Deciduous trees DECIDUOUS TREES. Overview. Average Tree Age per Site. What is stress? Types of stress 11/23/2009. Chronic stress. Stress.

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1 Deciduous trees DECIDUOUS TREES Advanced Master Gardener Training 2009 Mike Maddox Horticulture Educator Rock County UW-Extension Director of Education Rotary Botanical Gardens ISA Certified Arborist password: tree Overview Average Tree Age per Site What is stress? General overview Acute vs chronic Primary vs secondary Biotic vs abiotic Major stresses Soil and site problems Physiological disorders Physical / mechanical injury Architectural problems Insects Diseases Specific problems Acer Betula Fraxinus Malus Prunus Quercus Tilia Ulmus Society of Municipal Arborists- Tree of the Year downtown avg. city site best city site rural site What is stress? Stress Condition in which a tree is not in good health Factors promoting plant health are out of balance Light, Air, Water, Nutrients, etc. Types of stress Acute stress Disorder that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time Examples: pesticide sprays, frosts or freezes, mechanical injury, etc. Chronic stress Disorder occurring over a long period of time Nutritional imbalance, improper soil ph, long term weather changes, incorrect light intensity, etc. 1

2 Types of stress Types of stress Biotic stress Disorder that occurs from a living organism Examples: insect feeding, disease infestation, animal damage Abiotic stress Disorder occurring from a non-living source Examples: Nutritional imbalance, frost damage, flooding, etc. Primary (inciting) stress Usually a chronic factor effecting the plant s overall health Examples: nutrient imbalance, improper soil ph, construction damage, weather, etc. Secondary stress Usually a biotic factor that compounds the stress Disease or insect pest Soil and Site Problems General Examples of Stress Soil and site problems Physiological disorders Physical and mechanical injuries Insects and other pests Diseases Root related problems difficult to diagnose WHY? Symptoms typically appear on trunk and canopy Typically abiotic, chronic, primary stress Compacted soil Salt usage Soil ph Soil water holding capacity Grade changes and soil layering 2

3 Soil and Site Problems Soil compaction is extremely difficult, expensive, and often impractical to correct once it has occurred Avoid grade changes and soil compaction in the Critical Root Zone (CRZ) or Radius (CRZ) DBH x 1.5 = ft of radius 3

4 Physiological Disorders Non-infectious disorders Typically abiotic, chronic, primary stress Insufficient water Girdling roots Nutrient imbalance 4

5 Research Summary Physiological Disorders Gary Watson, Morton Arboretum Turf Mulch Unfertilized (at recommended turf rates) Low root density Normal carbohydrate storage High root density Normal carbohydrate storage Fertilized (over recommended turf rates) Low root density Low carbohydrate storage High root density Low carbohydrate storage Insufficient water ~1 of water per week Girdling roots Proper planting Nutrient imbalance Proper fertility regime Right Tree, Right Place Physical and Mechanical Injury Typically acute stress Full extent of damage cannot be immediately assessed Fire injury Animal feeding Lightning Lawn mower damage Vandalism (or stupid stuff) 5

6 Physical and Mechanical Injury Fire injury Use appropriate controlled-burn strategies Animal feeding Use tree wrap and fencing to protect May be associated with other stress ie. Woodpeckers & borers Lightning Install lightning protection in trees on special trees Vandalism (and stupid stuff) Lawn mower damage Mulch trees and educate the person with the weed-whip! 6

7 ed. Restart your 11/23/2009 Architectural Problems Improper pruning Double leaders Included bark Proper Pruning Cut 3 Point Cut Undercut Stub cut Cut at branch collar Best in dormant season Stub Cut Flush Cut 7

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10 Family A s Tree - Not Pruned When Young Family B s Bs Tree - Pruned When Young At Planting 3-4 Yrs. 5-7 Yrs. 15 Years later Insects Many insects, harmful or not, may live on plant Different life stages may be harmful to plant Most insect damage is result of feeding activity Biotic and typically secondary stress Leaf feeding insects vs Wood boring insects ARDC Courtesy of D. Herms, OSU/ OA Feeds on phloem tissue just under the bark Scars the xylem tissue on the surface of the sapwood 10

