ATM Physical Interface Types
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1 ATM Physical Interface Types SONET/SDH: strategic high performance LAN/WAN interoperability SONET: synchronous optical network (optical link) OC: optical carrier STS: synchronous transport signal (multiplexing level) ANSI T ; Bellcore TR-NWT Issue 2, 1991 SDH synchronous digital hierarchy (optical link) STM: synchronous transport module ITU-TSS (CCITT) G.707, G.708, G.709 T-carrier/PDH: legacy leased circuits for long haul LAN interconnect T-carrier (copper link) / FT-carrier (fiber link) DS: digital signal (multiplexing level) ANSI T1S1/92.623; Bellcore PDH plesiochronous digital hierarchy ITU-TSS G.703 Cell stream: low cost and early market entry LAN UNI Stream of cells without additional framing Periodic physical layer F1/F3 OAM or idle cells ATM Tutorial Page 13 of 103
2 SONET/SDH ATM Switching Transmission Hierarchy VPVC: virtual path and channel switching VC: virtual channel switching VP: virtual path switching Path: STS-N generation/termination: cell delineation, HEC, frame Line: STS-n to STS-N multiplexing and STS-Nc concatenation Section: STS-n transport, framing, scrambling, section overhead Photonic: electro-optical OC-n STS-n OC-n regeneration ATM layer VC virtual channel F5 ATM layer VP virtual path F4 VPVC VP VC photonic section SONET line SDH digital section F2 SONET section SDH regenerator section F1 path F3 ATM Tutorial Page 14 of 103
3 SONET ATM Multiplexing Hierarchy VPI 0 VPI m SONET PATH STS-nc SONET LINE STS-4Nn = 4N STS-nc ATM cell multiplexing SONET multiplexing ATM Tutorial Page 14.1 of 103
4 Virtual Connection Switching Hierarchy Virtual path and channel switching VPI 1 VPI 1 VPI m VPI m Virtual path switching or cross connects public WANs VPI 0 VPI 0 VPI m VPI m Virtual channel switching small private LAN switches (VPI i ) (VPI i ) ATM Tutorial Page 14.2 of 103
5 SONET ATM Physical Layer Processing AAL CS SAR ATM adaptation layer ATM ATM layer PHY TC PM HEC generate/verify cell scramble cell delineation path signal id frequency/pointer multiplexing scrambling framing bit timing and coding physical medium ATM path line section photonic TC: transmission convergence sublayer HEC (header error checksum) generate and verify cell scramble to protect HEC cell delineation path signal identification frequency justification by pointer processing path line multiplexing scrambling and descrambling for clock transitions transmission frame generation and recovery PM: physical medium sublayer bit timing and coding ATM Tutorial Page 15 of 103
6 SONET ATM Interfaces and Data Rates electrical optical line rate STS payload ATM payload STS- 1 / 4 STS- 1 / 2 ~12 Mbps ~25 Mbps STS-1 OC Mbps Mbps <44.86 Mbps STS-3c OC Mbps Mbps < Mbps STS-12c OC Mbps Mbps < Mbps STS-48c OC Gbps Gbps < Gbps STS-192c OC Gbps Gbps < Gbps STS-768c OC Gbps Gbps < Gbps Note: data rates of SONET STS-3n = SDH STM-n STS-3c is defined by the ATM Forum for the UNI STS-3c and STS-12c are defined by ANSI T1S1 for the UNI STM-1 and STM-4c are defined by ITU I.413 for the UNI Higher data rates will become standard for the UNI and NNI STS-1 may become standard for the UNI Sub-rate SONET has been proposed (STS- 1 / 2 and STS- 1 / 4 ) ATM Tutorial Page 16 of 103
7 SONET/SDH ATM Framing envelope capacity SOH F1 H1 H2 H3 LOH F2 POH F3 payload H4 H CELL STS-3c frame structure: = 2430 octets; 8000 frames/s = 125µs frame time TOH: transport overhead = SOH+LOH SOH: section overhead (27 octets) LOH: line overhead (54 octets) SPE: signal payload envelope (floats in and across frames) POH: path overhead (9 octets) payload (9 260 = 2340 octets) ATM Tutorial Page 17 of 103
8 SONET STS-3c ATM UNI Overhead Bytes Section overhead A1,A2: framing B1: BIP-8 (bit interleaved parity) section error monitoring C1: STS-1 identifiers Line overhead H1,H2,H3: pointer H1*,H2*: concatenation indication B2: BIP-24 line error monitoring K2: line AIS (alarm indication signal), RDI (remote defect indicator) loss of frame, loss of signal, loss of pointer, signal label mismatch Z2: line FEBE (far end block error) Path overhead J1: STS path trace B3: BIP-8 path error monitoring C2: path signal level indicators G1: path FEBE and RDI loss of cell delineation H4: cell delineation pointer (ATM Forum optional, HEC hunt mandatory) ATM Tutorial Page 18 of 103
