Protecting the Built Environment: Wind Load Designed Overhead Doors. Overhead Door Corporation

Transcription

1 Protecting the Built Environment: Wind Load Designed Overhead Doors Overhead Door Corporation

2 AIA/CES Program Registration McGraw-Hill is a Registered Provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education System. Credit earned in completion of this program will be reported to CES records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-aia members are available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include any content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement of any material by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing or dealing in any material or product. Protecting the Built Environment: Wind Load Designed Overhead Doors 2

3 Copyright Notice This presentation is protected by US and international copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is strictly prohibited.

4 Learning Objectives At the end of this course you will be able to:!! Describe how wind and wind codes affect overhead doors!! Assess which factors affect the amount of force on the door calculating PSF!! Understand construction of sectional and coiling wind load doors!! Identify the types of wind load testing and their procedures!! Discuss how to specify wind load rated doors Protecting the Built Environment: Wind Load Designed Overhead Doors 4

5 Course Outline!! Section One How Wind and Wind Codes Affect Overhead Doors!! Section Two Calculating PSF What Factors Affect the Amount of Force on the Door!! Section Three Sectional and Coiling Wind Load Door Construction!! Section Four Types of Wind Load Tests and their Procedures!! Section Five Architect/Component Supplier Relationship

6 Section 1!! How Wind and Wind Codes Affect Overhead Doors

7 When the Wrong Door is Used

8 the Complete Building is at Risk

9 When the Right Door is Used

10 the Building is Protected

11 Wind-Structure Interaction!! The first area of interaction on the structure is the windward wall. The energy from the wind is converted to pressure against the structure as the wind is stopped.

12 Wind-Structure Interaction!! The wind also moves around the corners of a building and as it moves around the corners, it speeds up, and creates high pressure regions on the corners of the building.!! The pressure at the corners (or end zones) may affect the pressure requirement for the door.

13 Wind-Structure Interaction!! Also, as the wind moves up and over the structure, it creates a force on the overhang, as well as along the ridge of the roof. This is similar to how wind moving over an airplane wing creates an uplift force.

14 Wind-Structure Interaction!! If the building envelope is compromised (e.g., with debris), then there will be additional pressure on the structure.

15 How is Wind Measured?!! The fastest mile measure was used by legacy building codes, such as the Uniform Building Code.!! The 1-minute Sustained Wind Speed is used by the United States Weather Services (e.g. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service).!! The 3-second Peak Gust is used by wind engineers and the building codes (including the 2009 International Building Code) and is 30% higher, for the same event, than the 1-minute Sustained Wind Speed.

16 2009 International Building Code Wind Speed Map!! The above map details wind speed regions as shown in the 2009 International Building Code.

17 Wind-Borne Debris Regions!! According to the 2009 International Building Code, Wind Borne Debris protection is specified for certain regions.!! The Wind Borne Debris Region Areas within hurricane-prone regions within 1 mile of the coastal mean high water line where the basic wind speed is 110mph or greater; or where the basic wind speed is 120mph or greater; or Hawaii.!! How does the wind-borne debris region part of the code affect garage doors: A door with glazing needs to meet the requirement of the Large Missile Impact Test.

18 Top Code - Words in Specifications!! ASCE 7-05 (American Society of Civil Engineers) - design book that tells engineers how to calculate design pressure (PSF).!! ICC (International Code Council) - The code body that writes the I-Codes!! IBC (International Building Code) - Was enacted in 2001 to combine National Building Code, Southern Building Code and Uniform Building Code. Applicable to all of the US, but the wind load portion has not been adopted by all locations.!! FBC (Florida Building Code) - A special state code written based on the IBC. Florida has its own regulatory agency that approves designs for use.!! MD BCCO (Miami-Dade Building Code Compliance Office) - A product approval agency that regulates the High Velocity Hurricane Zone (HVHZ) and only governs Dade and Broward Counties in southern Florida.!! TDI (Texas Department of Insurance) - Regulatory agency that uses the IBC, with its own product approval rules for the region it regulates (110mph and above).!! ASTM-E330/DASMA 108/ TAS Testing specifications for a wind load rated door for static pressure.!! ASTM-E1886&1996/DASMA115/ TAS201&203 - Additional testing specifications for an impact-rated door.

