Maria English Society

Transcription

1 Maria English Society Essential English Grammar Teaching Notes - Unit 10 Table of Contents Adjective clauses - Leaving out the relative pronoun - Adjective clause: where, when, why - Adjective clause: whose, who, whom - Adjective clause: which, that - Identify a missing objective relative pronoun Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 1

2 Adjective clauses Unit 10 Leaving out the relative pronoun You will meet a lot of adjective clauses (adjective clauses) without a relative pronoun. For example, instead of O S V O S V Tell us about the people that you saw and the food that you ate. you will hear or read: S V S V Tell us about the people you saw and the food you ate. However, we can do this if and only if the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Exercise Read the diary and circle the six relative pronouns. If a relative pronoun can be eliminated, draw a line through it. Dear Diary, Today was a very exciting day for me. It was my first day in high school, and I was extremely excited. I signed up for the Spanish class which I had wanted for a long time. Surprise! I get into the class! The teacher, who is from Malaga, Spain, is very nice. I also got into a chemistry class. The lab, which is filled with all sorts of scientific equipment, is a bit scary, but I think it will be interesting. Lunch time was great because I got to see all the friends that I hadn t seen all summer long. Overall, I think this will be a wonderful year. There are so many interesting extracurricular activities that I want to participate in, as well. Again, I think this is a year that will keep me busy and happy! Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 2

3 Exercise A. Make each of these pairs of simple sentences into one complex sentence by using a relative pronoun. Example: Answer: Fred Brown has a dog. It is called Jock. Fred Brown has a dog that is called Jock. 1. This is the girl. She is going to sing a song. 2. Do you like the bicycle? My uncle gave it to me. 3. I have lost the pen. I bought it yesterday. 4. Richard lives in a house. It has a big garden. 5. I have finished the exercise. The teacher told us to do it. 6. These are the apples. They grew on my tree. 7. I saw the man. He won the prize. 8. They heard about the battle from a soldier. He had been wounded. 9. We had a friend. He was a famous writer. 10. The girl is going to sing a song. She is called Grace. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 3

4 Exercise Do the following five questions as the three examples show: 1. Underline the adjective clause in each sentence. 2. Show which noun the adjective clause qualifies. 3. show the functions of the relative pronoun. a. The moment which is lost is lost forever. ( Which representing the noun moment, subject of verb is lost ) b. He could answer the question which I asked him. ( Which representing the noun question, object of t.v. asked ) c. He gave me everything that I asked for ( That representing the noun everything, object of the preposition for ) 1. He that climbs too high is sure to fall. 2. I received the message which you sent me. 3. All the blessings that we enjoy come from god. 4. The boy behaved in good manners that his father was proud of. 5. The house that I live in belongs to my father. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 4

5 Whatever, whoever, wherever, and whichever Just as what means the thing(s) that, so: Whatever = anything that We shall eat whatever is left over from lunch. = We shall eat anything that is left over from lunch. Whoever = anybody that Give it to whoever asks for it. = Give it to anybody that asks for it. Wherever =in, at any place that Put it wherever you like. = Put it in any place that you like. Whichever = any one of several that Choose whichever of the colours suits you. = Choose any one of the colours that suits you. Exercise Replace those parts of the following sentences in italics by one of the words, whatever, whoever, etc.: 1. Put down that book in any place that you can find room for it. 2. Anyone that is sufficiently advanced can come to my class. 3. You see these books? You may choose any one of them that interests you. 4. Her dogs always follow her to any place that she goes. 5. Give it to anyone that wants it. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 5

6 Exercise The uses of relative pronouns who, which, that, whoever 1. The manager wants to know wrote the inquiry letter to the supplier. (A) whom (B) whose (C) who (D) which 2. To report lost or stolen traveler s checks, contact the institution issued the checks. (A) whose (B) that (C) it (D) where 3. Several bus lines have delayed until Friday the fare increases had been planned for today. (A) which (B) this (C) they (D) those 4. Salespeople travel more than three hundred miles per week are entitled to drive a company car. (A) who (B) whoever (C) whom (D) whose 5. Those trainees have successfully completed the six-week course will be assigned to various positions throughout the company. (A) who (B) what (C) their (D) they 6. The conference was held at the city s exhibition hall, where opened just last month. A B C D 7. An additional clause may be added to your insurance policy where will cover damages A B C incurred during moving. D 8. Visitors what would like to be added to the Centre s mailing list should give their A B C D names and addresses to the receptionist. 9. Everyone who apply for any type of loan should realize that deliberately falsifying A B C income information can have serious consequences. D 10. Who removed the video equipment from the seminar room should return it A B C immediately. D Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 6