11 Insects Diseases Develop IPM strategy for insect control Resistant varieties i.e. don t plant ash trees? Scouting and monitoring Preventative measures Systemic insecticide, inspect incoming stock, etc. Curative measures Susceptible host, pathogen, and favorable environment must be present for infection to form Most pathogens are host specific Part of tree affected indicates severity of disease Leaves, stems, trunks, roots, flowers Cosmetic vs. fatal Biotic, chronic or acute, typically secondary Diseases Develop IPM strategy for disease control Resistant varieties Scouting and monitoring Preventative ti measures Preventative pesticide applications, pruning, disinfect tools, sanitation, etc. Curative measures? 11

12 Reducing Plant Stress Right Plant, Right Place Proper watering and nutrition Proper maintenance (planting, pruning) IPM, scouting Resources Woody ornamental pest management in Wisconsin, (A3597) Tree Selection Species Specific Issues Acer Betula Fraxinus Malus Prunus Quercus Tilia Ulmus Gleditsia For a healthy urban forest No more than 10% of any single tree species. No more than 20% of any tree genus. No more than 30% of any tree family. (Frank Santamour, Jr METRIA 7) Acer sp. (Maple) Family Aceraceae About species of trees & shrubs Acer (maple) Dipteronia- occurs only in China Mostly N. Hemisphere Leaves opposite, simple and palmately veined or palmately or pinnately compound. Fruit samara 12

13 Acer sp. (Maple) Acer sp. (Maple) Insects Aphids** Cottony maple scale* Erinium gall mite Fall cankerworm** Leafhopper* Lecanium scale Maple bladder gall mite** Maple petiole disorder Obliquebanded leafroller Oystershell scale Spring cankerworm** Tussock moth Yellowknecked cateripillar Diseases Anthracnose* Bacterial wetwood* Basal canker Leaf scorch Septoria leaf spot* Tar spot* Verticillium wilt** Sugar- upland species, poor urban tolerance Norway maple- OVERPLANTED, shade, invasive Silver maple- weak wood, messy, weedy Box elder- weak wood, messy, weedy Amur maple- invasive Red maple- soil ph issues Japanese- cold hardiness Freeman maple (hybrid)- adaptable, overplanted? Autumn Blaze Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists Betula sp. (Birch) Family Betulaceae 6 genera of about species Betula (birches) Alnus (alder) Corylus (hazelnut) Carpinus (musclewood) Cool temperate environments of N. Hemisphere Often associated with lakes and streams Betula sp. (Birch) Betula sp. (Birch) Shrubs or trees Leaves Alternate, simple Inflorescence Catkin Fruit Samara Insects Aphids** Leafminer* Birch leaf skeletonizer* Bronze birch borer* Dusky birch sawfly* Fall webworm** Gypsy moth** Leafhopper Lecanium scale Yellownecked caterpillar Tussock moth Diseases Canker** Leaf rust* Leaf spot 13

14 Betula sp. (Birch) Paper- heat hardiness, moisture Whitespire- must be clonally propagated River- adaptable, Japanese beetle, overplanted? Betula nigra Heritage 2002 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Family Oleaceae (Olive family) genera, herbs, shrubs, woody vines, trees Fraxinus (ash) Chionanthus (fringetree) Forsythia (forsythia) Ligustrum (privet) Syringa (lilac) Mostly temperate regions of N. Hemisphere Leaves opposite, odd-pinnately compound, leaflets serrate to entire Fruit Samara Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Insects Aphids** Ash flower gall mite Ash borer/lilac borer Emerald Ash Borer Fall webworm** Plantbugs** Oystershell scale Diseases Anthracnose** Leafspots* Cankers* Verticillium wilt** Green- very adaptable, green trash, leaf loss, susceptible to many problems, OVERPLANTED White- more ornamental than green, cleaner, overplanted Blue- square stems, not as adaptable as others 14