19 MPH vs. PSF and Other Common Terms MPH (Miles per hour) PSF (Pounds per square foot) Generic requirement - wind speed (3-sec gusts at 33 feet) Location specific- how much force is on a particular surface Positive Pressure Amount of force in the direction from outside to inside Negative Pressure Amount of force in the direction from inside to outside Design Pressure Pressure sustained for 10 seconds (both directions), when tested to DASMA 108/ ASTM E330 Test Pressure 150% design pressure, sustained for 10 seconds (both directions), when tested to DASMA 108/ASTM E330

20 How Do Building Codes Work? Local Code State Code ICC State Code (IBC and IRC) Local Code IBC/IRC ASCE 7-05 The ASCE 7-05 is a wind load design document, and must be incorporated into the codes and then adopted before it can be ASCE 7 enforced.

21 Who Decides the Wind Load Requirement?!! Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) - ruling code regulator for that particular area who decides the design pressure requirement for the doors!! Florida! Florida Building Commission (Florida approval number: Fl#) Follows Florida Building Code, and is enforced by the local AHJ! Miami-Dade Building Code Compliance Office (N.O.A.) Follows and enforces High Velocity Hurricane Zone (HVHZ) part of FBC!! Texas - Texas Department of Insurance (TDI)! Follows IBC with its own product approval rules!! North Carolina! Has its own code similar to IBC!! IBC with Local Adoption/Amendments! South Carolina, Louisiana, Minnesota! Kansas City, Kansas; Bloomington, Illinois

22 Types of Wind Load Product Approvals!! There is not one approval agency that covers all of the US; it must be handled by each AHJ.!! Florida Building Code Approval Types! Wind Load Rating Approval! Wind Load Rating with Impact Approval! Wind Load Rating with Impact per High Velocity Hurricane Zone requirements (Miami-Dade Standards)!! Miami-Dade Building Code Compliance Office - only permits doors that have been evaluated to their unique rules they have developed for impact rating and their other approval standards.!! Texas Department of Insurance - approves impact and nonimpact doors above 18.3/-20.4psf (the 110mph and above areas) for those that use state insurance.

23 Florida Building Code vs. Miami-Dade Impact Rating Where does this code come from? FBC Miami-Dade IBC HVHZ section of FBC What Static Pressure Tests are used? What Impact & Cyclic Test Standards are used? How do you know it is approved? How long is the approval valid? TAS 202, ANSI/DASMA 108, ASTM E330 TAS 201, 203 or ANSI/ DASMA 115, or ASTM- E1886 & E1996 Florida approval # Verified it confirms to code every 3 years TAS 202 TAS 201, 203 Notice of acceptance # Approvals last 5 years Where is it used? Everywhere in Florida except Miami-Dade and Broward County Required by Miami-Dade and Broward Counties

24 Sectional and Coiling Wind Load Door Labeling!! In order to enable a clear line of communication between manufacturers, homeowners and inspectors, wind load labels are installed on wind load rated doors.!! All doors should be labeled and have the following information! Manufacturer! Model/series number! Positive and negative pressure rating! Impact rating (if applicable)! Product approval #! Applicable test standards!! The same label information can be supplied to all areas that require wind load certified doors.

25 Section 2!! Calculating PSF What Factors Affect the Amount of Force on the Door

26 Parts of a Building Structure!! When a structural engineer designs a structure, there are two categories of building components that must be designed to account for the wind loads.!! Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)! Receive wind loads from more than one surface! Structural elements that provide support and stability for the overall structure!! Components and Cladding (C&C)! Receive loads from a single surface, and transmit loads to MWFRS! Doors and windows (including overhead doors)

27 Information Required to Calculate PSF (IBC/ASCE 7) PSF Factors Wind Speed Exposure Category Door Size Roof Pitch Mean Roof Height Importance Factor Enclosure Category Location of Door on Building Topographic Factor Building Size Directionality PSF When calculating the wind loads for the components of a building, the structural engineer must account for many factors that will affect the design load required for the door.

28 Exposure Categories!! Depending on the location of the structure, the surface around it will affect how the wind speed interacts with the structure.!! Exposure B - Urban or suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of a singlefamily dwelling or larger. Example - large city!! Exposure C - Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 30 feet; also, coastal hurricane prone regions. Example - farm!! Exposure D - Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces outside hurricane prone regions. Example - Chicago

29 The Effect of Door Size on Pressure Factors held constant!! Wind speed - 100mph!! Exposure - B!! Mean roof height - 25ft!! Roof pitch - greater than 15º (typically residential) Factors different!! Door sizes - As door width increases, PSF decreases 9 x7 16 x7 15.8/-17.9psf 15.2/-16.9psf

