Biblical Aramaic Verb List

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1 From the SelectedWorks of Philomena M French Summer 2014 Biblical Aramaic Verb List Philomena M French Available at:

2 Chapter and verse numbers follow WTT. Biblical Aramaic Verb List 2014 Philomena M French Ph.D. Usually where it occurs the jussive has no unique form and is identical to the imperfect variations generally occur when the final ן drops. Where the jussive differs from the usual imperfect it is marked as jussive form on all other occasions as jussive. The verb to be הוה is unusual in that it prefixes ל to the 3 m s & 3 m & f pl forms. This is the only verb where this construction is attested in Biblical Aramaic although it is found later in rabbinic Aramaic, Syriac and Mandaic. Peal passive/peil participles have identical forms and are listed as peal passive participles. Prefixed prepositions and the conjunction ו have been removed from verbs. Pronominal suffixes have been retained. There are two appendices. Appendix A lists all the forms in alphabetical order together with their root consonants to enable ease of reference. Appendix B lists all the various forms by tense/voice and conjugation with more comprehensive explanatory notes. Full paradigms for the strong verb are listed. Forms which are not attested in Biblical Aramaic are included as these should prove useful for reading outside the Biblical texts. Bibliography Bashoor M Scott Annotations To The Aramaic Text Of Daniel (2014) Bashoor M Scott Annotations To The Aramaic Text Of Ezra (2014) Brown Francis, Driver Samuel Rolles & Briggs Charles A Hebrew & English Lexicon (Hendrickson Publishers Inc 1991) Gesenius Wilhelm Friedrich Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon To The Old Testament (1846) (tyndale archive online edition) Greenspan Frederick E An Introduction To Aramaic (corrected second edition) (Society Of Biblical Literature 2007) Jastrow Marcus A Dictionary Of The Targumim, The Talmud Babli And Yerushalmi And The Midrashic Literature (1926) (tyndale archive online edition) Jerusalmi Isaac The Aramaic Sections Of Ezra And Daniel (Hebrew Union College- Jewish Institute Of Religion 1982) Johns Alger F A Short Grammar Of Biblical Aramaic (Andrews University Press 1972) Koehler Ludwid & Baumgartner Walter The Hebrew And Aramaic Lexicon Of The Old Testament (Brill 2000) Rosenthal Franz - A Grammar Of Biblical Aramaic (Otto Harrassowitz 1961) Van Pelt Miles V Basics Of Biblical Armaic (Zondervan 2011) Page 1 of 41

3 Glossary & Abbreviations Apocopation - occurs rarely, found in lamed he/aleph verbs shortening the verb and causing changes in the syllabic structure and vocalisation. Dissimilation the omission or change of similar or identical sounds Elided eliminated or left out Energic nun also known as nun energicum. An additional or doubled nun placed between the verb and suffix. Gemination lengthening or doubling Infinitive Absolute unqualified verbal noun Infinitive Construct modified and in a genitive state causing vowel and accent reduction. ל Generally governed by prepositions particularly Jussive the mood for issuing orders, commanding or exhorting Kethib traditional written form of text Metathesis the switching of consonants Nasalization the addition of nun to a word often occurs instead of gemination Paragogic an additional consonant added to the end of a word Preformative prefix Progressive assimilation when a consonant is assimilation to a following consonant Pronominal suffix (verbal) objective pronoun attached to the end of a verb causing vowel and accent reduction Prosthetic a vowel or consonant added by prosthesis (the addition of a vowel or consonant at the beginning of a word without changing the word s meaning). Qere indication in the margin or elsewhere in a manuscript of the correct reading of text R1, R2, R3 - first, second and third root consonants Regressive assimilation when a consonant is assimilated to a preceding consonant Sufformative - suffix (peal) to perish (haphel) to destroy (hophal) to be destroyed אבד peal imperfect 3 m pl jussive form Jeremiah 10:11 י אב דוּ haphel imperfect 2 m s jussive Daniel 2:24 תּ הוֹב ד haphel imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 2:18 י ה ב דוּן haphel infinitive construct Daniel 2:12, 2:24, 7:26 הוֹב ד ה hophal perfect 3 m s Daniel 7:11 הוּב ד (peal) to set light to, heat up a furnace, make hot אזה peal infinitive construct Daniel 3:19 מ ז א מ ז י הּ peal infinitive construct + 3 m s pronominal suffix Daniel 3:19 peal passive participle m s absolute Daniel 3:22 א ה ז Page 2 of 41

4 (peal) to go, walk off אזל peal perfect 3 ms Daniel 2:17, 2:24, 6:19, 6:20 א ז ל peal perfect 1 c pl Ezra 5:8 א ז ל נ א peal perfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:23 א ז לוּ peal imperative m s Ezra 5:15 א ז ל (peal) to eat, devour, to eat pieces to slander, accuse אכל peal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 3:8, 6:25 א כ לוּ peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 4:30 י אכ ל peal imperfect 3 f s Daniel 7:23 ת אכ ל peal imperative f s Daniel 7:5 א כ ל י peal participle f s absolute Daniel 7:7, 7:19 א כ ל ה (haphel) to trust, believe in אמן haphel perfect 3 m s Daniel 6:24 ה ימ ן haphel passive participle m s absolute Daniel 2:45, 6:5 מ ה ימ ן (peal) to say, speak, tell, command, relate אמר א מ ר ת מ ר א peal perfect 1 c s Daniel 4:5 peal perfect 3 m s Ezra 5:11 Daniel 2:12, 2:24, 2:25, 2:46 3:13, 3:20, 5:2, 5:29, 6:17, 6:24, 6:25, 7:1, 7:16, 7:23 peal perfect 3 f s Daniel 5:10 ע נ ת ו א מ ר ת א מ ר ת peal perfect 1 c pl Ezra 5:4, 5:9 א מ ר נ א peal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 4:23 א מ רוּ י אמ ר peal imperfect 3 m s jussive: Daniel 2:7 imperfect: Daniel 3:29, 4:32 peal imperfect 1 c pl Daniel 2:36 נ אמ ר peal imperfect 2 m pl Jeremiah 10:11 תּ אמ רוּן Page 3 of 41

5 peal participle m s absolute Daniel 4:4, 4:11, 4:20 א מ ר peal participle m s absolute ע נ ה ו א מ ר א מ ר Daniel 2:5, 2:8, 2:15, 2:20, 2:26, 2:27, 2:47, 3:14, 3:19, 3:24, 3:25, 3:26, 3:28, 4:16(x2), 4:27, 5:7, 5:13, 5:17, 6:13, 6:17, 6:21, 7:2 peal imperative m s Daniel 2:4, 4:6, 4:15 א מ ר peal imperative m pl Daniel 2:9 א מ רוּ peal infinitive construct Daniel 2:9 מ אמ ר מ מ ר א מ ר ין peal infinitive construct variant א defective elided Ezra 5:11 peal participle m pl absolute Ezra 5:3 Daniel 3:4, 4:28, 6:6, 6:7, 6:13, 6:16, 7:5,3:16 peal participle m pl absolute Daniel,2:7,2:10,3:9 ע נוֹ ו א מ ר ין א מ ר ין 6:14 peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:24 ע נ י ן ו א מ ר ין א מ ר ין (peal) to oppress, compel, constrain אנס peal participle m s absolute Daniel 4:6 א נ ס (peal) to come, arrive (haphel) to bring (hophal) to be brought אתה peal perfect 3 m s Ezra 5:3, 5:16 א ת ה Daniel 7:22 peal perfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:12 א תוֹ peal imperative m pl Daniel 3:26 א תו peal infinitive construct Daniel 3:2 מ ת א peal participle m s absolute Daniel 7:13 א ת ה haphel perfect 3 m s Daniel 5:13 ה י ת י haphel perfect 3 m pl Daniel 5:3, 5:23, 6:17, 6:25 ה י ת יו haphel infinitive construct Daniel 3:13, 5:2 ה י ת י ה Page 4 of 41

