MEASUREMENT, MONITORING AND VERIFICATION

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1 MEASUREMENT, MONITORING AND VERIFICATION Ian Duncan Gulf Coast Carbon Center Bureau of Economic Geology Jackson School Of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin

2 Gulf Coast Carbon Center (GCCC) Mission: A global leadership position in economic implementation of large scale greenhouse gas sequestration. Sponsors

3 Aims of MMV Protect public health and safety Confirmation of the integrity of engineered saline reservoirs Providing verification of long term storage volumes for CO2 credits Provide direct tangible evidence for predicting the long term risk of leakage Ensure public acceptance

4 Providing early warning of leakage to enable implementation of remediation to preserve the quality of both groundwater and surface/subsurface ecosystems Providing calibration and validation for computer model of predicted behavior of engineered reservoir Assuring compliance with State/Federal regulations and International Conventions (particularly where the storage reservoirs are in proximity to international borders)

5 Monitoring Options Atmosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Vadose zone & soil Aquifer and USDW Seal Monitoring Zone Seal CO2 plume Biosphere Soil and Vadose Zone Aquifer and USDW Above injection monitoring zone In injection zone - plume In injection zone outside plume

6 Atmospheric Monitoring Direct detection Many tools, from standard monitors to new tools in development Applied at many scales Detection is complicated because of high ambient CO2 from atmosphere, soil, and vegetation difficult to isolate small fluxes from subsurface

7 Otway Pilot (Australia) Atmospheric Monitoring Monitor CO2 in the atmosphere and define the sources Flux Tower Lo-Flo* From Sandeep Sharma, OBPP, CO2CRC

8 Soil Gas Monitoring Done at numerous sites volcanic sites, CO2-EOR Relatively low cost, integrates seepage over a time period Escaped CO2 is likely to be concentrated in vadose zone Like air, detection in soil is complicated because of high ambient CO2 Flux, composition, isotopes Coordinate with ecosystem monitoring

9 Otway Pilot (Australia) Soil Gas Sampling Monitor gas compositions in the soil to order to measure any near surface change in CO2 composition or concentration CO2 ppm (vol) δ13c CO2 (o/oo) Air background r a n g e Otway natural gas average deep subsurface -15 organic matter 'decomposition' -20 Otway Pilot area Cape Grim air 2001 Otway air From Sandeep Sharma, OBPP, CO2CRC

10 Groundwater Monitoring Standard technique in contaminated sites Good regional integrator Signal of leakage may be complex Might be used in combination with natural or introduced tracers

11 Wireline Well Logging Well-known oilfield activity Match tools to rock/fluid characteristics Typically good vertical resolution, quantitative, interpretable Well bore effects and damage may lead to errors Interpolate the interwell areas Frio post injection cased hole sonic log, Sakurai BEG/Mueller Schlumberger CO2

12 Using Inert Tracers Introduced materials that travel with CO2 can uniquely fingerprint migration Nobel gasses PFT s and other chemically unique materials Detection at very low concentrations CO2 can be geochemically unique C isotopes Impurities Natural indicators of potential leak paths

13 MEASUREMENT MONITORING AND VERIFICATION at the Bureau of Economic Geology s FRIO Pilot Injection Site Research Funded by DOE NETL and Gulf Coast carbon Center

14 Frio Brine Pilot Research Team Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School, The University of Texas at Austin: Susan Hovorka, Mark Holtz, Shinichi Sakurai, Seay Nance, Joseph Yeh, Paul Knox, Khaled Faoud, Jeff Paine Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, (Geo-Seq): Larry Myer, Tom Daley, Barry Freifeld, Rob Trautz, Christine Doughty, Sally Benson, Karsten Pruess, Curt Oldenburg, Jennifer Lewicki, Ernie Majer, Mike Hoversten, Mac Kennedy, Paul Cook Schlumberger: T. S. Ramakrishna, Nadja Mueller, Austin Boyd, Mike Wilt Oak Ridge National Lab: Dave Cole, Tommy Phelps, David Riestberg Lawrence Livermore National Lab: Kevin Knauss, Jim Johnson Alberta Research Council: Bill Gunter, John Robinson, Bernice Kadatz Texas American Resources: Don Charbula, David Hargiss Sandia Technologies: Dan Collins, Spud Miller, David Freeman; Phil Papadeas BP: Charles Christopher, Mike Chambers SEQURE National Energy Technology Lab: Curt White, Rod Diehl, Grant Bromhall, Brian Stratizar, Art Wells Paulsson Geophysical Bjorn Paulsson University of West Virginia: Henry Rausch USGS: Yousif Kharaka, Bill Evans, Evangelos Kakauros, Jim Thorsen Praxair: Joe Shine, Dan Dalton Australian CO2CRC (CSIRO): Kevin Dodds, Don Sherlock Core Labs: Paul Martin and others

