Determination of Flared Gas Volumes Offshore Norway. By Stig Arvid Knutsson Principal Engineer Fiscal Metering Norwegian Petroleum Directorate
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1 Determination of Flared Gas Volumes Offshore Norway By Stig Arvid Knutsson Principal Engineer Fiscal Metering Norwegian Petroleum Directorate
2 Presentation Outline Regulatory requirements Flaring of Associated Gas Flow Rates and Measurement Ranges Technical Challenges Chosen Technology Uncertainty Requirements Back-up Methods Calculation Methods Closing Remarks
3 Regulatory Requirements Petroleum Act: No flaring of associated gas for other reasons than safety Measurement Regulation/ Norwegian Industry Standard (Norsok): Requirements to metering technology, uncertainty and reporting Requirements to back-up quantification The CO 2 Tax Act (1 Jan 1991) CO2 tax shall be paid on the burning of petroleum and discharge of natural gas. The tax is the same for both burned and unburned gas The Greenhouse gas Emission Trading Act (EU Directive Oct 2004) (National legislation 1 Oct 2007) Determination of CO2 emissions (from measured/calculated volumes) for trading of CO2 quotas. Introduce compositional analysis of flare and fuel quantities.
4 Regulatory Requirements Gas flaring and venting regulations (Petr. Act 4-4) Flaring in excess of the quantities needed for normal operational safety shall not be allowed unless approved by the Ministry : - Associated gas utilisation required to get authority approval of Plan for Development and Operation - Annual gas flaring permits - Avoid waste of petroleum and reservoir energy - Cold venting is not in accordance with the principle of environmentally prudent petroleum production
5 Flaring of Associated Gas The first oil production in Norway was done by Philips Petroleum Company Norway using the revamped drilling rig Gulftide from the summer 1971 until spring 1974, i.e. during development of the Ekofisk field. This is the only time flaring of associated gas has been approved in Norway for other reason than safety. I.e. for regular production. Oil production was approximately 40,000 bbl/day. Gas rates derived from test separator GOR.
6 Flow Rates & Ranges Fakkel (Sm3/h) N2 (Sm3/h) This creates a situation whereby generally the flow rate is very close to zero. Strømningsrate (Sm3/h) The exemptions are normally planned and unplanned shutdowns, with associated blow downs. In this case it has been three shutdowns over a period of three months Note the high turndown ratio Tid
7 Flow Rates & Ranges Strømningsrate (Sm3/h) HP (Sm3/h) LP (Sm3/h) Atm. (Sm3/h) N2 (Sm3/h) The figure shows three flare streams and the N2 measurement in a period with frequent production interruptions Tid
8 Technical Challenges Turndown ratio in excess of 100:1 ( m/s) Composition vary from dry gas to gas with high percentage of HC liquid Difficulties in calculating/estimating (small) flare/vent volumes accurately by material balance
9 Chosen Measurement Technology -USM Operating Principle Downstream transducer When there is no gas flowing the transit times ta-b and tb-a will be equal. t A-B t B-A As the flow increases, the downstream transit time (ta-b) will decrease, while the upstream transit time (tb-a) will increase. Upstream transducer The difference (Δt) will give the flow velocity, while the average will give us the velocity of sound.
10 Uncertainty Requirements NPD Requirement: ± 5 % of standard volume NPCA by EU directive: ± 7.5 % of emitted CO 2 mass ± 2.5 % on emission factor
11 Back-up Method Using Pressure Measurement Alternative/back-up measurement done by measuring the pressure immediately upstream of the flare stack tip. PT In this case the maximum pressure for a high pressure flare (HP) is 8.00 Barg, and zero at no flow Barg
12 Back-up Method Using Pressure Measurement A correlation between mass flow rate is worked out. Here with three different molecular weights. As indicated the USM works in normal flow range but is limited in maximum velocity. Then pressure measurements from the flare tip takes over. Approximate range for USM
13 Back-up Method Using Pressure Measurement At the LP flare the correlation between flow rate and pressure becomes more complex. Note that the low pressure may create problems with changing atmospheric pressure at low flow rates. Four different molecular weight values are used here.
14 Back-up Method Using DP Measurement on an Elbow LP side HP side The differential pressure between the two tappings, created by the centrifugal force of the flow is used to measure the rate of flow.
15 Estimation by Material Balance Well Streams Uncertainty +/- 5-15% Vflare=Well Stream gas (Export+fuel+vent+N2+Injection) FLARE FUEL VENT INJECTION EXPORT N2 <2% <2% <2% <1% <3% This method may be possible, but: with high uncertainty on large input values, low flare rates will be calculated with very high uncertainty.
16 Use of GOR to Calculate Flare Volumes Failure in flare gas measurements are not uncommon, for reasons like too high flow velocity or liquid collection in/at the meter. If no back-up measurement is done on the flare stack it is possible to estimate the flared volumes. Two methods are commonly used: Method A (used when production from individual wells has been stable): V FLARE A = (V OIL X GOR PREVIOUS DAY) V FUEL V EXPORT V INJECTION V VENT V TAX FREE GAS Method B (used when wells are closed in/opened or wells with high GOR replace wells with low GOR or the opposite): V FLARE B = Sum(V Oi X GOR i ) V FUEL -V EXPORT -V INJECTION -V VENT -v TAX FREE GAS
17 Use of GOR to Verify measured quantities The gas to oil ratio (GOR) can be used to verify measured flare, vent, fuel and injection gas. This by comparing Daily GOR with Historical GOR Daily GOR = (Daily Fuel+flare+vent+gas export+injected gas)/daily dry oil production If Daily GOR differs with more than e.g. 2% from Historical GOR then: Verify actual well production configuration Verify all measured volumes and correct if necessary
18 Closing Remarks Flaring of hydrocarbons in Norway is: Low Taxed Highly governed by national and international regulations Technically challenging, measurement wise It will be even more challenging as pollution restrictions are become heavier enforced Not easy to determine by calculations
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