LEARNER GUIDE SOCIAL SCIENCE. factors affecting population growth and change KEY CONCEPTS

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Daniella Alexander
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1 SOCIAL SCIENCE LEARNER GUIDE KEY CONCEPTS Infant mortality rate (IMR): The number of deaths of infants in the less than one year old age group, per 1000 live births in a given year. Natural increase (ni): The rate at which the population increases or decreases as a result of natural factors like births and deaths. Demographic transition model (DTM): This is a model showing population changes based on birth and death rates over time. Population explosion: A rapid increase in the world's population - evident from 1950 onwards. Population ageing: The population ages when the average age of the people in a country increases. This is due to people living longer and fewer births. Underpopulated areas: Areas where there are more resources than the number of people living there. Carrying capacity: The number of people an area can support without damaging the environment. Sustainable development: The responsible use of resources to ensure that there are resources left for the next generation. GR 7 GR

2 CHIEF DIRECTORATE POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT Private Bag X901, Pretoria, 0001, SOUTH AFRICA COPYRIGHT 2014,, Pretoria, South Africa For further information: Chief Directorate Population and Development Private Bag X901, Pretoria, 0001 SOUTH AFRICA Tel: / 7410 Fax: / This publication is intended to support learning about population and development in the school curriculum and may be copied/downloaded and distributed as required. Permission should be obtained from the copyright holder for any changes to the format or content of this publication. Distribution for remuneration is not permitted. COPYRIGHT 2014,, Pretoria, South Africa 1

3 SOCIAL SCIENCE GR 7 GR 10 Indicators which show the change in population (this is NOT the movement of people). Birth rate Death Rate Life expectancy Fertility rate Infant mortality rate Natural increase Most of these indicators were discussed in Topic 3, but in this section, we will outline the others. INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR) the number of deaths of infants in the less than one year old age group, per 1000 live births in a given year. In LEDC many more infants die within a year of being born than in MEDC. The reasons for these higher death rates are that LEDC often have: A shortage of medical services. A greater number of children born to mothers. Poor nutrition of mothers and babies. Limited knowledge of health matters. Dirty water supplies. 2

4 SOCIAL SCIENCE GR 7 GR 10 INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR) Data sourced from <worldatlas.com> 2012 dataset, map generation AfriSpatial FERTILITY RATE Data sourced from <worldatlas.com> 2012 dataset, map generation AfriSpatial 3

5 SOCIAL SCIENCE GR 7 GR 10 NATURAL POPULATION INCREASE This shows the rate of change at which the population is increasing or decreasing using birth and death rates. This is a natural rate and does not include migration. If the birth rate is higher than death rate, there will be a higher rate of natural increase and the population will grow. If the death rate is higher than the birth rate, the population is decreasing. Formula: BR - DR In MEDC it happens that there are fewer births than deaths and then we say that the population is ageing. Due to this low natural population increase, eg. in Germany, the governments intervene by: Giving mothers longer paid maternity leave; giving paternity leave to fathers. Generous child benefit payments. Raising the age of retirement - this increases the workforce and reduces the amount that has to be spent on pensions. 4

6 SOCIAL SCIENCE GR 7 GR 10 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL This model or visual graph was developed to show the main features of population change. Demographers say that all countries will pass through each stage of change over time. Using the indicators, birth rate and death rate, one can see population growth over 4 and possibly 5 stages. This graph does not reflect stage 5, but some countries are already at that stage, where they have family planning, good health care and sufficient nutritious food. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 This stage is typical The country has The country has grown Country is of a traditional improved health care, economically with technologically society. sanitation and food. hospitals improving and advanced and has a Birth rates are high The death rate has food supplies ensured. good economy. Death rates are high dropped. The death rate has Birth rate is low. - resulting in a The birth rate is still dropped. Death rate is low triangular population high. The birth rate is resulting in a pyramid. There is an increase in decreasing, but still bell-shaped Natural increase is low. population. high. population Population is pyramid. increasing. Population growth rate is slow and death rate might exceed birth rate. 5

7 Private Bag x901, Pretoria 0001 SOUTH AFRICA Tel: /7410 Fax:

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