15 Site Search Locating a high-permeability, high-volume sandstone representative of a broad area that is an ultimate target for large-volume sequestration Site Power plants Refineries Sedimentary cover> 6km Sources: USGS, IEA Source database

16 Regional Geologic Setting Cross Section 20 miles Pilot site Modified from Galloway and others, 1982

17 Frio Brine Pilot Site Injection interval Oil production Injection interval: 24-m-thick, mineralogically complex Oligocene reworked fluvial sandstone, porosity 24%, Permeability 2.5 Darcys Unusually homogeneous Steeply dipping 16 degrees 7m perforated zone Seals numerous thick shales, small fault block Depth 1,500 m Brine-rock system, no hydrocarbons 150 bar, 53 degrees C, supercritical CO2

18 MMV Approach for Frio Pilot Geochemical techniques (1) deep subsurface brines; (2) shallow groundwater aquifers; and (3) near surface groundwater Hydrological techniques measurement of pressure and flowrate Geophysical monitoring techniques (1) down-the-well neutron probe the CO2 saturation inside the plume (2) vertical seismic profiling (VSP) and (3) inter-well seismic tomography Surface based technologies measure soil gas flux of CO2

19 Key parameters The saturation of CO2 The state of stress and fluid pressure in the reservoir The temperature distribution within the reservoir The variation of water chemistry within the reservoir, particularly the ph

20 Cross-Comparison of Multiple Types of Measurements Determine the subsurface Gas wells Downhole P&T Wireline logging Tracers Aquifer wells (4) distribution of injected CO2 using diverse monitoring technologies Access tubes, gas sampling Downhole sampling U-tube Gas lift Radial VSP Cross well Seismic, EM

21 Observation Well Injection Well Closely spaced measurements in time and space

22 LBNL lab for onsite fluid analysis

23 Tracer Breakthrough Curves SF6 C/Cmax Krypton C/Cmax PFT C/Cmax nd Tracer Breakthrough C/Cmax rd Tracer Breakthrough /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/2004 Frio noble gas and PFT analysis, Barry Freifeld (LBNL) and Timmy Phelps (ORNL)

24 New tool to do the job: LBNL U-tube instrument to collect high frequency, high quality two-phase samples Tommy Phelps Dave Ristenburg Oak Ridge National Lab Seay Nance BEG

25 Collection of Data on Selected Azimuths Array of Vertical Seismic Profiles

26 CO2 Saturation Observed with Cross-well Seismic Tomography vs. Modeled Tom Daley and Christine Doughty LBNL

27 WHAT WE LEARNED Monitoring injection of CO2 into relatively homogenous high permeability sandstone confirms validity of our numerical models Tools are available off-the-shelf to have effective MMV

28 A balanced and phased approach to permitting and monitoring Balanced Phased Early (now) Mature Learn by doing Standardized Adequate rigor to assure that early programs do not fail Adequately rigorous to assure performance and public acceptance

29 The Question of Balance: How Much is Enough? Site Characterization 3-D seismic Less More Test program Multiple in-zone wells Regional + injection well Monitoring 4-D seismic Multiple zones multiple tools Selected tools Selected zones MIT surface pressure injected volumes Mitigation/ Corrective Action Redundant injection sites/ pipeline system Response if non-compliance occurs Public Participation Litigation Public comment & response mechanisms Public hearings Stop injection Public information

30 Developing Monitoring Programs for a Mature Industry Standardized, dependable, durable instrumentation, reportable measurements Possibility of above-background detection: Need for a follow-up testing program to assure both public acceptance and safe operation Hierarchical approach: Not within Parameter A acceptable limits: test Within acceptable limits: continue Not within Parameter B acceptable limits: Within acceptable limits: continue Stop & mitigate

31 Conclusions Monitoring approach depends on phase of deployment Dense monitoring in research phase to increase confidence Standardized monitoring in commercial phase

32 Thank you Ian Duncan Gulf Coast Carbon Center Bureau of Economic Geology Jackson School Of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin

Monitoring strategies for CO 2. Nick Riley Jonathan Pearce. Storage

Monitoring strategies for CO 2 storage Nick Riley Jonathan Pearce Outline of talk Why do we need to monitor CO 2? How & what do we monitor? Monitoring strategies Summary EU CCS Directive Overriding consideration