6 hophal perfect 3 f s Daniel 6:18 ה ית י ת hophal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 3:13 ה ית יוּ (peal) to be evil, displeased, distressed באש peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 6:15 בּ א שׁ (pael) to disperse, scatter בדר pael imperative m pl Daniel 4:11 ב דּ רוּ בהל י ב ה ל י ב ה ל נּ נ י י ב ה לוּ י ב ה ל נּ הּ ה ת בּ ה ל ה (pael) to frighten, alarm, dismay, terrify (hithpeel) to hurry, hasten (hithpaal) to be frightened, terrified, alarmed peal imperfect 3 m s jussive form Daniel 4: m s pronominal suffix pael imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 4:2, 7:15, 7: c s pronominal suffix (energic nun) pael imperfect 3 m pl jussive form Daniel 5: m s pronominal suffix pael imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 4:16, 5:6 + 3 m s pronominal suffix (energic nun) hithpeel infinitive construct Daniel 2:25, 3:24, 6:20 used as a noun hithpaal participle m s absolute Daniel 5:9 מ ת בּ ה ל (peal) to cease, be discontinued (pael) to stop, bring to an end בטל peal perfect 3 f s Ezra 4:24 בּ ט ל ת peal participle f s absolute Ezra 4:24 בּ ט ל א pael perfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:23, 5:5 ב טּ לוּ Ezra 4:21, 6:8 א pael infinitive construct paragogic ב טּ ל א (peal) to pass/spend the night, lodge בית peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 6:19 ב ת (pael) to wear away, wear out, (figuratively) harass constantly בלא pael imperfect 3 m s Daniel 7:25 י ב לּ א Page 5 of 41

7 (peal) to build (hithpeel) to be built בנה ב נ י ת בּ נ ה י ב נוֹ י ב נוֹן הּ מ ב נ א בּ נ א peal perfect 1 c s Daniel 4: f s pronominal suffix peal perfect 3 m s Ezra 5: m s pronominal suffix peal perfect 3 m pl Ezra 6:14 peal imperfect 3 m p jussive Ezra 6:7 peal infinitive construct 1 Ezra 5:2, 5:11, 5:17, 6:8 peal infinitive construct 2 מ old version without Ezra 5:3, 5:13 Ezra 5:9 ה peal infinitive construct 3 paragogic מ ב נ י ה peal participle m pl absolute Ezra 4:12, 5:4, 5:11, 6:14 בּ נ י ן peal passive participle m s absolute Ezra 5:11 ב נ ה hithpeel imperfect 3 m s jussive Ezra 5:15, 6:3 י ת בּ נ א hithpeel imperfect 3 f s Ezra 4:13, 4:16, 4:21 תּ ת בּ נ א hithpeel participle m s absolute Ezra 5:8, 5:16 מ ת בּ נ א (peal) to be angry, become angry, get enraged בנס peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:12 בּ נ ס (peal) to seek, request, ask, be about to (pael) to call upon, beseech בעא peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:16, 2:49 בּ ע א peal perfect 1 c pl Daniel 2:23 ב ע ינ א peal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 2:13 ב עוֹ peal imperfect 1 c s Daniel 7:16 א ב ע א peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 6:8, 6:13 י ב ע ה peal participle m s absolute Daniel 6:12, 6:14 בּ ע א peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 6:5 ב ע י ן Page 6 of 41

8 peal infinitive construct Daniel 2:18 מ ב ע א pael imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 4:33 י ב עוֹן (pael) to seek, enquire, investigate (hithpaal) to let search be made בקר pael perfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:19, 6:1 ב קּ רוּ pael imperfect 3 m s Ezra 4:15 י ב קּ ר pael infinitive construct Ezra 7:14 ב קּ ר א hithpaal imperfect 3 m s jussive Ezra 5:17 י ת בּ קּ ר (peal) to bless (pael) to bless, praise, kneel ברך בּ ר peal participle m s absolute Daniel 6:11 בּ ר י peal passive participle m s absolute Daniel 3:28 בּר כ ת בּ ר pael perfect 1 c s Daniel 4:31 pael perfect 3 m s compensatory vowel lengthening under R1 Daniel 2:19 מ ב ר pael passive participle m s absolute Daniel 2:20 (peal) to cut, hew down גדד peal imperative m pl Daniel 4:11, 4:20 גּ דּוּ (aphel) to break, burst forth, stir up גוח aphel participle f pl absolute Daniel 7:2 מ ג יח ן (peal) to cut, divine (hithpeel/ithpeel) to be broken off, cut out גזר peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 2:27, 5:11 גּ ז ר ין peal participle m pl determined Daniel 4:4, 5:7 ג ז ר יּ א hithpeel perfect 3 f s Daniel 2:34 ה ת גּ ז ר ת ithpeel perfect 3 f s Daniel 2:45 א ת גּ ז ר ת Page 7 of 41

9 (peal) to reveal (haphel) to lead off, take into exile גלה peal infinitive construct מ ג ל א Daniel 2:47 peal participle m s absolute גּ ל א Daniel 2:22, 2:28, 2:29, 2:47 peil perfect 3 m s version 1 ג ל י Daniel 2:19 peil perfect 3 m s version 2 גּ ל י Daniel 2:30 haphel perfect 3 m s ה ג ל י Ezra 4:10, 5:12 (peal) to be complete, finished, perfect גמר peal passive participle m s absolute Ezra 7:12 גּ מ יר (peal) to sacrifice, perform a sacrifice דבח peal participle m pl absolute Ezra 6:3 ד ב ח ין (peal) to cling to, stick together דבק peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 2:43 דּ ב ק ין (peal) to live, dwell דור peal imperfect 3 f s תּ דוּר Daniel 4:18 peal imperfect 3 m pl (kethib) י ד רוּן Daniel 4:9 peal imperfect 3 f pl (qere) י דוּר ן Daniel 4:9 peal participle m pl absolute (kethib) ד א ר ין Daniel 2:38, 3:31, 6:26 peal participle m pl absolute (qere) ד י ר ין Daniel 2:38, 3:31, 6:26 (kethib) peal participle m pl construct דּ א ר י (qere) peal participle m pl construct דּ י ר י (peal) to tread down, tread under דוש ת דוּשׁ נּ הּ peal imperfect 3 f s + 3 f s pronominal suffix (energic nun) Daniel 4:32(x2) Daniel 4:32(x2) Daniel 7:23 Page 8 of 41

10 (peal) to fear (pael) to frighten, make afraid דחל peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 5:19, 6:27 ד ח ל ין peal participle passive m s absolute Daniel 2:31 דּ ח יל peal participle passive f s absolute Daniel 7:7, 7:19 דּ ח יל ה pael imperfect 3 m s + 1 c s pronominal suffix (energic nun) (peal) to make a judgment דין יד ח ל נּ נ י Daniel 4:2 peal participle m pl absolute kethib Ezra 7:25 דּ א נ ין peal participle m pl absolute qere Ezra 7:25 דּ אי נ ין (peal) to burn דלק peal participle m s absolute Daniel 7:9 דּ ל ק (peal) to resemble, be like דמה peal participle m s absolute Daniel 3:25 דּ מ ה peal participle f s absolute Daniel 7:5 דּ מ י ה דקק (peal) to be crushed into pieces, shattered (haphel/aphel) to crush, break into pieces NB gemination metathesis in haphel/aphel R1 is doubled peal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 2:35 דּ קוּ haphel perfect 3 f s Daniel 2:45 ה דּ ק ת haphel perfect 3 f s variant Daniel 2:34 ה דּ ק ת haphel perfect 3 m pl Daniel 6:25 ה דּ קוּ haphel participle m s absolute Daniel 2:40 מ ה דּ ק aphel imperfect 3 f s Daniel 2:40, 2:44 תּ דּ ק ת דּ ק נּ הּ aphel imperfect 3 f s + 3 f s pronominal suffix (energic nun) Daniel 7:23 Page 9 of 41

11 aphel participle f s absolute Daniel 7:7 מ דּ ק ה aphel participle f s absolute variant Daniel 7:19 מ דּ ק ה (God) (pael) to glorify הדר pael perfect 1 c s Daniel 4:31 ה דּ ר ת pael perfect 2 m s Daniel 5:23 ה דּ ר תּ pael participle m s absolute Daniel 4:34 מ ה דּ ר (peal) to be, happen, exist, come to pass הוה peal perfect 1 c s Daniel 4:1, 4:7, 4:10, 7:2, ה ו ית 7:4, 7:6, 7:7, 7:8, 7:9, 7:11(x2), 7:13, 7:21 peal perfect 2 m s Daniel 2:31, 2:34 ה ו י ת ה ו ה ה ו א ה ו ת ה ווֹ ל ה ו א תּ ה ו ה ל ה וֹן peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 4:26, 5:19(x7), 7:13 peal perfect 3 m s variant spelling Ezra 5:11 Daniel 5:19, 6:4, 6:11, 6:15 peal perfect 3 f s Ezra 4:24, 5:5 Daniel 2:35, 7:19 peal perfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:20 Daniel 2:35, 5:19, 6:5 peal imperfect 3 m s jussive: Ezra 4:12, 4:13, 5:8, 7:26 imperfect: Ezra 6:9, 7:23, 7:26 jussive: Daniel 2:20, 2:28 imperfect: Daniel 2:29(x2), 2:41, 2:45, 3:18, 4:22, 5:29, 6:3 peal imperfect 3 f s jussive: Ezra 6:8 imperfect: Daniel 2:40, 2:41, 2:42(x2), 4:24, 7:23 peal imperfect 3 m pl Ezra 6:10, 7:25 Daniel 2:43(x2), 6:2, 6:3, 6:27 peal imperfect 3 f pl jussive Daniel 5:17 ל ה ו י ן peal imperative m pl Ezra 4:22, 6:6 ה ווֹ Page 10 of 41