7 Adjective Clause Relative adverbs: where, when, why (1) Mary bought a safe. She kept her jewels there. ( There is an adverb of place.) Mary bought a safe [where she kept her jewels]. Where does two jobs: 1. linking the adjective clause where she kept her jewels to the noun safe. 2. representing the adverb of place there to modify the verb kept. So, where in the sentence is a relative adverb. Relative adverb means subordinate conjunction + adverb. (2) The officer knows the time. Your train arrives then. ( Then is an adverb of time.) The officer knows the time [when your train arrives]. When does two jobs: 1. linking the adjective clause when your train arrives to the noun time. 2. representing the adverb of time then to modify the verb arrives. So, when is a 2 nd relative adverb to form an adjective clause. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 7

8 (3) The principal wants to know the cause. The teacher punishes the boy reasonably. ( Reasonably is an adverb of reason.) The principal wants to know the cause [why the teacher punishes the boy]. Why does two jobs: 1. linking the adjective clause why the teacher punishes the boy to the noun cause. 2. representing the adverb of reason reasonably to modify the verb punishes. So, why is the third relative adverb to form an adjective clause. More examples to show the use of relative adverbs: The house [where the accident occurred] is near by. The time [when the new bridge is completed] is not known. The reason [why he failed] is obvious to everyone. Exercise Combine the following sentences with one of the four relative adverbs where, when, and why. 1. The time is not yet fixed. The boat leaves then. 2. This is the school. I was taught there. 3. Can you tell me the reason? You are not keeping your health. 4. Youth is the time. The seed of character are sown then. 5. Hard working is the cause. The boy gets a good result for that. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 8

9 Adjective clauses: whose, who and whom A special relative pronoun WHOSE (representing a possessive pronoun or a noun in possessive case) Example People remember Presley. Presley s songs are very popular. People remember Presley [whose songs are very popular]. WHOSE does two jobs: 1. to be subordinate conjunction, joining the adjective clause whose songs are very popular to the main clause. 2. to represent Presley s in possessive case to qualify the noun song. Exercise Try to combine the following sentences with WHOSE. 1. Joe bought a new car. Its colour is red. 2. The boat sails along the river. Its banks are muddy. 3. These dogs have a leader. Their master is a female. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 9

10 The use of WHO (subject of a verb) and WHOM (object of a transitive verb or preposition) Who is the subject of a verb He is a good friend. A good friend speaks well of us behind our backs. S V He is a good friend [who speaks well of us behind our backs]. Whom is the object of a verb The people die young. The gods love the people. O S V The people [whom the gods love ] die young. Whom is the object of a preposition The boss came into the room. The staff paid attention to the boss. O S V O The boss [ ( to whom ) the staff paid attention] came into the room. prep. Exercise Try to use WHO or WHOM to form an adjective clause. 1. The man learns nothing. He questions nothing. 2. No man can be a good ruler. A good ruler has first been ruled. 3. This is the man. I saw him in church yesterday. 4. The child is finally found. The parents have looked for him. 5. Here comes John. The teacher wants to speak to him. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 10

11 Exercise Fill the blanks with the relative pronouns who and whom, the relative adjective whose. 1. He [ marries] might be sorry; he [who does not] will be sorry. 2. Those [ the gods love] die young. 3. He [ marries for love without money] has good nights and sorry days. 4. Wealth is not his has it, but his enjoys it. 5. A triangle [ three sides are equal] is called an equilateral triangle. 6. He [ hesitates] is lost. 7. He [ laughs last] laughs best. 8. The sun, [ rays give life to the earth,] was regarded by the ancients as a god. 9. This is the boy [ works hard.] 10. This is the boy [ exercise is done well.] Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 11

12 Adjective clauses: which and that WHICH is (a) for animal, and (b) for thing : (a) A mole is an animal. S V A mole lives underground. S V A mole [which lives underground] is an animal.. S V A mole is an animal. The animal lives underground. S A mole is an animal [which lives underground]. V (The underlined are adjective clauses, qualifying the preceding nouns.) (b) This jungle track is not a road. S V The track is not for cars. S V This jungle track [which is not for cars] is not a road. This jungle track is not a road. S V The road is full of holes. This jungle track is not a road [which is full of holes]. S V (The underlined are adjective clauses, qualifying the preceding nouns.) Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 12