30 The Effect of Roof Pitch on Pressure Factors held constant!! Wind speed - 100mph!! Exposure - B!! Mean roof height 25ft!! Opening size 9 x9 Factors different!! Roof pitch (commercial roofs are assumed to be less than 15º) - as roof pitch increases, PSF increases Residential building Commercial building 9 x9 9 x9 15.5/-17.5psf 14.3/-16psf

31 The Effect of Roof Height on Pressure Factors held constant!! Wind speed - 100mph!! Exposure - C!! Opening size - 9 x7!! Roof pitch - greater than 15º (typically residential) Factors different!! Roof height - as roof height increases, PSF increases 15ft. Single story 25ft. Double story 15.6/-17.6psf 17.2/-19.5psf

32 Importance Categories and Pressure Multipliers!! The type of usage the facility is designed for will affect what pressure multiplier is used. 1.! Low Hazard to Human Life! Agriculture storage or temporary facilities! 87 or.77 multiplier (depending on wind speed region) 2.! Everything Not in Categories 1,3 or 4! Standard assumption in PSF calculation! 1.0 multiplier 3.! Substantial Hazard to Human Life!! Facilities with high occupancy or provide utilities 1.15 multiplier 4.! Essential Facilities!! Emergency services and shelters 1.15 multiplier

33 Enclosed vs. Partially Enclosed Building!! When a structure is designed, it is important to know if it will be enclosed or partially enclosed. The structure that is partially enclosed will have a higher internal design pressure. Also, if the building envelope on an enclosed building is compromised, the higher pressures can lead to failure of the entire structure.

34 End Zone of Building!! As the wind moves around the structure, it will create a high pressure at the leeward wall, and require components in that zone to be designed for a higher pressure than the rest of the side wall.

35 Topographic Effects!! As the wind moves over an escarpment, the wind will increase, and result in a higher design pressure for the door on a building on a hill.

36 Directionality!! Can be varied by the design engineer based on the orientation of the elements of the structure and the anticipated wind from that direction.

37 Door Industry MPH to PSF Charts!! In order to simplify the door PSF calculation, the door industry has developed a tool to determine the PSF, by holding certain factors constant, and changing others DASMA 155. Factors Held Constant!! Building Size!! Importance Factor- Use 1.0!! Directionality- Use.85!! Topography- Assume Flat!! Location of Door on Building- 2 feet of door width in end zone Factors that Change!! Wind Speed!! Door Size!! Exposure!! Mean Roof Height!! Roof Pitch

38 Determining Design Pressure for a Residential Door!! DASMA TDS #155k based on ASCE -7 with:! Exposure C! Residential building (roof pitch greater than 15º)!Typical residential door sizes

39 Determining Design Pressure for a Residential Door How to use the chart: 1.! Select mean roof height (interpolation is acceptable) 2.! Select door size (for a door wider than 16, it is acceptable to use 16 wide pressure. For narrower doors, ask engineering) 3.! Select wind speed (interpolation is acceptable)

40 Determining Design Pressure for a Commercial Door!! DASMA TDS #155k based on ASCE -7 with:! Exposure C! Commercial building (roof pitch less than 15º)!Typical commercial door sizes

41 Section 3!! Sectional and Coiling Wind Load Door Construction

42 Components that Affect the Wind Load Strength of a Sectional Overhead Door!! A wind load door is not just a sectional door with horizontal re-enforcement, but a complete system that has been tested to meet a desired design pressure.!! Section construction! Number of section stiles! Horizontal strutting! Roller brackets (hinges)!! Vertical track thickness!! Track bracket spacing!! Vertical wind load post! Only used for residential doors

43 How to Design a Sectional Wind Load Door Section center stiles additional stiles may be added for higher design pressures.

44 How to Design a Sectional Wind Load Door Horizontal strut additional struts and higher strength struts may be used for higher wind load design pressures.

45 How to Design a Sectional Wind Load Door Section ends high-strength rollers and additional roller holders may be used as the jamb load increases.

46 How to Design a Sectional Wind Load Door Vertical track the thickness may be increased as the wind load increases.

47 How to Design a Sectional Wind Load Door Track bracket frequency spacing may decrease with increasing pressure.

48 How to Design a Sectional Wind Load Door Vertical post may be used on double wide configurations in addition to struts.

49 Jamb Attachment for Residential DASMA TDS 161!! In order to aid in fastening the door to the different jamb types, manufacturers have designed multiple attachment methods for the wood buck to the structure. Reference DASMA TDS 161 for all jamb application types. It is critical that the jamb to structure framing is fastened properly, or the door can fail prematurely.