12 (about) (peal) to go (pael) to walk (about) (aphel) to walk הלך י ה מ ה Rosenthal proposes a second root הוך for the peal peal imperfect 3ms progressive assimilation or second root peal infinitive construct progressive assimilation or second root מ ה לּ pael participle m s absolute Daniel 4:26 jussive: Ezra 6:5 imperfect: Ezra 5:5, 7:13 Ezra 7:13 aphel participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:25, 4:34 מ ה ל כ ין (peal) to buy, gain זבן peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 2:8 ז ב נ ין (peal) to caution, warn זהר peal passive participle m pl absolute Ezra 4:22 ז ה יר ין (haphel) to be presumptious, act presumptuously זוד haphel infinitive construct Daniel 5:20 ה ז ד ה (hithpeel) to live on, subsist on, feed oneself זון י תּ ז ין hithpeel imperfect 3 m s ת gemination of preformative (peal) to tremble, shake זוע Daniel 4:9 peal participle m pl absolute (kethib) Daniel 5:19, 6:27 ז א ע ין ה ז דּ מ נ תּוּן peal participle m pl absolute (qere) Daniel 5:19, 6:27 ז י ע ין (hithpeel) to come to an understanding, agree, conspire זמן ה זּ מּ נ תּוּן hithpeel perfect 2 m pl (qere) metathesis + partial assimilation of ד to ת preformative hithpaal perfect 2 m pl (kethib) preformative ת assimilated into R1 daghesh *identified by Gordis as haphel Daniel 2:9 Daniel 2:9 Page 11 of 41

13 (peal) to shriek, scream, cry out זעק peal perfect 3 m s ז ע ק Daniel 6:21 (peal) to raise, impale, lift up זקפ peal passive participle m s absolute ז ק יף חבל ח בּ לוּנ י ח בּ לוּה י (pael) to hurt, inflict injury, destroy (hithpaal) to be destroyed, perish pael perfect 3 m pl + 1 c s pronominal suffix pael imperative m pl + 3 m s pronominal suffix Ezra 6:11 Daniel 6:23 Daniel 4:20 pael infinitive construct Ezra 6:12 ל ח בּ ל ה hithpaal imperfect 3 f s Daniel 2:44, 6:27, 7:14 ת ת ח בּ ל חוה א ח וּ א י ח וּ נּ נ י י ח וּ נּ הּ (pael) to show, make known, declare (haphel/aphel) to make known, interpret pael imperfect 1 c s Daniel 2:24 pael imperfect 3 m s + 1 c s pronominal suffix (energic nun) pael imperfect 3 m s + 3 f s pronominal suffix (energic nun) Daniel 5:7 Daniel 2:11 pael imperfect 1 c pl Daniel 2:4 נ ח וּ א haphel imperfect 3 m s Daniel 5:12 י ה ח ו ה haphel imperfect 1 c pl Daniel 2:7 נ ה ח ו ה haphel imperfect 2 m pl Daniel 2:6 תּ ה ח וֹן תּ ה ח ו נּ נ י ה ח וֹנ י ה ח ו י ה haphel imperfect 2 m pl Daniel 2:9 + 1 c s pronominal suffix (energic nun) haphel imperative m pl Daniel 2:6 + 1 c s pronominal suffix haphel infinitive construct Daniel 2:10, 2:16, 2;27, 3:32, 5:15 aphel infinitive construct Daniel 5:12 א ח ו י ת Page 12 of 41

14 (aphel) to repair, join חוט י ח יטוּ aphel imperfect 3 m pl Rosenthal proposes perfect from the root foundations they have walled the יחט Ezra 4:12 (peal) to see, perceive חזה peal perfect 1 c s Daniel 2:26, 4:2, 4:6, 4:15 ח ז ית peal perfect 2 m s Daniel 2:43, 2:45, 4:17 ח ז י ת peal perfect 2 m s variant ח ז י ת ה Daniel 2:41(x2) peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 4:20, 7:1 ח ז ה ח ז יתוֹן peal perfect 2 m pl irregular spelling of sufformative Daniel 2:8 peal infinitive construct Ezra 4:14 מ ח ז א ח ז ה peal participle m s absolute Daniel 2:31, 2:34, 3:25, 4:7, 4:10, 5:5, 7:2, 7:4, 7:6, 7:7, 7:9, 7:11x2, 7:13, 7:21 peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:27, 5:23 ח ז י ן peal passive participle m s absolute Daniel 3:19 ח ז ה (pael) to sin, make a sin offering חטא pael infinitive construct (kethib) Ezra 6:17 ח טּ י א pael infinitive construct (qere) Ezra 6:17 ח טּ א ה (peal) to live (aphel) to let live, keep alive חיה ח י י peal imperative m s Daniel 2:4, 3:9, 5:10, 6:7, 6:22 aphel participle m s Daniel 5:19 מ ח א (peal) to pass by, pass over חלפ י ח ל פוּן peal imperfect 3 m pl jussive: Daniel 4:13 imperfect: Daniel 4:20, 4:22, 4:29 Page 13 of 41

15 (peal) to show favour, show mercy (hithpaal) to implore favour חנן peal infinitive construct מ ח ן Daniel 4:24 hithpaal participle m s absolute מ ת ח נּ ן Daniel 6:12 (haphel/aphel) to take possession of, occupy חסן haphel perfect 3 m pl ה ח ס נוּ Daniel 7:22 aphel imperfect 3 m pl י ח ס נוּן Daniel 7:18 (haphel/aphel) to be urgent, harsh, show insolence חצף haphel participle f s absolute מ ה ח צ פ ה Daniel 2:15 aphel participle f s absolute מ ח צ פ ה Daniel 3:22 (hophal) to be laid waste חרב hophal perfect 3 f s Ezra 4:15 ה ח ר ב ת (hithpaal) to be singed, burnt חרך ה ת ח ר hithpaal perfect 3 m s Daniel 3:27 (peal) to consider, respect, think, account חשב peal passive participle m pl absolute Daniel 4:32 ח שׁ יב ין (peal) to need, be in need of חשח ח שׁ ח ין peal participle m pl absolute Irregular pathach under R1. Jerusalmi suggests a noun derived from Akkadian Daniel 3:16 (peal) to subdue, crush, shatter חשל peal participle m s absolute Daniel 2:40 ח שׁ ל (peal) to seal חתם ח ת מ הּ peal perfect 3 m s + 3 f s pronominal suffix Daniel 6:18 Page 14 of 41

16 (peal) to be good, glad טאב peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 6:24 ט א ב (aphel) to dwell, seek protection, seek shade טלל תּ ט ל ל aphel imperfect 3 f s drops from preformative and tav assumes א pathach (pael) to feed, give to eat, make to eat טעם י ט ע מוּן י ט ע מוּנּ הּ Daniel 4:9 pael imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 4:22, 4:29 pael imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 5: m s pronominal suffix (energic nun) (peal) to drive away, chase away (peil) to be chased טרד peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 4:22, 4:29 ט ר ד ין peil perfect 3 m s Daniel 4:30, 5:21 ט ר יד (haphel) to bring, carry, bear along יבל NB takes Tsere Yod instead of Holem Waw after the preformative haphel perfect 3 m s Ezra 5:14, 6:5 ה יב ל haphel infinitive construct Ezra 7:15 ה יב ל ה (haphel/aphel) to praise, give thanks ידה haphel participle m s absolute Daniel 2:23 מ הוֹד א aphel participle m s absolute Daniel 6:11 מוֹד א (peal) to know, learn, understand (haphel) to make known, inform ידע peal perfect 1 c s Daniel 4:6 י ד ע ת peal perfect 2 m s Daniel 5:22 י ד ע תּ peal pefect 3 m s Daniel 5:21, 6:11 י ד ע peal imperfect 1 c s nasalization Daniel 2:9 א נ דּ ע Page 15 of 41

