PRINCIPLES AND ADVANCED METHODS IN MEDICAL IMAGING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS

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1 Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from PRINCIPLES AND ADVANCED METHODS IN MEDICAL IMAGING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS

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3 Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from PRINCIPLES AND ADVANCED METHODS IN MEDICAL IMAGING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS ATAM P DHAWAN New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA H K HUANG University of Southern California, USA DAE-SHIK KIM Boston University, USA World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI CHENNAI

4 Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite , Hackensack, NJ UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. PRINCIPLES AND ADVANCED METHODS IN MEDICAL IMAGING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS Copyright 2008 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN ISBN ISBN (pbk) ISBN X (pbk) Typeset by Stallion Press enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore.

5 Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from To My wife, Nilam, for her support and patience; and my sons, Anirudh and Akshay, for their quest for learning. (Atam P Dhawan) To My wife, Fong, for her support; and my daughter, Cammy; and my son, Tilden, for their young wisdom. (HK Huang) To My daughter, Zeno, for her curiosity (Dae-Shik Kim) v

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7 Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from Preface and Acknowledgments We are pleased to bring Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis, a volume of contributory chapters, to the scientific community. The book is a compilation of carefully crafted chapters written by leading researchers in the field of medical imaging they have put in a great deal of effort in contributing the various chapters. This book can be used as a research reference or a text book for graduate level courses in biomedical engineering and medical sciences. The book is a unique combination of chapters describing the principles as well as state-of-the-art advanced methods in medical imaging and image analysis for selected applications. Though computerized medical imaging has a very wide spectrum of applications in diagnostic radiology and medical research, we have selected a subset of important imaging modalities with specific applications that are significant in medical sciences and clinical practice. The topics covered in the chapters have been developed with a natural progression of understanding, keeping in mind future technological advances that are expected to have a major impact in clinical practice and the understanding of complex pathologies. We hope that this book will provide a unique learning experience from theoretical concepts to advanced methods and applications to researchers, clinicians and students. vii

8 viii Preface and Acknowledgments Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from We are very grateful to our contributors who are internationally renowned experts and experienced researchers in their respective fields within the wide spectrum of medical imaging and computerized medical image analysis. We also gracefully acknowledge the support provided by the editorial board and staff members of World Scientific Publishing. Special thanks to Ms CT Ang for her guidance and patience in preparing this book. We hope that readers will find this book useful in providing a concise version of important principles, advances, and applications in medical imaging and image analysis. Atam P Dhawan HK Huang Dae-Shik Kim

9 Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from Contributors Walter J Akers, PhD Staff Scientist, Optical Radiology Laboratory Department of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine University of Washington at St Louis Elsa Angelini, PhD Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications Paris, France Leonard Berliner, MD Department of Radiology New York Methodist Hospital, NY Sharon Bloch, PhD Optical Radiology Laboratory, Department of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine University of Washington at St Louis Christos Davatzikos, PhD Director, Section of Biomedical Image Analysis Associate Professor, Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania ix

10 x Contributors Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from Mathieu De Craene, PhD Computational Imaging Lab Department of Information and Communication Technologies Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Atam P Dhawan, PhD Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Qi Duan, PhD Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University Alejandro F Frangi, PhD Computational Imaging Lab Department of Information and Communication Technologies Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Shunichi Homma, MD Margaret Millikin Hatch Professor Department of Medicine Columbia University HK Huang, DSc Professor and Director, Imaging Informatics Division Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine Department of Biomedical Engineering Viterbi School of Engineering University of Southern California Dae-Shik Kim, PhD Director, Center for Biomedical Imaging Associate Professor, Anatomy and Neurobiology Boston University School of Medicine

11 Contributors xi Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from Elisa E Konofagou, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University Andrew Laine, PhD Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University Angela R Laird, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio Maria YY Law, PhD Associate Professor Department of Health Technology and Informatics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Heinz U Lemke, PhD Research Professor, Department of Radiology University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA Guang Li, PhD Medical Physicist, Radiation Oncology Branch National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland Brent J Liu, PhD Assistant Professor and Deputy Director of Informatics Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine Department of Biomedical Engineering Viterbi School of Engineering University of Southern California

12 xii Contributors Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from Tianming Liu, PhD Center for Bioinformatics Harvard Medical School Department of Radiology Brigham and Women s Hospital, MA Sachin Patwardhan, PhD Research Scientist, Department of Radiology Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology University of Washington, St Louis Xiaochuan Pan, PhD Professor Department of Radiology Cancer Research Center The University of Chicago Itamar Ronen, PhD Assistant Professor Center for Biomedical Imaging Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Boston University School of Medicine Yulin Song, PhD Associate Professor Department of Radiology Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New Jersey Song Wang, PhD Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Pat Zanzonico, PhD Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York

