Neutral Atom (Non-radioactive)
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1 Radiation
2 Neutral Atom (Non-radioactive) Electrons (-) orbit nucleus (the center) consisting of protons (+) and neutrons Has same number of electrons (-) & protons (+) Atomic number (number of protons) determines element
3 Radiation A Radioactive atom emits radioactivity because the nucleus has too much energy The nucleus breaks down in an attempt to reach a stable state That excess energy may be in the form of particles or waves
4 Ionizing Radiation In Ionization the electron (-) is removed resulting in an ion pair Capable of causing bodily damage Ionized atom in human DNA may be altered, causing cell death or mutation
5 Ionizing Radiation Ionizing Radiation Non-Ionizing Radiation Visible light/heat/radio waves/microwaves
6 Natural Background Radiation Comes from three primary sources: cosmic radiation solar radiation external terrestrial sources
7 Medical Uses One of it s main uses is to sterilize Electrons, X rays, gamma rays or atomic ions may be used in radiation therapy to treat malignant tumors (cancer) by killing cancerous cells
8 Industrial Uses Radiography by means of gamma or x rays to determine thickness gauges Radioactive tracers for industry, makes it possible to find a hole in a tube Used to avoid the build-up of static electricity in production of paper, plastics, synthetic textiles Smoke detectors
9 Radiation Exposures
10 Radiation Exposures
11 ALPHA RADIATION Particle travels short distance in air (1-2 ) Inhalation/Ingestion can be harmful/deadly Paper/skin can stop it s penetration 2 Protons 2 Neutrons
12 BETA RADIATION Particle travels several feet (Hi-Beta- up to 30 ) Can penetrate eyes, skin, causing burns Clothing & turnout gear can absorb most Beta radiation
13 GAMMA RADIATION Energy waves that travel endlessly Travels at the speed of light Lead, concrete, iron, dense materials needed for protection
14 X-RAY RADIATION Energy as a result of excess energy from the emission of electrons (-) Lead, concrete, iron can be used as protection
15 NEUTRON RADIATION Neutrons ejected from the nucleus No Charge (it s neutral) Does not directly cause ionization Unstable and decays by Beta emission Neutron particle can: Be absorbed (if it s slow moving) Collide resulting in instability (if it s fast moving) Shields better with materials that have a high hydrogen content; water, plastic, boron, paraffin, concrete
16 Types of Radiation plus 200 plus up to 10 Paper L E A D W A T E R C O N C R E T E
17 Units of Measurement ROENTGEN Amount of exposure to X-ray or gamma only RAD (Radiation Absorbed Dose) Amount of energy deposited in human tissue REM (Roentgen Equivalent Man) Amount of biological damage System Internationale (SI): Curie (Ci) or Becquerel (bq)- Radiation given off Gray(Gy)-Amount of energy deposited in human tissue Sievert(Sv)-Amount of biological damage
18 Units of Measurement R (rem) High mr (millirem) µr (microrem) low 1 rem = 1000 millirems 1 millirem = 1000 microrems
19 Radiation Dose and Rate Rate: The rateat which radiation energy is deposited Measured in microrem, millirem or rem per hour (similar to MPH on a vehicle) Dose: Total Amountof radiation deposited in the body Measured in microrem, millirem or rem (similar to total miles on a vehicle)
20 Exposure vs Contamination Exposure Occurs in direct contact with the body or when taken into the body Contamination Occurs when the material clings to or saturates clothing, or parts of your body
21 Emergency Exposure Guidelines EPA has established guidelines for controlling emergency exposures: Guidelines for Control of Emergency Exposures Dose Limit (rem) Activity Performed Condition 5 rem All U.S. yearly dose limit 10 rem Protect Property Where a lower dose limit is not practicable 25 rem Lifesaving or protection of large Where a lower dose limit is not populations >25 rem Lifesaving or protection of large populations practicable On a voluntary basis to personnel fully aware of the risks involved Source EPA 400-R
22 Biological Effects Acute Immediate effects due to large doses over a short period Massive cell damage Chronic Smaller doses repeated over time No immediate effects Reproductive or metabolic damage Mutation of unborn Death over a period of time
23 Radiation Damage Factors Types of Radiation Duration of Exposure Intensity of Radiation Portion of body receiving dose Individual characteristics: Gender Age Health
24 Radiation Effects DOSE 0 25 rem rem rem rem 340 rem 500 rem > 600 rem SYMPTOM None Mostly none Bone marrow damage, decrease in red/white blood cells Mild/severe nausea, infection, recovery probable Half will die, poor care Half will die, good care Death expected
25 Radiation-Warning Labels 3 different labels may be used: Placard required Radioactive White-I Radioactive Yellow-II Radioactive Yellow-III Radioactive White-I (nmt 0.5 mr) Radioactive Yellow-II (nmt 50 mr) Radioactive Yellow-III (nmt 200 mr) over 1000 lbs over 1000 lbs Any Amount
26 Placard Placement When required, they must appear on all four sides of transport vehicle
27 UN Identification Number UN ID number may appear close to placard Orange sign with black lettering
28 704 Diamond Located at Fixed Facilities
29 Packaging
30 Self Protection C O N C R E T E Time, Distance & Shielding Minimize time in radiation area Maximize distance Use available shielding Inverse square law ½ the distance = 4x the dose
31 Radiation Radiation is colorless odorless, and tasteless only a meter can detect the presence of radiation Explosions may be a means of dispersing radiation Radiation meters should be deployed at ALL reports of explosions When checking for the presence of radiation, hold meters remote from the body (at arm s length), to avoid exposure to internal organs
32 Signs and Symptoms of Radiation Exposure Skin Burns Nausea Weakness Respiratory Distress
33 Chernobyl April 26, 1986 Firefighters exposed to steam cloud Within 15 minutes experienced symptoms 1hr 30 minutes later firefighters were too weak to lift hose 28 Firefighters died Officially 31 people Unofficially 25,000 workers that were sent to clean up the site have since died
34 Chernobyl 500 microrems - 3 rems
35 Chernobyl Contamination
36 NYC Nuclear Device Mortality
37 Powerpoint prepared by: Capt Carlos Vazquez HazMat Operations
38
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