17 ת נ דּ ע peal imperfect 2 m s nasalization Ezra 4:15 Daniel 2:30, 4:22, 4:23, 4:29 peal imperfect 3 m pl nasalization Daniel 4:14 י נ דּ עוּן peal imperative m s Daniel 6:16 דּ ע י ד ע peal participle m s absolute Ezra 7:25 Daniel 2:8, 2:22 peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 5:23 י ד ע ין י ד ע י י ד יע הוֹד ע תּ נ י הוֹד ע תּ נ א peal participle m pl construct Ezra 7:25 Daniel 2:21 peal passive participle m s absolute Ezra 4:12, 4:13, 5:8 Daniel 3:18 haphel perfect 2 m s Daniel 2: c s pronominal suffix haphel perfect 2 m s Daniel 2: c pl pronominal suffix haphel perfect 1 c pl Ezra 4:14 הוֹד ע נ א haphel perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:15, 2:17, 2:28, 2:45 הוֹד ע הוֹד ע א הוֹד ע נּ הּ haphel perfect 3 m s + 2 m s pronominal suffix haphel imperfect 1 c s + 3 m s pronominal suffix (energic nun) Daniel 2:29 Daniel 5:17 haphel imperfect 3 m s Daniel 2:25 י הוֹד ע י הוֹד ע נּ נ י ת הוֹד עוּנּ נ י haphel imperfect 3 m s + 1 c s pronominal suffix (energic nun) haphel imperfect 2 m pl + 1 c s pronominal suffix (energic nun) Daniel 7:16 Daniel 2:5 haphel imperfect 2 m pl Ezra 7:25 תּ הוֹד עוּן ת הוֹד ע נּ נ י haphel imperfect 2 m pl + 1 c s pronominal suffix (energic nun) Daniel 2:9 haphel imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 2:30 י הוֹד עוּן י הוֹד ע נּ נ י haphel imperfect 3 m pl + 1 c s pronominal suffix (energic nun) Daniel 4:3 haphel infinitive construct Daniel 5:8 הוֹד ע ה הוֹד ע ת נ י הוֹד עוּת מ הוֹד ע ין haphel infinitive construct Daniel 2:26, 4:15, 5:15, 5: c s pronominal suffix haphel infinitive construct Ezra 5: m s pronominal suffix haphel participle m pl absolute Ezra 4:16, 7:24 Daniel 4:4 Page 16 of 41

18 (peal) to give (peil) to be given (hithpeel) to be given יהב י ה ב תּ י ה ב peal perfect 2 m s Daniel 2:23 peal perfect 3 m s Ezra 5:12, 5:16 Daniel 2:37, 2:38, 2:48, 5:18, 5:19 peal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 3:28 י ה בוּ peal imperative m s Daniel 5:17 ה ב peal participle m s absolute Daniel 2:21 י ה ב peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 6:3 י ה ב ין peil perfect 3 m s Daniel 7:4, 7:6, 7:14 י ה יב peil perfect 3 m s defective spelling Daniel 7:22 י ה ב peil perfect 3 f s Daniel 5:28, 7:11, 7:12, 7:27 י ה יב ת peil perfect 3 m pl Ezra 5:14 י ה יבוּ hithpeel imperfect 3 m s jussive Daniel 4:13 י ת י ה ב hithpeel imperfect 3 f s jussive Ezra 6:4 תּ ת י ה ב hithpeel imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 7:25 י ת י ה בוּן hithpeel participle m s absolute Ezra 4:20, 6:9 מ ת י ה ב hithpeel participle f s absolute Ezra 6:8 מ ת י ה ב א hithpeel participle m pl absolute Ezra 7:19 מ ת י ה ב ין (peal) to be pleasing, to be good יטב Only attested formation from ancient secondary root peal imperfect 3 m s Ezra 7:18 י יט ב (peal) to be able, prevail against, deliver, defeat יכל peal perfect 2 m s Daniel 2:47 י כ ל תּ peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 6:21 י כ ל (kethib) peal imperfect 2 m s תוּכ ל Daniel 5:16(x2) Page 17 of 41

19 peal imperfect 2 m s (qere) Daniel 5:16 ת יכּוּל peal imperfect 2 m s (qere) variant Daniel 5:16 תּ כוּל peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 2:10 יוּכ ל peal imperfect 3 m s variant Daniel 3:29 י כּ ל peal participle m s absolute Daniel 3:17, 4:34 י כ ל peal participle f s absolute Daniel 7:21 י כ ל ה peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 2:27, 4:15, 6:5 י כ ל ין (hophal) to be added יסף hophal perfect 3 f s Daniel 4:33 הוּס פ ת (peal) to advise, give counsel (ithpaal) to consult together יעט י ע ט ה י י ע טוֹה י peal participle m pl construct + 3 m s pronominal suffix peal participle m pl construct variant + 3 m s pronominal suffix Ezra 7:14 Ezra 7:15 ithpaal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 6:8 א ת י ע טוּ (pael) to make certain, determine, know the truth יצב pael infinitive construct Daniel 7:19 י צּ ב א (peal) to burn יקד י ק ד תּ א יתב י ת ב י תּ ב peal participle f s determined Daniel 3:6, 3:11, 3:15, 3:17, 3:20, 3:21, 3:23, 3:26 (peal) to sit, be seated, dwell, reside (haphel) to allow to dwell, cause to dwell peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 7:9, 7:10 peal imperfect 3 m s defective spelling dissimilation/nasalization in R2 Daniel 7:26 peal participle m pl absolute Ezra 4:17 י ת ב ין haphel perfect 3 m s Ezra 4:10 הוֹת ב Page 18 of 41

20 (peal) to be able כהל peal participle m s absolute Daniel 2:26, 4:15 כּ ה ל peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 5:8, 5:15 כ ה ל ין (shaphel) to finish, (hishtaphel/ ishtaphel) to be completed כלל שׁ כ ל ל הּ שׁ כ ל לוּ שׁ כ ל ל ה shaphel perfect 3 m s Ezra 5: m s pronominal suffix shaphel perfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:12 (qere), 6:14 shaphel infinitive construct ה paragogic Ezra 5:3, 5:9 hishtaphel imperfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:13, 4:16 י שׁ תּ כ ל לוּן ishtaphel perfect 3 m pl (kethib) Ezra 4:12 א שׁ כ ל לוּ (peal) to assemble, gather (hithpaal) to gather together, be assembled כנש peal infinitive construct Daniel 3:2 מ כ נ שׁ hithpaal participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:3, 3:27 מ ת כּ נּ שׁ ין (peal) to bind (peil) to be bound (pael) to bind כפת peil perfect 3 m pl defective spelling Daniel 3:21 כּ פ תוּ pael infinitive construct Daniel 3:20 כ פּ ת ה pael passive participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:23, 3:24 מ כ פּ ת ין (ithpeel) to be distressed, be grieved כרה ithpeel perfect 3 f s Daniel 7:15 א ת כּ ר יּ ת (haphel) to herald, proclaim, make proclamation כרז haphel perfect 3 m pl Daniel 5:29 ה כ ר זוּ Page 19 of 41

21 (peal) to write (peil) to be written כתב peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 6:26, 7:1 כּ ת ב peal perfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:8 כּ ת בוּ peal imperfect 1 c pl Ezra 5:10 נ כ תּ ב peal participle f s absolute Daniel 5:5 כ ת ב ה peal participle f pl absolute Daniel 5:5 כ ת ב ן peil perfect 3 m s Ezra 5:7, 6:2 כּ ת יב (peal) to be clothed (haphel) to clothe someone לבש peal imperfect 2 m s Daniel 5:16 ת ל בּ שׁ peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 5:7 י ל בּ שׁ haphel perfect 3 m pl Daniel 5:29 ה ל בּ ישׁוּ (pael) to overthrow מגר pael imperfect 3 m s jussive Ezra 6:12 י מ גּ ר מחא (peal) to strike (pael) to strike, hinder (hithpeel) to be impaled, allow to be stricken peal perfect 3 f s Daniel 2:34, 2:35 מ ח ת pael imperfect 3 m s Daniel 4:32 י מ ח א hithpeel imperfect 3 m s jussive Ezra 6:11 י ת מ ח א (peal) to reach, attain to, come to, occur מטא peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 7:13, 7:22 מ ט ה מּ ט א peal perfect 3 m s variant reading in Codex Leningradensis many מ ט א manuscripts read Daniel 4:25 peal perfect 3 f s Daniel 4:19, 4:21 מ ט ת Page 20 of 41

