981). Selection by consequences. Science, 213, Glenn, S. S. (2003). Operant contingencies and the origin of cultures. In K.A. Lattal & P. N. Chase (Eds). Behavior Theory and Philosophy. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. 3 Galef, B. G., Jr. (1988). Imitation in animals: History, definition and interpretation of data from the psychological laboratory. In T. R. Zentall & B. G. Galef, Jr. (Eds). Social Learning: Psychological and Biological Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 4 Glenn, S. S. (2004). Individual behavior, culture, and social change. The Behavior Analyst, 27,