Geology and the Civil War in Southwestern Virginia: Union Raiders in the New River Valley, May 1864
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1 Geology and the Civil War in Southwestern Virginia: Union Raiders in the New River Valley, May 1864 Joseph M. Duracinsky Cloyd s Mountain - 9 May 1864 New River Bridge - 10 May 1864
2 Purpose - To tell the story of relatively unknown battles in southwestern Virginia during the American Civil War at Cloyd s Mountain and New River Bridge. - To gain an understanding of why southwestern Virginia was an important area during the Civil War, especially to the Confederates, which leads to an understanding of the reasons for fighting at Cloyd s Mountain and New River Bridge. - To discover how the geology of the area impacted the fighting at Cloyd s Mountain and New River Bridge. 2
3 References - Geology and the Civil War in Southwestern Virginia: Union Raiders in the New River Valley, May 1864, Virginia Minerals, November 1997, Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy. - Warfare in the Western World, Military Operations from , Doughty and Gruber,
4 Outline - What s Happening in the Civil War in Spring, 1864? - A Look At Virginia s Physiographic Provinces - The Significance of Southwestern Virginia to the Confederates - Virginia s Railroad Network - Why Fight at Cloyd s Mountain and New River Bridge? - The Geology of Southwestern Virginia s Valley and Ridge - Geologic Map at Cloyd s Mountain and New River Bridge - General Crook s 1864 New River Valley Campaign - The Fight at Cloyd s Mountain - The Fight at New River Bridge - Concluding Comments 4
5 What s Happening in the Civil War in Spring, 1864? - Post Gettysburg: Grant s Approach in May Destroy Armies and Resources - Grant s Army - Army of the Potomac - In Virginia - Sherman s Army - Army in the West - In Tennessee 5
6 A Look at Virginia s Physiographic Provinces AP - App. Plateau RV - Ridge & Valley GV - Great Valley M - Massanutten Mtn. nbr - North Blue Ridge sbr - South Blue Ridge F - Foothills ML - Mesozoic Lowlands OP - Outer Piedmont CU - Coastal Uplands CL - Coastal Lowlands BM - Barrier Islands & Salt Marsh 6
7 Significance of Southwestern Virginia to the Confederates Lead - Wythe County Salt - Smyth County - Mined Materials: Salt, Iron, Lead, Saltpeter, Coal. - Virginia was top producer of salt, lead, saltpeter, and coal in the Confederacy. - Virginia was second to Alabama in iron production in the Confederacy. - Nearly all of Virginia s salt, iron, lead, and saltpeter came from the Valley and Ridge. 7
8 Virginia s Railroad Network Lead - Wythe County Salt - Smyth County Virginia & Tennessee Railroad - Virginia had most extensive railroad network in the Confederacy. - Salt mining in Smyth County and lead mining in Wythe County depended on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad which connected Richmond to the west. - Virginia & Tennessee Railroad ran completely through southwestern Virginia along the length of the Great Valley (part of the Valley and Ridge). 8
9 Why Fight at Cloyd s Mountain and New River Bridge? West Virginia - Part of Grant s Approach: Starve the Confederacy of their resources by disabling the railroad in the Valley and Ridge Province (i.e. destroy the New River Bridge). New River Giles County - Note: Up to this point in the Civil War, there wasn t much fighting in the Valley and Ridge because virtually no one wanted to deal with crossing the complex terrain. Montgomery County Pulaski County - Note: Wythe County (lead) borders Pulaski County to the west; Smyth County (salt) borders Wythe County to the west. 9
10 Geology of Southwestern Virginia s Valley and Ridge - Late Mississippian to Late Paleozoic - Terminal Alleghanian Orogeny caused by continental collision produced folded/faulted region we see today; erosionresistant siliciclastic sedimentary rocks dominate ridges while erosion-prone carbonates underlie valleys (southwest-northeast trend of linear ridges and valleys). - Middle Silurian to Early Mississippian - Acadian Orogeny (mountain building) followed by erosion, deposition, and lithification of siliciclastic sedimentary rock; Keifer and Cloyd Formations also form today s ridges. - Middle Ordovician to Late Silurian - Taconic Orogeny (mountain building) followed by erosion, deposition, and lithification of siliciclastic sedimentary rock; Tuscarora and Rose Hill Formations form today s ridges. Stratigraphic Column of Valley and Ridge Province in southwestern Virginia - Precambrian to Middle Ordovician - carbonates and some shales deposited (was a continental shelf and under ocean water); Elbrook and Rome Formations form today s valleys. 10
11 Geo. Map at Cloyd s Mountain and New River Bridge Cloyd s Mountain - 9 May New River Bridge - 10 May Devonian, Mississippian Ridge (i.e. Cloyd s Mountain) Cambrian Valley (i.e. carbonates, Karst Features) Note: Pulaski overthrust fault at base of Cloyd s Mountain 11
12 General Crook s 1864 New River Valley Campaign - GEN Crook led the Army of the Kanawha from Charleston, WV. This was another leg of Grant s strategy in Virginia. Crook s objective was to sever the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad by destroying the New River Bridge at Central Depot. If successful, Crook would continue eastward to link up with Sigel from the Shenandoah. - Chronology: - 29 April - Departed WV - 7 May - Entered Valley and Ridge - 9 May - Cloyd s Mountain - 10 May - New River Bridge - 11 May - Return to WV - 19 May - Reached HQs in WV 12
13 Cloyd s Mountain The Fight at Cloyd s Mountain - Opening Numbers: - Union Forces men - Confederate Forces men Union - Crook Confederate - Jenkins - Geology Factors: - Confederates entrenched on small knolls developed on erosion-resistant portions of Elbrook and Rome Formations. - Events: - Artillery dual at 1100 hours - Union assault and CQC - Confederate right collapses - Confederates retreat around Confederates move to NRB Back Creek, a New River tributary, flows between positions and coincides with Pulaski overthrust fault. - Results: - Union lost 10% of their force - Confederates lost 23% 13
14 The Fight at New River Bridge - Geology Factors: - Cambrian carbonates and Karst features are dominant. - Elbrook Dolomite bluffs (200ft high) exist on north and south ends of NRB. North side bluffs were higher giving the Union an advantage. - Karst sinkholes used for cover and concealment. Union Confederates - Events: - Artillery dual at 1000 hours - Confederates expend ammunition - Bridge burned around 1300 hours - Confederates withdraw - Union begins return to WV - The New River Bridge at Central Depot (today Radford) had a 700ft long wooden superstructure and was supported by metal piers anchored in the river bottom. 14
15 Concluding Comments - For 21 days (16 in the rain), Crook s forces marched 270 miles through some of the most difficult terrain in the eastern United States. Seventeen mountain ridges and countless streams were crossed. Indeed, Union forces destroyed the NRB; however, Crook never linked up with the other Union forces in Virginia. - On top of this, Union forces only burned the bridge s superstructure. The metal piers remained intact because explosives were left behind in West Virginia. Confederates rebuilt the bridge span within five weeks. - Was this really a Union success? - Did we accomplish the purpose(s) of this briefing? 15
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