13 Contributors xiii Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from Zheng Zhou, PhD Manager Imaging Processing and Informatics Lab Department of Radiology University of Southern California Xiang Sean Zhou, PhD Senior Staff Scientist, Program Manager Computer Aided Diagnosis and Therapy Solutions Siemens Medical Solutions, Inc., Malvern PA Lionel Zuckier, MD Head, Nuclear Medicine Department of Radiology New Jersey University for Medicine and Dentistry

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15 Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from Contents Preface and Acknowledgments... Contributors... vii ix 1. Introduction to Medical Imaging and Image Analysis: A Multidisciplinary Paradigm... 1 Atam P Dhawan, HK Huang and Dae-Shik Kim Part I. Principles of Medical Imaging and Image Analysis 2. Medical Imaging and Image Formation... 9 Atam P Dhawan 3. Principles of X-ray Anatomical Imaging Modalities Brent J Liu and HK Huang 4. Principles of Nuclear Medicine Imaging Modalities Lionel S Zuckier 5. Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Itamar Ronen and Dae-Shik Kim 6. Principles of Ultrasound Imaging Modalities Elisa Konofagou 7. Principles of Image Reconstruction Methods Atam P Dhawan 8. Principles of Image Processing Methods Atam P Dhawan xv

16 xvi Contents Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from 9. Image Segmentation and Feature Extraction Atam P Dhawan 10. Clustering and Pattern Classification Atam P Dhawan and Shuangshuang Dai Part II. Recent Advances in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis 11. Recent Advances in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Dae-Shik Kim 12. Recent Advances in Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Dae-Shik Kim and Itamar Ronen 13. Fluorescence Molecular Imaging: Microscopic to Macroscopic Sachin V Patwardhan, Walter J Akers and Sharon Bloch 14. Tracking Endocardium Using Optical Flow Along Iso-Value Curve Qi Duan, Elsa Angelini, Shunichi Homma and Andrew Laine 15. Some Recent Developments in Reconstruction Algorithms for Tomographic Imaging Chien-Min Kao, Emil Y Sidky, Patrick La Rivière and Xiaochuan Pan 16. Shape-Based Reconstruction from Nevoscope Optical Images of Skin Lesions Song Wang and Atam P Dhawan 17. Multimodality Image Registration and Fusion Pat Zanzonico 18. Wavelet Transform and Its Applications in Medical Image Analysis Atam P Dhawan

17 Contents xvii Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from Multiclass Classification for Tissue Characterization Atam P Dhawan 20. From Pairwise Medical Image Registration to Populational Computational Atlases M De Craene and AF Frangi 21. Grid Methods for Large Scale Medical Image Archiving and Analysis HK Huang, Zheng Zhou and Brent Liu 22. Image-Assisted Knowledge Discovery and Decision Support in Radiation Therapy Planning Brent J Liu 23. Lossless Digital Signature Embedding Methods for Assuring 2D and 3D Medical Image Integrity Zheng Zhou, HK Huang and Brent J Liu Part III. Medical Imaging Applications, Case Studies and Future Trends 24. The Treatment of Superficial Tumors Using Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy and Modulated Electron Radiation Therapy Yulin Song and Maria Chan 25. Image Guidance in Radiation Therapy Maria YY Law 26. Functional Brain Mapping and Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis Angela R Laird, Jack L Lancaster and Peter T Fox 27. Dynamic Human Brain Mapping and Analysis: From Statistical Atlases to Patient-Specific Diagnosis and Analysis Christos Davatzikos

18 xviii Contents Principles and Advanced Methods in Medical Imaging and Image Analysis Downloaded from Diffusion Tensor Imaging Based Analysis of Neurological Disorders Tianming Liu and Stephen TC Wong 29. Intelligent Computer Aided Interpretation in Echocardiography: Clinical Needs and Recent Advances Xiang Sean Zhou and Bogdan Georgescu 30. Current and Future Trends in Radiation Therapy Yulin Song and Guang Li 31. IT Architecture and Standards for a Therapy Imaging and Model Management System (TIMMS) Heinz U Lemke and Leonard Berliner 32. Future Trends in Medical and Molecular Imaging Atam P Dhawan, HK Huang and Dae-Shik Kim Index