22 peal perfect 3 m pl מ טוֹ Daniel 6:25 peal imperfect 3 m s י מ ט א Daniel 4:8, 4:17 (with) (peal) to fill (hithpeel) to be filled מלא peal perfect 3 f s מ ל ת Daniel 2:35 hithpeel perfect 3 m s ה ת מ ל י Daniel 3:19 (peal) to eat salt מלח peal perfect 1 c pl Ezra 4:14 מ ל ח נ א (pael) to speak, say מלל pael perfect 3 m s מ לּ ל Daniel 6:22 pael imperfect 3 m s י מ לּ ל Daniel 7:25 pael participle m s absolute מ מ לּ ל Daniel 7:8, 7:20 pael participle f s absolute מ מ לּ ל ה Daniel 7:11 (peal) to count, number (pael) to appoint מנה peal perfect 3 m s מ נ ה Daniel 5:26 pael perfect 3 m s מ נּ י Daniel 2:24, 2:49 pael imperative m s מ נּ י Ezra 7:25 pael perfect 2 m s מ נּ ית Daniel 3:12 (peil) to be plucked off מרט מּ ר יטוּ peil perfect 3 m pl variant reading in Codex Leningradensis מ ר יטוּ many manuscripts read Daniel 7:4 (hithpaal) to prophesy נבא hithpaal perfect 3 m s Ezra 5:1 ה ת נ בּ י Page 21 of 41

23 (peal) to flow, gush נגד peal participle m s absolute Daniel 7:10 נ ג ד (hithpaal) to be agreeable, give freely, donate נדב hithpaal perfect 3 m pl Ezra 7:15 ה ת נ דּ בוּ ה ת נ דּ בוּת hithpaal infinitive construct used as noun Ezra 7:16 hithpaal participle m s absolute Ezra 7:13 מ ת נ דּ ב hithpaal participle m pl absolute Ezra 7:16 מ ת נ דּ ב ין (peal) to flee נדד peal perfect 3 f s Daniel 6:19 נ דּ ת (peal) to flee, shake, tremble נוד peal imperfect 3 f s jussive Daniel 4:11 תּ נ ד (peal) to come to grief, suffer injury (haphel) to damage, injure נזק peal participle m s absolute Daniel 6:3 נ ז ק haphel imperfect 3 f s Ezra 4:13 תּ ה נ ז ק haphel infinitive construct Ezra 4:22 ה נ ז ק ת haphel participle f s construct Ezra 4:15 מ ה נ ז ק ת נחת (peal) to come down, descend (haphel/aphel) to deposit (hophal) to be deposed, cast down peal participle m s absolute Daniel 4:10, 4:20 נ ח ת haphel passive participle m pl absolute Ezra 6:1 מ ה ח ת ין aphel imperfect 2 m s Ezra 6:5 ת ח ת aphel imperative m s Ezra 5:15 א ח ת hophal perfect 3 m s Daniel 5:20 ה נ ח ת Page 22 of 41

24 (peal) to lift, lift up (peil) to be lifted נטל peal perfect 1 c s Daniel 4:31 נ ט ל ת peal perfect 3 f s Daniel 7:4 נ ט יל ת (peal) to keep נטר peal perfect 1 c s Daniel 7:28 נ ט ר ת (hithpael) to be pulled out, torn away נסח hithpeel imperfect 3 m s jussive Ezra 6:11 י ת נ ס ח (pael) to offer up, pour out נסך Daniel: 2:46 pael infinitive construct נ סּ כ ה (peal) to fall נפל peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:46, 4:28 נ פ ל peal perfect 3 m pl נ פ לוּ peal perfect 3 f pl qere Daniel 7:20 נ פ ל ה י פּ ל י פּ ל תּ פּ לוּן peal imperfect 3 m s progressive assimilation of R1 by R2 peal imperfect 3 m s variant progressive assimilation of R1 by R2 peal imperfect 2 m pl progressive assimilation of R1 by R2 Daniel: 3:23, 7:20 (kethib) Daniel 3:6, 3:10, 3:11 Ezra 7:20 Daniel 3:5, 3:15 peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:7 נ פ ל ין (peal) to go/come out, come forth (haphel) to take out, bring forth נפק peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:14 נ פ ק peal perfect 3 f s Daniel 2:13 נ פ ק ת peal perfect 3 m pl (kethib) Daniel 5:5 נ פ קוּ peal perfect 3 f pl (qere) Daniel 5:5 נ פ ק ה peal imperative m pl Daniel 3:26 פּ קוּ Page 23 of 41

25 peal participle m s absolute Daniel 7:10 נ פ ק peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:26 נ פ ק ין ה נ פּ ק haphel perfect 3 m s Ezra 5:14(x2), 6:5 Daniel 5:2 haphel perfect 3 m pl Daniel 5:3 ה נ פּ קוּ (hithpaal) to excel, distinguish oneself נצח hithpaal participle m s absolute Daniel 6:4 מ ת נ צּ ח (haphel/aphel) to rescue, save, deliver נצל ה צּ ל ה ה צּ לוּת הּ haphel infinitive construct Daniel 3:29 haphel infinitive construct + 3 m s pronominal suffix Daniel 6:15 aphel participle m s absolute Daniel 6:28 מ צּ ל (knees) (peal) to strike on another, knock נקש peal participle f pl absolute Daniel 5:6 נ ק שׁ ן (peal) to carry away (hithpaal) to rise up נשא peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:35 נ שׂ א peal imperative m s Ezra 5:15 שׂ א hithpaal participle f s absolute Ezra 4:19 מ ת נ שּׂ א ה (peal) to give, pay נתן peal perfect 2 m s Ezra 7:20 תּ נ תּ ן peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 2:16 י נ תּ ן י תּ נ נּ הּ peal imperfect 3 m + 3 f s pronominal suffix (energic nun) peal imperfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:13 י נ תּ נוּן peal infinitive construct Ezra 7:20 מ נ תּ ן Daniel 4:14, 4:22, 4:29 Page 24 of 41

26 (aphel) to strip off נתר aphel imperative m pl Daniel 4:11 א תּ רוּ (saphal) to bear a load, be laid סבל מ סוֹב ל ין saphal passive participle m pl absolute *identified as poel by HALOT Ezra 6:3 (peal) to think, intend סבר peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 7:25 י ס בּ ר (peal) to pay homage, bow down in worship סגד peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:46 ס ג ד peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 3:6, 3:10, 3:11 י ס גּ ד peal imperfect 1 c pl Daniel 3:18 נ ס גּ ד peal imperfect 2 m pl ת ס גּ דוּן Daniel 3:5, 3:15(x2) peal imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 3:28 י ס גּ דוּן peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:7, 3:12, 3:14 ס ג ד ין (peal) to shut, close סגר peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 6:23 ס ג ר סוף (peal) to be fulfilled, completed, come to an end (aphel) to put an end to, annihilate peal perfect 3 f s Daniel 4:30 ס פ ת aphel imperfect 3 f s Daniel 2:44 ת ס יף סלק ס ל ק ת ס ל קוּ (peal) to go up, come up, ascend (haphel) to take up (hophal) to be lifted up peal perfect 3 f s Daniel 7:8, 7:20 peal perfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:12 Daniel 2:29 peal participle f pl absolute Daniel 7:3 ס ל ק ן Page 25 of 41

27 ה סּ קוּ ה נ ס ק ה ה סּ ק haphel perfect 3 m pl regressive assimilation of R2 by R1 haphel infinitive construct regressive assimilation of R2 by R1 and nasalization hophal perfect 3 m s regressive assimilation of R2 by R1 Daniel 3:22 Daniel 6:24 Daniel 6:24 (pael) to aid, support סעד מ ס ע ד ין pael participle m pl absolute compensatory lengthening of vowel under R1 Ezra 5:2 (peal) to destroy, demolish (pael) to hide, remove from sight סתר ת ר הּ ס peal perfect 3 m s + 3 m s pronominal suffix Ezra 5:12 pael passive participle f pl determined Daniel 2:22 מ ס תּ ר ת א (peal) to do, make (hithpeel) to be done, made עבד peal perfect 1 c s Daniel 3:15, 6:23 ע ב ד ת peal perfect 2 m s Daniel 4:32 ע ב ד תּ peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 3:1, 3:32, 5:1 ע ב ד ע ב דוּ peal perfect 3 m pl Jeremiah 10:11 Ezra 6:13, 6:16 peal imperfect 2 m pl Ezra 6:8, 7:18 תּ ע ב דוּן peal infinitive construct Ezra 4:22, 7:18 מ ע בּ ד ע ב ד peal participle m s absolute Ezra 7:26 Daniel 4:32, 6:11, 6:28 peal participle f s absolute Daniel 7:21 ע ב ד ה peal participle m pl absolute Ezra 4:15 ע ב ד ין hithpeel imperfect 2 m pl Daniel 2:5 תּ ת ע ב דוּן hithpeel imperfect 3 m s Daniel 3:29 י ת ע ב ד hithpeel imperfect 3 m s jussive Ezra 6:11, 7:23 י ת ע ב ד hithpeel imperfect 3 m s jussive variant Ezra 6:12, 7:21 י ת ע ב ד Page 26 of 41

