Decline of plum trees, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovars, as a serious threat for plum production in the Netherlands
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1 Decline of plum trees, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovars, as a serious threat for plum production in the Netherlands Marcel Wenneker 1) & Jaap Janse 2) 1) Applied Plant Research, Randwijk, The Netherlands 2) Dutch General Inspection Service, Emmeloord, The Netherlands COST 873: September 2010 Jurmala; Latvia
2 Plum production in the Netherlands
3 Plum production in the Netherlands Root stock St. Julien A Weak root stocks VVA 1 Ferlenain (interstem Czar) Varieties Reine Victoria Opal (Avalon) (Excalibur) Lazoet (new)
4 Plum production in the Netherlands Since 2003 availability of VVA 1 Small trees high productivity St. Julien A + Reine Victoria => root pruning VVA 1 + Reine Victoria => no root pruning 435 ha (2000) => 260 (2006); mainly removal of old orchards (too labour intensive). Replanting of orchards on VVA 1. Since 2008: planting of new orchards has been halved due to Plum decline.
5 Differences between production systems St. Julien A 4,00 x 2,00 m 1250 trees/ha 18 years tons/ha VVA 1 3,50 x 1,25 m 2450 trees/ha 15 years tons/ha 5,6 7,9 years (return investment) Low production first years after planting 4,2 5,4 years (return investment) Full production 4 th growing season
6 Plum trees production (nurseries) Approximately 6 nurseries produce plum trees Special nursery for production of root stocks 1 nursery: % of total production of plum trees (mainly on VVA 1 root stock: 80%) trees annually trees/ha Spring: planting of root stocks Summer: chip budding Autumn (after 1.5 year after planting): fruit growers
7 Plum trees production (nurseries)
8 Disease incidences in plums Higher losses in plum orchards compared to apple or pear orchards.
9 Diseases incidences: diagnostics?
10 Bacterial canker of plums 2004 reports of serious decline Rapid death 1 2 years after planting Decline of trees continues in following years Trunks of affected trees girdled by a canker Rootstock usually remains healthy No flower, twigs or fruit infections Isolation of Pseudomonas syringae pv morsprunorum Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae
11 Bacterial canker of plums: young plum trees
12 High investment costs for intensive plum growing
13 Symptoms plum decline: cankers
14 Symptoms plum decline: cankers
15 Symptoms plum decline: high mortality of trees
16 Symptoms plum decline: high mortality of trees
17 Symptoms plum decline: high mortality of trees
18 Silverleaf
19 Necrotic tissue Photo s: G. Poldervaart
20 Tree without visual symptoms of decline Photo s: G. Poldervaart
21 Tree with mild symptoms Photo s: G. Poldervaart
22 Tree with severe symptoms Photo s: G. Poldervaart
23 Project started ( ) Discussions with fruit growers and nurseries (opinions and observations of growers): No symptoms visible on the nurseries Pseudomonas spp. causal agent? Apparently young trees most affected Influence of cold winter Planting period (early/late) Effect of N fertilizers Root stock (VVA 1/St. Julien A) Interstem Latent infections Effect of herbicides Transport of trees from nurseries to growers Plant strengtheners (weak root stocks => vulnerable trees ) No availability of copper and antibiotics
24 Control measures? e.g. white painting of trunk
25 Project Result of discussions: research project (2 years instead of 4 years; due to limited budgets). Objectives Epidemiology Control Nurseries and orchards Origin of infections Avoidance of spreading within the orchard Relation with root stock? (Testing of chemicals curative treatments)
26 Project Report: Inventories (including nurseries) Which varieties, rootstocks or variety rootstock combinations are most affected. From which planting years (production year nursery) most infections were observed? What is the origin of the affected trees (nurseries). Overview of all cultural practices that might lead to infection. Protocol in order to avoid infections with Pseudomonas syringae pv morsprunorum & pv syringae. Epidemiology of Pseudomonas syringae (pv morsprunorum and syringae) in the Netherlands. Diagnostics: isolation and characterization So far, no investigations into virulence of strains Indications for susceptibility of alternative rootstock varieties
27 Thank you for your attention Wageningen UR
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