The Psychology of Parking Tineke Hof, M. Sc. TNO Human Factors

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1 The Psychology of Parking Tineke Hof, M. Sc. TNO Human Factors

2 TNO knowledge for business To apply scientific knowledge with the aim of strengthening the innovative power of industry and government. Expertise: Traffic management Vehicle intelligence Driver support systems Driver behaviour TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 2

3 Agenda Parking behaviour Our research Results Concluding remarks TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 3

4 Parking behaviour In order to change behaviour, one must understand behaviour Attitude Situation Intention Behaviour Habit TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 4

5 Attitude Sum of thoughts and emotions regarding an object Street-side parking is unsafe I don t like parking garages Parking lots are expensive TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 5

6 Intention From general attitude to specific behaviour Given the characteristics of the situation Readiness to perform the behaviour I like parking in parking lots When I visit my parents tonight, I am going by car and park in the parking lot I parked my car in the parking lot TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 6

7 Situation Environmental characteristics (e.g. weather, traffic volume, alternatives, familiarity with area) Trip characteristics (e.g. goal and destination, passengers, time of trip, parking duration) TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 7

8 Behaviour Planned behaviour Conscious process that requires attention Can be controlled Intentional Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) Automatic behaviour Unconscious process that requires no attention Is difficult to control Not intentional Automatic behaviour (Bargh, 1996) TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 8

9 Habit Form of automatic behaviour Used to be planned behaviour Experience and familiar situations Parking: planned or automatic behaviour? Unknown situations (e.g. new destination) Unusual circumstances (e.g. cumbersome package) TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 9

10 Our research Study 1 (2005) Web-based questionnaire Parking intentions and determinants Habits and preferences regarding parking systems Study 2 (2006) Web-based questionnaire Actual parking behaviour Habits and preferences TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 10

11 Method Attitudes Characteristics of parking systems, for example: means of payment, business hours Situation Environmental characteristics: for example: weather Trip characteristics, for example: travel goal, number and type of passengers. TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 11

12 Method Travel goal Business Shopping Errands Daytime recreation Evening-/nighttime recreation TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 12

13 Method Habit Degree to which the decision is thought out Familiarity with the parking location Self-reported habit Convenience Hypotheses TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 13

14 Method Participants Materials and procedure TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 14

15 Results Ranking, frequency of use, and pleasantness of different parking facilities Parking garages are most preferred, park & ride least Garages were most used Garages were most pleasant, park and ride most unpleasant TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 15

16 Results Payment and tariffs People prefer paying afterwards (more equitable, easy and pleasant) People prefer real time parking tariffs (more equitable) TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 16

17 Results Characteristics Important factors: parking tariffs, opening time, proximity to destination, objective safety of car, parking space availability The importance of the factors depends on travel goal Habits play a small but yet unclear role in parking decisions TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 17

18 Concluding remarks When is parking planned or automatic behaviour? Planned behaviour and automatic behaviour require different influence strategies Good intentions or bad habits? The role of habit needs to be examined more systematically TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 18

19 Contact information Tineke Hof, M. Sc. TNO Human Factors Tel Fax TNO Human Factors City parking in Europe 19

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