28 hithpeel participle m s absolute Ezra 4:19, 7:26 מ ת ע ב ד hithpeel participle f s absolute Ezra 5:8 מ ת ע ב ד א עדה (peal) to pass away, take away, revoke, touch (haphel) to take away, remove, depose peal perfect 3 f s Daniel 3:27, 4:28 ע ד ת peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 7:14 י ע דּ ה peal imperfect 3 f s Daniel 6:9, 6:13 ת ע דּ א haphel perfect 3 m pl Daniel 5:20 ה ע דּ יוּ haphel perfect 3 m pl variant Daniel 7:12 ה ע דּ יו haphel imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 7:26 י ה ע דּוֹן haphel participle m s absolute Daniel 2:21 מ ה ע דּ ה (peal) to go in, enter (haphel) to bring in (hophal) to be brought עלל ע ל ע ל ל ת ע לּ ת peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:16, 2:24, 4:5, 6:11 peal perfect 3 f s (kethib) indication of original separateness of R2 and R3 peal perfect 3 f s (qere) gemination Daniel 5:10 Daniel 5:10 peal participle m pl absolute (kethib) Daniel 4:4 ע ל ל ין peal participle m pl absolute (kethib) variant Daniel 5:8 ע ל ל ין ע לּ ין peal participle m pl absolute (qere) gemination Daniel 4:4, 5:8 haphel perfect 3 m s nasalization Daniel 2:25, 6:19 ה נ ע ל ה ע ל נ י haphel imperative m s + 1 c s pronominal suffix compensatory lengthening of vowel under R1 Daniel 2:24 haphel infinitive construct nasalization Daniel 4:3 ה נ ע ל ה haphel infinitive construct variant Daniel 5:7 ה ע ל ה hophal perfect 3 m s Daniel 5:13 ה ע ל hophal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 5:15 ה ע לּוּ Page 27 of 41

29 (peal) to answer, begin talking ענה peal perfect 3 f s ע נ ת ו א מ ר ת ע נ ת peal perfect 3 m pl ע נוֹ ו א מ ר ין ע נוֹ peal participle m s absolute ע נ ה ו א מ ר ע נ ה Daniel 5:10 peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:24 ע נ י ן ו א מ ר ין ע נ י ן (ithpeel) to be plucked out, uprooted עקר ithpeel perfect 3 m pl (kethib) Daniel 7:8 א ת ע ק רוּ ithpeel perfect 3 f pl (qere) Daniel 7:8 א ת ע ק ר ה (pael) to mix, join together (hithpaal) to mingle ערב Daniel 2:7, 2:10, 3:9, 3:16, 6:14 Daniel 2:5, 2:8, 2:15, 2:20, 2:26, 2:27, 2:47, 3:14, 3:19, 3:24, 3:25, 3:26, 3:28, 4:16(x2), 4:27, 5:7, 5:13, 5:17, 6:13, 6:17, 6:21, 7:2 pael passive participle m s absolute Daniel 2:41, 2:43 מ ע ר ב hithpaal participle m s absolute Daniel 2:43 מ ת ע ר ב hithpaal participle m pl absolute Daniel 2:43 מ ת ע ר ב ין (peal) to think, plan עשת peal passive participle m s absolute Daniel 6:4 ע שׁ ית (peal) to divide פלג peal passive participle f s absolute Daniel 2:41 פ ל יג ה (peal) to serve, pay reverence פלח peal imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 3:28, 7:14, 7:27 י פ ל חוּן peal participle m s absolute Daniel 6:17, 6:21 פּ ל ח peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:12, 3:14, 3:17, 3:18 פ ל ח ין peal participle m pl construct Ezra 7:24 פ ל ח י Page 28 of 41

30 (peil) to be divided, broken in two פרס peil perfect 3 f s Daniel 5:28 פּ ר י ס ת (sins) (peal) to remove, tear away, break off פרק פ ר ק peal imperative m s Daniel 4:24 (pael) to specify, distinguish, make distinct פרש pael passive participle m s absolute Ezra 4:18 מ פ ר שׁ (peal) to interpret (pael) to give an interpretation פשר peal infinitive construct Daniel 5:16 מ פ שׁ ר pael participle m s construct Daniel 5:12 מ פ שּׁ ר (peal) to open (peil) to be opened פתח peal passive participle f pl absolute Daniel 6:11 פּ ת יח ן peil perfect 3 m pl Daniel 7:10 פּ ת יחוּ (peal) to desire, wish for, like, be pleased צבא peal perfect 1 c s Daniel 7:19 צ ב ית peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 4:14, 4:22, 4:29, 5:21 י צ בּ א peal infinitive construct Daniel 4: m s pronominal suffix 5:19(x4) peal participle m s absolute Daniel צ ב א מ צ בּ י הּ (pael) to moisten, wet (hithpaal) to be wet צבע מ צ בּ ע ין י צ ט בּ ע pael participle m pl absolute Daniel 4:22 hithpaal imperfect 3 m s metathesis ט to ת partial assimilation of jussive: Daniel 4:12, 4:20 imperfect: Daniel 4:30, 5:21 Page 29 of 41

31 (pael) to pray צלא pael participle m s absolute Daniel 6:11 מ צ לּ א pael participle m pl absolute Ezra 6:10 מ צ לּ י ן (haphel/aphel) to prosper, be successful צלח haphel perfect 3 m s Daniel 3:30, 6:29 ה צ ל ח aphel participle m s absolute Ezra 5:8 מ צ ל ח aphel participle m pl absolute Ezra 6:14 מ צ ל ח ין (pael) to receive קבל pael perfect 3 m s Daniel 6:1 ק בּ ל pael imperfect 2 m pl Daniel 2:6 תּ ק בּ לוּן pael imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 7:18 י ק בּ לוּן קום (peal) to rise, stand, endure (pael) to establish (haphel/aphel) to set up, establish, (hophal) to be set up peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 3:24 ק ם peal perfect 3 m pl Ezra 5:2 ק מוּ peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 6:20, 7:24 י קוּם peal imperfect 3 f s Daniel 2:39, 2:44 תּ קוּם peal imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 7:10, 7:17 י קוּמוּן peal imperfect 3 m pl variant Daniel 7:24 י ק מוּן peal imperative f s Daniel 7:5 קוּמ י peal participle m s absolute Daniel 2:31 ק א ם peal participle m pl absolute (kethib) Daniel 3:3 ק א מ ין peal participle m pl absolute (qere) Daniel 3:3 ק י מ ין peal participle m pl determined Daniel 7:16 ק א מ יּ א pael infinitive construct Daniel 6:8 ק יּ מ ה Page 30 of 41

32 haphel perfect 1 c s Daniel 3:14 ה ק ימ ת haphel perfect 2 m s Daniel 3:12, 3:18 ה ק ימ תּ ה ק ים haphel perfect 3 m s Daniel 3:2, 3:3(x2), 3:5, 3:7 haphel perfect 3 m s variant Daniel 6:2 ה ק ים ה ק ימ הּ haphel perfect 3 m s + 3 m s pronominal suffix Daniel 5:11 haphel perfect 3 m pl Ezra 6:18 ה ק ימוּ haphel imperfect 3 m s Daniel 5:21, 6:16 י ה ק ים ה ק מוּת הּ haphel infinitive construct + 3 m s pronominal suffix Daniel 6:4 haphel participle m s absolute Daniel 2:21 מ ה ק ים א ק ימ הּ aphel perfect 3 m s + 3 m s pronominal suffix Daniel 3:1 aphel imperfect 2 m s Daniel 6:9 תּ ק ים aphel imperfect 3 m s Daniel 2:44, 4:14 י ק ים hophal perfect 3 f s Daniel 7:4 ה ק ימ ת hophal perfect 3 f s variant Daniel 7:5 ה ק מ ת קטל (peal) to kill (peil) to be killed (hithpeel) to be killed (pael) to kill (hithpaal) to be killed peal participle m s absolute Daniel 5:19 ק ט ל peil perfect 3 m s Daniel 5:30 ק ט יל peil perfect 3 f s Daniel 7:11 ק ט יל ת pael perfect 3 m s Daniel 3:22 ק טּ ל pael infinitive construct Daniel 2:14 ק טּ ל ה hithpeel infinitive construct Daniel 2:13 ה ת ק ט ל ה hithpaal participle m pl absolute Daniel 2:13 מ ת ק טּ ל ין (peal) to acquire, buy, purchase קנה peal imperfect 2 m s Ezra 7:17 ת ק נ א Page 31 of 41

