Measurement challenges in realization of subsea factories
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1 Measurement challenges in realization of subsea factories Kjell-Eivind Frøysa, Bergen University College and Christian Michelsen Research (CMR), Bergen, Norway
2 Content Introduction Subsea sales and allocation metering Subsea multiphase metering for allocation Subsea single phase sales metering Conclusions Frøysa, Subsea Expo
3 Introduction Frøysa, Subsea Expo
4 Industry focus Further technology development is being pursued along the following four lines: compact and environment-friendly solutions solutions which improve recovery from the reservoirs technology which permits long tie-backs to land equipment for ultradeep water. ( taken from Statoil s web-pages) Frøysa, Subsea Expo
5 Rystad Energy Subsea processing is making its way up the technology curve, but still several challenges ahead Press release, May 5, 2015 Frøysa, Subsea Expo
6 Rystad Energy Mainly four technologies implemented by industry so far: Subsea boosting Subsea separation Subsea water injection Subsea compression Frøysa, Subsea Expo
7 Rystad Energy Obstacles to overcome: Power distribution Control system Oil storage Monitoring Subsea well intervention and maintenance Integration, reliability and cost Frøysa, Subsea Expo
8 Subsea sales and allocation metering Frøysa, Subsea Expo
9 Why do tie-in fields cause measurement challenges? Owner group A Mother field production Processing unit Single phase oil and gas Sales measurement Allocation measurement Satellite field production Multiphase oil, gas and water Owner group B Courtesy: Christian Michelsen Research AS ( Fiscal measurements
10 Offshore flow metering - simplified example $ Emissions (fuel and flare) Platform $ $ Oil Gas $ Multiphase $ Subsea satellite $ Subsea installation 1 Subsea installation 2
11 Subsea factory sales and allocation metering - simplified example Subsea satellite Allocation metering Multiphase Multiphase $ $ Subsea tie-in Subsea factory Sales (export) metering Oil Gas $ $
12 Subsea multiphase metering for allocation Frøysa, Subsea Expo
13 Multiphase flow meter principle PVT data (sampling) Verification/calibration by test separator No updated PVT data No test separator Topside Multiphase Flow Meter Output: Flow rate of gas Flow rate of oil Flow rate of water Topside uncertainty: 5 % or more Subsea Multiphase Flow Meter Output: Flow rate of gas Flow rate of oil Flow rate of water Subsea uncertainty: % or more Frøysa, Subsea Expo
14 Statoil: Improve measurement uncertainty, reliability and robustness of subsea multiphase flow meters Frøysa, Subsea Expo
15 Subsea multiphase flow metering The dependency of PVT data MUST be reduced! Approach 1: New technology combinations that are less dependent of the PVT data Approach 2: In-line measurement of PVT-data in the pipe Approach 3: Subsea sampling and analysis Frøysa, Subsea Expo
16 Subsea single phase sales metering Frøysa, Subsea Expo
17 Sales measurement of gas (simplified) Equipment: Flow meters Pressure metering device Temperature metering device Online gas chromatograph Actions: Calibration Verification Maintenance Re-calibration Uncertainty requirements (Norway): 1.0 % of mass (95 % confidence level) Frøysa, Subsea Expo
18 Subsea sales measurement of gas (simplified) Equipment: Actions: Flow meters - doable Calibration - yes Pressure metering device - exists Verification -??? Temperature metering device - exists Maintenance -??? Online gas chromatograph - no Re-calibration -??? Uncertainty requirements (Norway): 1.0 % of mass (95 % confidence level) not now Frøysa, Subsea Expo
19 Sales measurement of oil (simplified) Equipment: Flow meters Proving device Pressure metering device Temperature metering device Densitometer Sampling for water content and density Actions: Calibration Proving Verification Maintenance Re-calibration Uncertainty requirements (Norway): 0.30 % of standard volume (95 % confidence level) Frøysa, Subsea Expo
20 Subsea sales measurement of oil (simplified) Actions: Equipment: Calibration - yes Flow meters - doable Proving - possible Proving device depends Verification -??? Pressure metering device - exists Maintenance -??? Temperature metering device - exists Re-calibration -??? Densitometer doable Sampling for water content and density -??? Uncertainty requirements (Norway): 0.30 % of standard volume (95 % confidence level) not now Frøysa, Subsea Expo
21 Sales measurements It is all about trust and confidence! Frøysa, Subsea Expo
22 Flowmeter for single phase liquid and gas Ultrasonic flow meter widely used Flow Acoustic transit times Up- and downstream gives flow velocity and velocity of sound Frøysa, Subsea Expo
23 Subsea single phase measurement challenges Improved description of flow dynamics upstream and through flow meter Improved understanding of interactions between acoustics and flow More extensive use of relationships between measured velocity of sound and density. Build in as much redundancy as practically possible Frøysa, Subsea Expo
24 Conclusions Several measurement challenges must be solved before allocation and sales measurements can be carried out subsea with the same confidence and traceability as top-side Important due to share of income A matter of trust Frøysa, Subsea Expo
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