ADVANCES IN WATER SCIENCE

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1 ADVANCES IN WATER SCIENCE Vol119,No11 Jan., ,2, 1, 2, 2, 2 (11, ; 21, ) :, ph, 12 mm ph ph, ph ph, ; 4 ; 4, : ; ; ; ; : P ; TV12117 : A : (2008) , [1 4 ],,,, [3 ] [5 10 ] [11,12 ], [13 ],, [11,14,15 ],,,, [11 ] ( 1),,, 1 Fig11 Locations of the study sites : : ( ; ) ; (200602) : ( ),,,, E2mail :

2 1 : 73 1,, mm hm 2, % [16], NNE SE ,,, [16] C 2 1d ( ),, ( 2), 55 ( 3), L/ s, Ca2HCO 3 2 Fig12 Outfall of the epikarst spring 3 Fig13 Profile of the epikarst spring 2 2, ( Greenspan) : ( 2 ) ph ( EC) 15 min , Ca 2 + HCO - 3 ph 3 Horton,, [17 ]?,,,,,,, :

3 74 19,,, ph EC CO 2,,,,,,, ph,, ph, ph, ph, ph CO 2 [12,18 ], CO 2,,,,, ph, ph,,,,, ph, CO 2, ;,,,,, ph , : ph 4 ; 4,, ; 4,,,,,,,,,, (1) , 30 d, 11 mm, 515 mm/ h (2) , 9 d, d, 615 mm, 615 d, 43 h, 915 mm, 0122 mm/ h,, (3) , 29 d, 13 mm, 96 h,

4 1 : 75 (4) , mm, 2 h, 6175 mm/ h,,, 4 12 mm 1, Table 1 1 Rainfall producing the change of the first and second grade / mm / h / (mm h - 1 ) / mm / h / (mm h - 1 ) , 3 ( 46), ( 4), mm, 2315 mm, 0166 mm/ h1 ph, 1 1, 1, 2, ph, ph,, ph 4 3 Fig14 All three kinds of change in the dry season ( ) 5 11 h ph 116 ( S cm - 1 ) / h / h / h, 3 ph, ph 4 h, 2 ph3125 ( S cm - 1 ) / h / h 010 / h, 2 3 () ph 3,

5 Fig15 Second and third grade change in the rainy season Fig16 6 Continued third grade change of epikarst in the rainy season ( 5), 1 6 d, h 1, mm ; mm/ h,, , 6, ,, 4, h, mm ; mm/ h, 4 5, ph 4 4 5,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,,,, [16 ] : [1 ],,,. [M]. :, [2 ] Walid A, Michel B, Roger G, et al1 Analysis of the karst aquifer structure of the Lamalou area ( H rault, France) with ground penetrating radar[j ]1 Journal of Applied Geophysics, 2002, 51 : [ 3 ] Klimchouk A1 Towards defining, delimiting and classifying epikarst : Its origin, processes and variants of geomorphic evolution[j ]1 Speleogene2

6 1 : 77 sis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers, 2004, 2 (1) :1-131 [ 4 ] Marco T, Diego G, Danilo R, et al1 Investigating epikarst using low2frequency GPR : example from the Gran Sasso range (Central Italy) [J ]1 Bull Eng Geol Env, 2005, DOI / s y. [5 ] Clemens T, Huckinghaus D, Lield R, et al1 Simulation of the development of karst aquifers : Role of the epikarst[j ]1 Int J Earth Sci, 1999, 88 : [ 6 ] Lee ES, Krothe NC1 A four2component mixing model for water in a karst terrain in South2central Indiana, USA1 Using solute concentration and stable isotopic as tracers[j ]1 Chemical Geology, 2001, 179 : [7 ] Perrin J, Jeannin PY, Zwahlen F1 Epikarst storage in a karst aquifer : a conceptural model based on isotopic data, Milandre test site, Switzer2 land[j ]1 Journal of Hydrology, 2003, 279 : [ 8 ] Aquilina L, Ladouche B, Dgrfliger N1 Recharge processes in karstic systems investigated through the correlation of chemical and isotopic com2 position of rain and spring2waters[j ]1 Applied Geochemistry, 2005, 20 : [9] Aquilina L, Ladouche B, Dgrfliger N1 Water storage and transfer in the epikarst of karstic systems during high flow periods[j ]1 Journal of Hy2 drology, 2006, 327 : [10 ] Branka T1 How can the epikarst zone influence the karst aquifer hydraulic behaviour? [J ]1 Environ Geol, 2007, 51 : [11 ] David GC, James JB1 The use of Alkalinity as a conservative tracer in a study of near2surface hydrologic change in tropical karst[j ]1 Journal of Hydrology, 1999, 216 : [12 ] Zhang C, Yuan DX, Cao J H1 Analysis of the environmental sensitivities of a typical dynamic epikarst system at the Nongla monitoring site, Guangxi, China[J ]1 Environ Geol, 2005, 47 : [13 ]. [J ]., 2003 (1) : [14 ],,,. [M]. :, [15 ],,,. [M]. :, [16 ]. [M]1 :, [17 ]. [M]1 :, [18 ], Chris Groves,,. 2 2 [J ]., 2003, 30 (4) : Threshold value of epikarst runoff in forest karst mountain area J IANG Guang2hui 1,2, WU Ji2chun 1, GUO Fang 2, LI Hua2ju 2, SUN Hai2long 2 (11Department of Water Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing , China ; 21 Karst Dynamics Laboratory, Institute of Karst Geology, Guilin , China) Abstract : An epikarst spring in the forest karst mountain area in the southwestern China is selected for this study1 The con2 tinuous auto2monitoring of the spring s discharge, ph, electrical conductivity( EC), water temperature ( T) and rainfall has been done for more than one year1 The results indicate that, generally, in rainy season, the spring s ph shows a temporary decrease after rainfall, and the spring s EC increases temporally, while the spring s T displays a transitory increase1 Howev2 er in dry season the behaviors of these parameters are different1 According to the spring s different reflection to rainfall ranging from faintness to intensity, the response can be classified into three grades1 The first grade is characterized by unchange after rain in discharge, ph, EC and T1 The second grade shows slow and little change in a part of these parameters1 The third grade indicates a distinct change in all of the four parameters1 Basing on the spring s response, it is determined that the threshold value of runoff in the epikarst is 12 mm of rainfall1 For epikarst, the threshold value is the mark to distinguish be2 tween the effective and invalid rainfall1 It is also an important parameter for the study on the formation of groundwater re2 sources1 Key words : epikarst area ; rainfall ; threshold value of runoff ; forest ; karst area

Impact of MAR structures on groundwater quality in south-indian crystalline aquifers: Case study of the Tumulur tank, Maheshwaram watershed

Impact of MAR structures on groundwater quality in south-indian crystalline aquifers: Case study of the Tumulur tank, Maheshwaram watershed Alazard M, Boisson A, Maréchal J.C, Dewandel B, Perrin J, Pettenati,