33 (peal) to become angry, furious קצף peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:12 ק צ ף (pael) to cut off קצץ pael imperative m pl Daniel 4:11 ק צּ צוּ קרא (peal) to call, proclaim, read aloud (peil) to be read (hithpeel) to be summoned, be called peal imperfect 1 c s Daniel 5:17 א ק ר א peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 5:7 י ק ר ה peal imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 5:15 י ק רוֹן peal infinitive construct Daniel 5:8, 5:16 מ ק ר א peal participle m s absolute Daniel 3:4, 4:11, 5:7 ק ר א peil perfect 3 m s Ezra 4:18, 4:23 ק ר י י ת ק ר י קרב hithpeel imperfect 3 m s jussive form Daniel 5:12 apocopated possible old jussive form (peal) to approach (pael) to offer, draw near (haphel) to summon, be summoned, bring near, allow to enter peal perfect 1 c s Daniel 7:16 ק ר ב ת peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 3:26 ק ר ב peal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 6:13 ק ר יבוּ peal perfect 3 m pl variant Daniel 3:8 ק ר בוּ מ ק ר ב הּ peal infinitive construct + 3 m s pronominal suffix Daniel 6:21 pael imperfect 2 m s Ezra 7:17 ת ק ר ב haphel perfect 3 m pl Ezra 6:17 ה ק ר בוּ ה ק ר בוּה י haphel perfect 3 m pl + 3 m s pronominal suffix Daniel 7:13 haphel participle m pl absolute Ezra 6:10 מ ה ק ר ב ין Page 32 of 41

34 רבה (peal) to become great, grow great, increase (pael) to make great, make high peal perfect 2 m s Daniel 4:19 ר ב ית peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 4:8, 4:17, 4:30 ר ב ה peal perfect 3 f s Daniel 4:19 ר ב ת pael perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:48 ר בּ י (haphel) to anger, irritate, enrage רגז haphel perfect 3 m pl Ezra 5:12 ה ר גּ זוּ (haphel) to gather together, act in agreement, be in tumult רגש haphel perfect 3 m pl Daniel 6:7, 6:12, 6:16 ה ר גּ שׁוּ רום (peal) to rise up, be arrogant (aphel) to exalt, elevate, rise (polel) to praise (hithpolel) to rise up, lift oneself up peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 5:20 ר ם polel participle m s absolute Daniel 4:34 מ רוֹמ ם hithpolel perfect 2 m s Daniel 5:23 ה ת רוֹמ מ תּ aphel participle m s absolute Daniel 5:19 מ ר ים (hithpeel) to trust רחץ hithpeel perfect 3 m pl Daniel 3:28 ה ת ר ח צוּ רמה (peal) to cast, throw, place, impose (peil) to be cast, thrown (hithpeel) to be thrown, cast peal perfect 1 c pl Daniel 3:24 ר מ ינ א ר מוֹ peal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 6:17, 6:25 peal infinitive construct Ezra 7:24 מ ר מ א Daniel 3:20 peil perfect 3 m pl Daniel 3:21, 7:9 ר מ יו hithpeel imperfect 2 m pl Daniel 3:15 ת ת ר מוֹן 6;13 hithpeel imperfect 3 m s Daniel 3:6, 3:11, 6:8, י ת ר מ א Page 33 of 41

35 (peal) to crush, break, shatter רעע ת ר ע מ ר ע ע peal perfect 3 f s metathesis of gemination causing ת compensatory vowel lengthening under pael participle m s absolute compensatory vowel lengthening under R1 Daniel 2:40 Daniel 2:40 (peal) to tread down, trample רפס peal participle f s absolute Daniel 7:7, 7:19 ר פ ס ה (peal) to write, inscribe (peil) to be written רשמ peal perfect 2 m s Daniel 6:13, 6:14 ר שׁ מ תּ peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 6:10 ר שׁ ם peal imperfect 2 m s Daniel 6:9 ת ר שׁ ם peil perfect 3 m s Daniel 5:24, 5:25, 6:11 ר שׁ ים (peal) to become great, grow great, abound, increase שגא י שׂ גּ א שים peal imperfect 3 m s imperfect: Ezra 4:22 jussive: Daniel 3:31, 6:26 (peal) to put, place, set, lay (peil) to be made (hithpeel) to be put, be turned into, be given peal perfect 1 c s Ezra 6:12 שׂ מ ת peal perfect 2 m s Daniel 3:10 שׂ מ תּ שׂ ם שׂ מ הּ peal perfect 3 m s Ezra 5:3, 5:9, 5:13, 6:1, 6:3 Daniel 5:12, 6:14, 6:15 peal perfect 3 m s Ezra 5: m s pronominal suffix peal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 3:12 שׂ מוּ peal imperative m pl Ezra 4:21 שׂ ימוּ peil perfect 3 m s Ezra 4:19, 5:17, 6:8, 6:11, שׂ ים Rosenthal suggests this form could be a 7:13, 7:21 participle Daniel 3:29, 4:3, 6:27 peil perfect 3 f s שׂ מ ת Daniel 6:18 Page 34 of 41

36 hithpeel imperfect 3 m s י תּ שׂ ם Ezra 4:21 hithpeel imperfect 3 m pl י תּ שׂ מוּן Daniel 2:5 hithpeel participle m s absolute מ תּ שׂ ם Ezra 5:8 (hithpaal) to consider, contemplate, have regard for שכל hithpaal participle m s absolute Daniel 7:8 מ שׂ תּ כּ ל (peal) to hate שנא שׂ נ א י שׂ נ א peal participle m pl construct (kethib) + 2 m s pronominal suffix peal participle m s contruct (qere) + 2 m s pronominal suffix Daniel 4:16 Daniel 4:16 (peal) to ask, ask for, request, enquire שאל peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:10 שׁ א ל peal perfect 1 c pl Ezra 5:9, 5:10 שׁ א ל נ א י שׁ א ל נ כוֹן peal imperfect 3 m s + 2 m pl pronominal suffix Ezra 7:21 peal participle m s absolute Daniel 2:11, 2:27 שׁ א ל (pael) to praise, laud, adulate, adore שבח pael perfect 1 c s Daniel 4:31 שׁ בּ ח ת pael perfect 2 m s Daniel 5:23 שׁ בּ ח תּ pael perfect 3 m pl Daniel 5:4 שׁ בּ חוּ pael participle m s absolute Daniel 2:23, 4:34 מ שׁ בּ ח (peal) to leave behind, leave alone (hithpeel) to be left, passed onto שבק שׁ ב קוּ peal imperative m pl Ezra 6:7 Daniel 4:12, 4:20 peal infinitive construct Daniel 4:23 מ שׁ בּ ק hithpeel imperfect 3 f s metathesis Daniel 2:44 ת שׁ תּ ב ק Page 35 of 41

37 (hithpaal) to be perplexed שבש hithpaal participle m pl absolute metathesis Daniel 5:9 מ שׁ תּ בּ שׁ ין (hithpaal) to strive, struggle שדר מ שׁ תּ דּ ר א שׁ תּ דּוּר שוה hithpaal participle m s absolute Daniel 6:15 Bashoor suggests Ithpaal infinitive and Ezra 4:15 Persian or Canaanite loan word usually interpreted as a noun (peil) to be like (pael) to made the same (hithpaal) to be set, be made peil perfect 3 m s (kethib) Daniel 5:21 שׁ ו י pael perfect 3 m pl (qere) Daniel 5:21 שׁ וּ י ו hithpaal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 3:29 י שׁ תּ וּ ה (peal) to corrupt שחת peal passive participle f s absolute Daniel 2:9, 6:6 שׁ ח ית ה word) (shaphel) to rescue, save, deliver (Akkadian loan שׁ יז ב שׁ יז ב י שׁ יז ב י שׁ יז ב נּ י שׁ יז ב נ כוֹן שׁ יז בוּת שׁ יז בוּת הּ שׁ יז בוּת נ א shaphel perfect 3 m s Daniel 3:28, 6:28 shaphel imperfect 3 m s Daniel 3:17 shaphel imperfect 3 m s jussive + 2 m s pronominal suffix (energic nun) shaphel imperfect 3 m s + 2 m pl pronominal suffix (energic nun) shaphel infinitive construct + 2 m s pronominal suffix shaphel infinitive construct + 3 m s pronominal suffix shaphel infinitive construct + 1 c pl pronominal suffix Daniel 6:17 Daniel 3:15 Daniel 6:21 Daniel 6:15 Daniel 3:17 shaphel participle m s absolute Daniel 6:28 מ שׁ יז ב word) (shaphel) to be finished (Akkadian loan שׁ יצ יא shaphel perfect 3 m s Ezra 6:15 שׁ יצ יא Page 36 of 41