13 THAT is (a) for people, (b) for animal, and (c) for thing : (a) This doctor is a psychiatrist. S V. The doctor treats mind-disorder. S V This doctor [that treats mind-disorder] is a psychiatrist.. This doctor is a psychiatrist. S V A psychiatrist treats mind-disorder. This doctor is a psychiatrist [that treats mind-disorder]. S V (b) The cat is catching a mouse. S V The cat belongs to my aunt. S V The cat [that belongs to my aunt] is catching a mouse. The cat is catching a mouse. S V The mouse runs into a hole. S V The cat is catching a mouse [that runs into a hole]. (c) This book is a new publication. S V The book has many pictures. S V This book [that has many pictures] is a new publication.. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 13

14 This book is a new publication. S V The new publication sells well. S V This book is a new publication [that sells well]. (All the underlined relative clauses are adjective clauses, qualifying the preceding nouns.) (All the relative pronouns THAT and WHICH are used as subjects of the adjective clauses.) Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 14

15 WHICH and THAT as OBJECTS of transitive verbs.. t.v. obj.. The prayers were few and short. We said the prayers. O S V The prayers [which we said] were few and short. t.v. obj. I am monarch of all. I survey all. (Pronoun) O S V I am monarch of all [that I survey]. t.v. obj. Men must reap the things. They sow the things. O S V Men must reap the things [which they sow]. t.v. obj. A contented mind is the greatest blessing. A man can enjoy the blessing in this world. O S V A contented mind is the greatest blessing [that a man can enjoy in this world]. (All the relative pronouns are object of the transitive verbs in the adjective clauses.) Whom is for people only: t.v. obj. He is my old friend. I trust him. O S V He [whom I trust] is my old friend. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 15

16 WHICH and THAT as OBJECTS of prepositions. or perp. obj. I show them the path. We came by the path. I show them the path which we came by. I show them the path by which we came. or perp. obj. Love is a game. Both players always cheat in the game. Love is a game which both players always cheat in. Love is a game in which both players always cheat. or perp. obj. I have found the pencil. You want to write with the pencil. I have found the pencil which you want to write with. I have found the pencil with which you want to write. * Whom is for people only: or perp. obj. This is the child. You spoke to him yesterday. This is the child whom you spoke to yesterday. This is the child to whom you spoke yesterday. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 16

17 Now notice THAT as a relative pronoun, object of a preposition: THE PREPOSITION CAN T BE PUT BEFORE THAT. NOT perp. obj. He has not brought the key. I asked for the key. He has not brought the key that I asked for. He has not brought the key for that I asked. (The preposition for cannot be put before the relative pronoun THAT.) NOT perp. obj. You give me the cat. I ll take care of it. You give me the cat that I ll take care of. You give me the cat of that I ll take care. (No preposition can be put before the relative pronoun THAT.) NOT perp. obj. John is the doctor. We talk about him. John is the doctor that we talk about. John is the doctor about that we talk. (No preposition should be moved before the relative pronoun THAT.) Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 17

18 All objective relative pronouns can be omitted 1. OBJECT OF TRANSITIVE VERBS The prayers which we said were few and short. = The prayers we said were few and short. I am monarch of all that I survey. = I am monarch of all I survey. Men must reap the things which they sow. = Men must reap the things they sow. A contented mind is the greatest blessing that a man can enjoy in this world. = A contented mind is the greatest blessing a man can enjoy in this world. He whom I trust is my old friend. = He I trust is my old friend. 2. OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONS I show them the path which we came by. = I show them the path we came by. Love is a game which both players always cheat in. = Love is a game both players always cheat in. I have found the pencil which you want to write with. = I have found the pencil you want to write with. This is the child whom you spoke to yesterday. = This is the child you spoke to yesterday. He has brought the key that I asked for. = He has brought the key I asked for. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 18

19 You give me the cat that I ll take care of. = You give me the cat I ll take care of. If a preposition comes before the objective relative pronoun, you have to return the preposition to its ending position before we omit the objective relative pronoun: I show them the path by which we came. = I show them the path which we came by. = I show them the path we came by. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 19

20 Identify a missing objective relative pronoun 1. When two nouns come together and the preposition doesn t have an object, we supply which or that between the two nouns. Then the adjective clause appears:.. I show them the path [which we came by]. n. pron. prep. 2. When two nouns come together and the transitive verb doesn t have an object, we supply which or that between the two nouns. Then the adjective clause appears: The prayers [which we said were few and short]. n. pron. tv Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 20