15 Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Attacks ALL Fraxinus! Malus sp. (Crabapples) Family Rosaceae (Rose) genera, 3000 species World-wide distribution Very diverse: herbs to small trees Rosa (rose) Prunus (almond, Rubus (blackberry, raspberry) apricot, cherry, peach, plum) Fragaria (strawberry) Spireae Pyrus (pear) Potentilla Cratageus (hawthorn) Sorbus (Mtn. Ash) Malus sp. (Crabapples) According to Michael Dirr 400 to 600 types Tend to freely hybridize Malus sp. (Crabapples) Leaves Alternate, simple Flowers Single flower with 5 petals, born in umbels or racemes Fruit Pome 15

16 Malus sp. (Crabapples) Malus sp. (Crabapples) White Bloom Red/pink buds White flowers Leaves green Fall color yellow/orange Fruits red or yellow (turning orange) Rosy Bloom Pink/magenta flowers Leaves tinged red Fall color burgundy Fruits always red Insects Aphids** Eastern tent caterpillar** Fall cankerworm Fall webworm Gypsy moth Japanese beetle Scale Shothole borer Spider mites Diseases Fireblight Rust Scab Powdery mildew Malus sp. (Crabapples) Native varieties often lack disease/insect resistance (M. ioensis) Breeding for disease resistance, flower color, fruit size & persistence Suckers and watersprouts Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry ) Also Rosaceae family According to Dirr Over 400 species of Prunus many difficult to distinguish Many insect and disease problems Do not look upon as long-term garden investments Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry ) Leaves Alternate, simple, serrated Flowers Five-petalled, showy Fruit 1 seeded drupe of various shapes, stone fruit often enclosed 16

17 Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry ) Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry ) Insects Aphids** Eastern tent caterpillar** European red mite* Fall cankerworm** Fall webworm** Gypsy moth** Japanese beetle** Lecanium scale More Insects Lesser peachtree borer* Obliquebanded leafroller Oystershell scale* Peachtree borer Pear slug sawfly* San Jose scale* Spring cankerworm** Spider mite* Yellownecked caterpillar Diseases Bacterial leafspot & canker Black knot Powdery mildew Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry ) Purple leaf sand cherry (P. x cistena)- OVERPLANTED, JB, BK American red plum (P. americana)- roadside waste land, BK Quercus sp. (Oak) Family Fagaceae (Beech) 7 genera, species Temperate and tropical N. Hemisphere Castanea (chestnut) C ( ) Fagus (beech) 17

18 Quercus sp. (Oak) Quercus sp. (Oak) Leaves Alternate, simple, usually pinnately veined Fruit Nut Insects Aphids** Fall cankerworm** Fall webworm** Galls* Lacebug Lecanium scale Oakleaf miner More Insects Oak leaf skeletonizer Spider mites Spring cankerworm Twig pruner Two-lined chestnut borer Yellownecked caterpillar Quercus sp. (Oak) Quercus sp. (Oak) Diseases Anthracnose* Leaf spots** Oak wilt** Misc. Alkaline soil induced chlorosis White Oak Group Rounded leaves 1 year to bear acorn Red Oak Group Pointed leaves 2 years to bear acorns Root and butt rot Physiologically resistant to oak wilt Very susceptible to oak wilt Quercus sp. (Oak) White (Q. alba)- difficult to produce and transplant, slow growing; subject to decline with urbanization Swamp white (Q. bicolor)- moist bottomland species, chlorotic 1998 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists Bur (Q. macrocarpa) highly variable leaf description, more tolerant of urban conditions than most oaks (M. Dirr) Red (Q. rubra)- can be adaptable to urban areas, high ph intolerant Pin (Q. palustris or Q. ellipsoidalis)- prefers moist soils, high ph intolerant, can be questionable for northern climates. 18