9 SONET ATM OAM Flows (M-Plane) Performance monitoring path error monitoring (B3,G1) line error monitoring (B2,Z2) section error monitoring (B1) Fault management STS path AIS and RDI (H1,H2,H3,G1) loss of cell delineation generating path RDI (G1) line AIS and RDI (H1,H2,H3,G1) Facility testing (path trace) path connectivity verification trace (J1) F5 VC PTI=10X F4 VP VCI={3,4} VPVC VP VC F1 section B1 F2 line B2,Z2,K2 F3 path B3,G1,J1 ATM Tutorial Page 19 of 103
10 SONET/SDH ATM OAM Error Detection ITU I.610 F1: section / regenerator section loss of signal or frame synchronisation degraded error performance F2: line / digital section loss of signal or frame synchronisation degraded error performance (SOH BIP) F3: path loss of cell delineation degraded error performance (POH BIP) uncorrectable header (HEC) degraded header error performance (HEC) SONET/SDH H1,H2,H3/AU-4 payload pointer loss failure of insertion and suppression of idle cells (too many idle cells) F4: VP (virtual path) in OAM VC virtual path not available degraded performance (cell loss, cell insertion, BER) F5: VC (virtual channel) in PTI virtual channel not available degraded performance (cell loss, cell insertion, BER) ATM Tutorial Page 20 of 103
11 T-Carrier ATM Physical Layer Processing AAL ATM PHY CS SAR TC PM ATM adaptation layer ATM layer HEC generate/verify PLCP framing / cell delineation path overhead utilisation PLCP timing bit timing and coding physical medium TC: transmission convergence sublayer HEC (header error checksum) generate and verify ATM PLCP (physical layer convergence protocol) framing cell delineation PLCP timing PM: physical medium sublayer bit timing and coding ATM Tutorial Page 21 of 103
12 T-Carrier/PDH ATM Interfaces and Data Rates electrical carrier line rate DS payload ATM payload DS1 T Mbps Mbps <1.392 Mbps DS3 T3/FT Mbps Mbps < Mbps DS3E E Mbps DS4E E Mbps DS3 and DS1 are defined by the ATM Forum for the UNI PDH E3 and E4 will be defined by the ATM Forum for the UNI ATM Tutorial Page 22 of 103
13 Cell Stream ATM Physical Layer Processing AAL ATM PHY CS SAR TC PM ATM adaptation layer ATM layer HEC generate/verify clock recovery cell delineate bit timing and coding physical medium TC: transmission convergence sublayer HEC (header error checksum) generate and verify clock recovery (8B/10B only) cell delineation PM: physical medium sublayer bit timing and coding ATM Tutorial Page 23 of 103
14 Cell Stream ATM Interfaces and Data Rates line code media line rate data rate ATM rate 4B/5B mm fiber 125 Mbps 100 Mbps < Mbps 8B/10B mm fiber Mbps Mbps < Mbps 8B/10B STP Cu Mbps Mbps < Mbps ATM Forum UNI 3.0 specified interfaces 100 Mbps 4B/5B multimode fiber interface T T CELL J K J T K T CELL J T K T CELL T T CELL X3T9.5 4B/5B FDDI-PHY coding asynchronous cell transmission ATM cells prefixed by start of cell symbol TT inter-cell gaps filled by idle symbols JK 155 Mbps 8B/10B multimode fiber and shielded twisted pair interface PL-OAM CELL 0 IDLE 1 CELL 26 PL-OAM FCS 8B/10B FC-PH coding synchronous transmission of 27 cell blocks block prefixed by physical layer overhead unit cell PL-OAM unassigned IDLE data cells to cell rate decouple ATM Tutorial Page 24 of 103
15 Cell Stream ATM OAM Error Detection F1: section loss of signal loss of F1 PL-OAM cell recognition degraded error performance F2: line null for cell stream F3: path loss of cell delineation uncorrectable header loss of F3 PL-OAM cell recognition degraded header error performance failure of insertion and suppression of idle cells (too many idle cells) F4: VP (virtual path) in OAM VC path not available degraded performance (cell loss, cell insertion, BER) F5: VC (virtual channel) in PTI channel not available degraded performance (cell loss, cell insertion, BER) ATM Tutorial Page 25 of 103
16 Low Data Rate Cell Stream Interfaces These proposals have yet to be standardised, but include: 25 Mbps UTP-3 IBM + others 51 Mbps UTP-3 ATM Forum ATM Tutorial Page 26 of 103
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