21 Where and in which WHERE as a relative adverb and WHICH as a relative pronoun: Joe returned to the old house. He was born there. ( There is an adverb of place. where can be used to link he two sentences.) Joe returned to the old house [where he was born.] Joe returned to the old house. He was born in the old house. ( House is object of the preposition in. which can be used to link he two sentences.) Joe returned to the old house [which he was born in.] or Joe returned to the old house [in which he was born.] You do not write: Joe returned to the old house [in where he was born.] (Incorrect) Because where is a relative adverb, which can not be treated as a noun, object of the preposition in. But, if you regard the phrase in he old house as an adverb phrase of place, you can use the relative adverb where : Joe returned to the old house. He was born in the old house. (in the old house = there) Joe returned to the old house [WHERE he was born.] Exercise Try to form an adjective clause by using the relative pronoun which, and then another adjective clause using a relative adverb where. This is an old church. John and Mary get married in the church. (1) (2) Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 21

22 Exercise Supply a suitable relative pronouns to the following sentences: ( That for people, animal, thing. Which for animal, thing. Whom for people only.) Example: Where is the book / I gave you? Answer: Where is the book that I gave you. ( Give needs 2 objects.) 1. The task you have to do is easy. 2. It was an old house she lived in. 3. I have found the book I have lost. 4. Napoleon, the French people honour, died at St. Helena. 5. Children use a joystick to control the movements they see on the screen. 6. Some words Americans now use come from the languages of their immigrants. 7. He spent his money carelessly on things he really didn t need. 8. Soon he went through every cent he had won. 9. The crow dropped the cheese, the fox immediately caught with its mouth. 10. The boy you see there made the top score last match. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 22

23 Exercise Fill in the blanks with who, whom, that, which and whose. 1. He knows little, often repeats it. 2. Those live in glass houses should not throw stones. 3. we love best, to whom we can say least. 4. He marries for wealth, sells his liberty. 5. He the gods love dies young. 6. Time is lost, is lost forever. 7. Husbands are in heaven wives scold not. 8. God helps those help themselves. 9. The answer you gave is not right. 10. We met sailors ship was wrecked. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 23

24 Exercise Read the paragraph and insert the correct relative pronoun in the blanks. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer International travel has changed dramatically in the past 50 years. In the mid-twentieth century, people wanted to travel to exotic destinations often went by ship. Such famous vessels as the Queen Mary were commonly used by travelers ventured abroad. However, since the invention and modernization of the jet plane, has continued to grow in popularity, transatlantic ocean liners have become less popular. One reason is the speed of the journey. Ocean liners, often take more than one week to get from the United States to Europe, are not practical for businesspeople. For example, a person, a company sent to Europe for a convention cannot spare such a long time traveling. This person s objective, is standard procedure for most businesses, is to go to the convention, do business, then come home. Some people, however, are tired of the faster is better mentality modern airlines are advertising. They are now looking for alternative, more exotic modes of travel. For these people, are anticipating the journey as much as visiting the destination, high-priced ocean liner trips are just the ticket! Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 24

25 Exercise Rewrite each of the following sentences making a preposition adjective clause from the clause in parentheses. Examples: The story (I alluded to the story) is in this article. The story that I alluded to is in this article. 1. The article (the professor commented on the article) was published last week. 2. The information (you are looking for the information) can be found on the Web. 3. The report (this data will be incorporated into the report) is due in March. Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 25

26 Exercise Combine each of the following sets of clauses into one sentence, making an adjective clause using where or when from the clause in parentheses. Examples: Seattle is a city. (People drink a lot of coffee there) Seattle is a city where people drink a lot of coffee. 1. The town was quite small. (I was born in the town.) 2. There was a time. (People always knew their neighbors.) 3. I want to find a time and date. (We can meet at that time and date.) Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 26

27 Exercise Combine each of the following sets of clauses into one sentence, making an adjective clause using whose from the clause in parentheses. Examples: Ann is an author. (Her books sell very well in Europe.) Ann is an author whose books sell very well in Europe. 1 Ted id a journalist. (We respect his work.) 2 Lee attends a school (The school s founder was a famous person.) 3 Dr. Lee met with students. (He had rejected their proposals.) Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 27

28 Exercise Combine each of the following sets of clauses into one sentence, making an adjective clause using of which or of whom from the clause in parentheses. Examples: Governments often invest in new weapons. (the cost of new weapons is enormous.) Governments often invest in new weapons, the cost of which is enormous. 1 Emily Dickinson produced a large body of poetry. (Much of her poetry remained unpublished during her lifetime.) 2 Now her poems are appreciated by thousands of people. (Many of the people memorize them in school.) 3 A complete compilation of Dickinson s poems was published in (The editor of the compilation was Thomas Johnson.) Essential English Grammar Lesson 10 Page 28