19 Tilia sp. (Linden) Tilia sp. (Linden) Family Tiliaceae (Linden) 50 genera, 450 species of trees, shrubs, herbs worldwide Of family members in N. America, only Tilia is arborescent Leaves Alternate, simple Fruit Capsule (berry-like) Tilia sp. (Linden) Tilia sp. (Linden) Insects Aphids** Fall cankerworm** Fall webworm Gypsy moth** Introduced basswood thrips* Insects (more) Japanese beetle** Lecanium scale Linden borer* San Jose scale Spring cankerworm** Tussock moth Yellownecked caterpillar American (T. americana) native species, soil adaptable but not tolerant to pollution; European selections more ornamental and adaptable, best left in the woods, included bark Redmond (T. americana x T. xeuchlora) - Little leaf (T. cordata) - easy to transplant, urban tolerant, numerous cultivars, included bark Ulmus sp. (Elm) Family Ulmaceae (Elm) 18 genera, 150 trees and shrubs, world wide Celtis (hackberry) Dirr Why are elms treated like royalty when they are so fallible? 19

20 Ulmus sp. (Elm) Leaves Alternate, pinnately veined, often inequilateral at base Fruit Samara (elm), drupe (hackberry) Ulmus sp. (Elm) Insects Aphids** Elm leaf beetle Elm sawfly Fall cankerworm Fall webworm Gypsy moth** Leafhopper Insects (more) Lecanium scale Spider mites Spiny elm caterpillar Spring cankerworm Wooly apple aphid Yellownecked caterpillar Ulmus sp. (Elm) Ulmus sp. (Elm) Diseases Bacterial wetwood (slime flux) Dutch elm disease* Verticillium wilt* Canker* Leaf blister* Leaf spots* American (U. americana)- very adaptable, overused, DED Chinese or lacebark (U. parviflora)- durable and ornamental, DED resistant, underused? Siberian (U. pumila)- ) adaptable but little ornamental value, DED resistant, a tree that does not deserve to be planted anywhere! Dirr Asiatic hybrids- DED resistant, form? Accolade TM ( Morton ) U. japonica x U. wilsoniana Patriot, Urban x selection of U. wilsoniana MANY others need to question adult form. Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust) Family Fabaceae (legume) Third largest family of flowering plants with genera, 14,000 to 20,000 species of herbs, shrubs, trees, woody vines, world-wide. Cercis (red bud) Gymnocladus (Ky coffeetree) Robinia (locust) Cladrastis (yellowwood) Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust) Leaves Alternate, 1- to 2-pinnately compound Fruit Elongated, compressed, indehiscent legume (pod) 20

21 Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust) Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust) Insects Aphids** Cottony maple scale Honeylocust spider mite* Honeylocust plantbug* Honeylocust pod gall midge Leafhoppers Lecanium scale Diseases Canker** Thornless honeysuckle (G. triacanthos var inermis)- TOUGH urban tree, tends Y-branch, OVERPLANTED 2010-Tree of the Year Tree Recommendations Society of Municipal Arborists Tree of the Year Program Redbud Cercis canadensis 2009-Tree of the Year 2008-Tree of the Year Chinkapin oak Quercus muhlenbergii Black Tupelo Nyssa sylvatica 21

22 2007-Tree of the Year 2006-Tree of the Year Baldcypress Taxodium distichum Kentucky Coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus 2005-Tree of the Year 2004-Tree of the Year 'Chanticleer' Pear Pyrus calleryana 'Chanticleer' 'Autumn Blaze' Maple Acer x freemanii 2003-Tree of the Year 2002-Tree of the Year 'Allee' Lacebark Elm Ulmus parvifolia Emer II 'Heritage' River Birch Betula nigra Heritage 22

23 2001-Tree of the Year 2000-Tree of the Year Bur Oak Quercus macrocarpa 'Redmond' Linden 1999-Tree of the Year 1998-Tree of the Year 'Skyline' Honeylocust Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor 1997-Tree of the Year 1996-Tree of the Year 'Ivory Silk' Lilac Syringa reticulata 'Princeton Sentry' Ginkgo 23

24 Questions? Thank you. 24