38 (hithpeel) to be found (haphel) to find שכח hithpeel perfect 2 m s metathesis Daniel 5:27 ה שׁ תּ כ ח תּ ה שׁ תּ כ ח hithpeel perfect 3 m s metathesis Ezra 6:2 Daniel 6:24 hithpeel perfect 3 m s variant metathesis Daniel 2:35 ה שׁ תּ כ ח ה שׁ תּ כ ח ת ה שׁ כּ ח ת hithpeel perfect 3 f s metathesis Daniel 5:11, 5:12, 5:14, 6:5, 6:23 haphel perfect 1 c s Daniel 2:25 Unexpected appearance of pathach under R3 in 1cs haphel perfect 1 c pl Daniel 6:6 ה שׁ כּ ח נ ה ה שׁ כּ חוּ haphel perfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:19 Daniel 6:12 haphel imperfect 2 m s Ezra 4:15, 7:16 ת ה שׁ כּ ח haphel imperfect 1 c pl Daniel 6:6 נ ה שׁ כּ ח haphel infinitive construct ה שׁ כּ ח ה (peal) to dwell (pael) to cause to dwell שכן Daniel 6:5(x2) peal imperfect 3 f pl Daniel 4:18 י שׁ כּ נ ן pael perfect 3 m s Ezra 6:12 שׁ כּ ן (peal) to send (peil) to be sent שלח peal perfect 3 m s שׁ ל ח peal perfect 1 c pl Ezra 4:14 שׁ ל ח נ א peal perfect 2 m pl Ezra 4:18 שׁ ל ח תּוּן Ezra 4:17, 5:6, 6:13 Daniel 3:2, 3:28, 6:23 peal perfect 3 m pl Ezra 4:11, 5:7 שׁ ל חוּ peal imperfect 3 m jussive: Ezra 5:17 י שׁ ל ח imperfect: Ezra 6:12 peal passive participle m s absolute Ezra 7:14 שׁ ל יח peil perfect 3 m s Daniel 5:24 שׁ ל י ח Page 37 of 41

39 (peal) to rule over, have power over (haphel) to make someone ruler שלט peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 3:27 שׁ ל ט peal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 6:25 שׁ ל טוּ peal imperfect 2 m s Daniel 5:16 תּ שׁ ל ט peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 5:7 י שׁ ל ט ת שׁ ל ט ה שׁ ל ט peal imperfect 3 f s Daniel 2:39 haphel perfect 3 m s Daniel 2: m s pronominal suffix haphel perfect 3 m s Daniel 2: m s pronominal suffix (peal) to be complete (haphel) to make complete, bring to an end שלם ה שׁ ל ט הּ שׁ ל ם ה שׁ ל מ הּ peal passive participle m s absolute defective spelling haphel perfect 3 m s + 3 f s pronominal suffix Ezra 5:16 Daniel 5:26 haphel imperative m s Ezra 7:19 ה שׁ ל ם (haphel) to destroy, annihilate שמד haphel infinitive construct Daniel 7:26 ה שׁ מ ד ה (ithpoel) to be appalled, stunned, astonished שמם ithpoel perfect 3 m s metathesis Daniel 4:16 א שׁ תּוֹמ ם (peal) to hear (hithpaal) to be obedient, obey שמע peal perfect 1 c s Daniel 5:14, 5:16 שׁ מ ע ת peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 6:15 שׁ מ ע peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 3:10 י שׁ מ ע peal imperfect 2 m pl Daniel 3:5, 3:15 ת שׁ מ עוּן peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:7, 5:23 שׁ מ ע ין hithpaal imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 7:27 י שׁ תּ מּ עוּן Page 38 of 41

40 (pael) to serve, minister שמש י שׁ מּ שׁוּנּ הּ שנה שׁ נוֹ שׁ נוֹה י pael imperfect 3 m pl Daniel 7: m s pronominal suffix (energic nun) (peal) to be changed, be different (pael) to change, violate an order (hithpaal/ithpaal) to be changed (haphel) to alter, violate peal perfect 3 m pl Daniel 3:27 peal perfect 3 m pl + 3 m s pronominal suffix Daniel 5:6 peal imperfect 3 m s Daniel 7:24 י שׁ נ א peal imperfect 3 f s Daniel 6:18, 7:23 ת שׁ נ א peal participle f s absolute Daniel 7:19 שׁ נ י ה peal participle m pl absolute Daniel 5:9 שׁ נ י ן peal participle f pl absolute Daniel 7:3 שׁ נ י ן pael perfect 3 m pl Daniel 3:28 שׁ נּ יו pael imperfect 3 m pl jussive Daniel 4:13 י שׁ נּוֹן pael passive participle f s absolute Daniel 7:7 מ שׁ נּ י ה hithpaal imperfect 3 m s metathesis Daniel 2:9 י שׁ תּ נּ א hithpaal imperfect 3 m pl metathesis Daniel 7:28 י שׁ תּ נּוֹן י שׁ תּ נּוֹ hithpaal imperfect 3 m pl jussive form apocopated - metathesis Daniel 5:10 ithpaal perfect 3 m s (qere) metathesis Daniel 3:19 א שׁ תּ נּ י ithpaal perfect 3 m pl (kethib) metathesis Daniel 3:19 א שׁ תּ נּוּ haphel imperfect 3 m s Ezra 6:11 י ה שׁ נ א ה שׁ נ י ה haphel infinitive construct Ezra 6:12 Daniel 6:9, 6:16, 7:25 haphel participle m s absolute Daniel 2:21 מ ה שׁ נ א (peal) to judge שפט peal participle m pl absolute Ezra 7:25 שׁ פ ט ין Page 39 of 41

41 (haphel/aphel) to bring low, humble שפל haphel perfect 2 m s Daniel 5:22 ה שׁ פּ ל תּ haphel imperfect 3 m s Daniel 7:24 י ה שׁ פּ ל haphel infinitive construct Daniel 4:34 ה שׁ פּ ל ה aphel participle m s absolute Daniel 5:19 מ שׁ פּ יל (peal) to please, seem good, be acceptable שפר peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 3:32, 6:2 שׁ פ ר peal imperfect 3 m s jussive Daniel 4:24 י שׁ פּ ר שרה (peal) to loosen, dwell (pael) to begin, commence, open (hithpaal) to be loosened, shake, shudder peal infinitive construct Daniel 5:16 מ שׁ ר א peal passive participle m s absolute Daniel 2:22 שׁ ר א peal passive participle m pl absolute Daniel 3:25 שׁ ר י ן pael perfect 3 m pl Ezra 5:2 שׁ ר יו pael participle m s construct Daniel 5:12 מ שׁ ר א hithpaal participle m pl absolute metathesis Daniel 5:6 מ שׁ תּ ר י ן (peal) to drink שתה א שׁ תּ יו peal perfect 3 m pl א prosthetic Daniel 5:3, 5:4 peal imperfect 3 m pl י שׁ תּוֹן Daniel 5:2 peal participle m s absolute שׁ ת ה Daniel 5:1 peal participle m pl absolute שׁ ת י ן Daniel 5:23 (peal) to break תבר peal passive participle f s absolute Daniel 2:42 ת ב יר ה Page 40 of 41

42 תוב (peal) to return (haphel/aphel) to restore, return peal imperfect 3 m s י תוּב ה ת יב ה ת יבוּנ א י ה ת יבוּן ה ת בוּת Daniel 4:31, 4:33(x2) haphel perfect 3 m s Daniel 2:14 haphel perfect 3 m pl Ezra 5: c pl pronominal suffix haphel imperfect 3 m pl jussive Ezra 6:5 haphel infinitive construct + 2 m s pronominal suffix Daniel 3:16 aphel imperfect 3 m pl Ezra 5:5 י ת יבוּן (peal) to be astonished, amazed תוה peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 3:24 תּ ו הּ (peil) to be weighed תקל peil perfect 2 m s Daniel 5:27 תּ ק יל תּ ה (hophal) to be established תקן hophal perfect 3 f s Daniel 4:33 ה ת ק נ ת תקפ (peal) to grow strong, grow hard, become arrogant (pael) to make strong peal perfect 2 m s Daniel 4:19 ת ק פ תּ peal perfect 3 m s Daniel 4:8, 4:17 ת ק ף peal perfect 3 f s Daniel 5:20 תּ ק פ ת pael infinitive construct Daniel 6:8 ת קּ פ ה Page 41 of 41

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