50 Components that Affect the Wind Load Strength of a Rolling Door!! Slat gauge thickness!! Frequency of wind locks!! Wall angle! Thickness! Size!! Assembly bolts attaching angles! Frequency! Size! Grade!! Anchor spacing

51 Rolling Steel Wind Load Drawing

52 FBC Approved Drawing!! All wind load drawings will show all of the structural components needed to install the door to obtain its wind load rating.

53 Miami-Dade Approved Drawing!! All Miami-Dade approved drawings will have a stamp with the approval number and expiration date.

54 Door Loads Upon Building Structures Thrust!!! Sectional door sectional doors are relatively rigid and therefore, just impose a thrust load on the jamb. Thrust!!! Roll-up doors due to the slip and wind lock engagement, a rolling door will have significant deflection as well as put a shear load, in addition to the thrust load on the jamb. Shear!

55 Wind Lock/Wind Bar Relationship Curtain tension Rolling door not under wind load Rolling door under wind load with wind lock engagement The wind lock will engage in a similar way for both positive and negative pressure

56 Section 4!! Types of Wind Load Tests and their Procedures

57 Wind Load Testing!! Are all doors tested?! The building code requires that current acceptable design practices are followed for the design of a door, and may include representative door testing!! How is a door tested for wind load (ANSI/DASMA 108)?! Positive pressure 100% x design pressure for 10 seconds then, the same door is tested at 150% of the design pressure for 10 seconds.! The procedure is repeated with negative design pressure! For example a 22/-22psf design pressure door, is tested to 33/-33psf factor of safety

58 Impact Testing! 1 sample passes the Wind Load Test! 3 subsequent specimens must pass Impact and Cyclic Load Test! Impact Test: 9 2x4 shot at door at 34mph at! 3 unique locations for a sectional door (with each test verifying two of those locations)! 2 unique locations are verified for a rolling door! Cyclic Test! Unglazed: 600x at 50% of DP, 70x at 60%DP, 1x at 130%DP (for both positive and negative directions)! Glazed: more pressure cycles, but maximum pressure is only 100% design pressure

59 What Happens if the Proper Wind Load Door is Not Selected?

60 What Happens if the Proper Wind Load Door is Not Selected?

61 Door Failures

62 Door Failures

63 Impact Testing of a Sectional Door

64 Impact Window Testing Impact window with inferior design after lab testing Successful test with quality design

65 Section 5!! Architect/Component Supplier Relationship

66 Architect to Door Supplier Relationship!! What information must be supplied about door from the architect/ builder/contractor to pick the proper wind load door?! Size! Jamb type! Opening clearance information! Design pressure requirement (PSF +/-), not wind speed! Impact required? Yes or No!! What manufacturer gives to architect/builder/contractor! Door that meets specifications! Loads the door will place on the structure; shown on the wind load drawing

67 Building Specification Page!! On the structural specification page for a building, the structural engineer lists all of the wind load factors, as well as the pressure loads for the different parts of the structure, including the doors.

68 Frequently Asked Questions!! Does the added weight of the rain affect the force of the wind?! No. It is considered negligible.!! Can you take a pressure reduction due to one building shielding another?! Not without wind tunnel or simulation data.!! Are doors tornado rated?! No, but the door can be evaluated against the specification.

69 Frequently Asked Questions!! Can a full view door be converted to impact-rated by just adding ballistic glass?! No. The complete door system must be evaluated that it can withstand the impact and cyclic loading.!! Can a door be operated during a high wind event?! No. It is not safe to operate a door during a high wind event, it will compromise the integrity of the building.!! Is there a required wind load rating for doors?! All doors must be designed to meet the local code requirement.

70 Frequently Asked Questions!! Wind load order (MPH vs PSF confusion) Customer: I need an overhead steel door for a 10 0 by 8 0 opening, rated for 100mph Door Company: In order to properly order the door for that project we need the specification in PSF. That is information that you should be able to obtain from the specifications for the job or the engineer for the project, since he is the one legally responsible for providing the design pressure specification in PSF.!! A possible customer response: Customer: I talked to the builder and they just said 100mph. Door Company: Even though they need to give you the PSF, we have an industry standard tool that can be used, but it is just an estimate, and the local authorities have the final say about what is needed.

71 Wind Load Support!! FBC website- search drawings by file or manufacturer!! Miami-Dade website- search by NOA or manufacturer!! Texas Department of Insurance!! International Building Code (IBC)!! DASMA ( -! TDS 152- Garage Doors and Hurricanes! TDS 155- Wind load Guides! TDS 161- Connecting Jambs to Building Structure! TDS 168- Wind load FAQ! TDS 174- Post-Hurricane Door Operation! TDS 279- Rolling Door Operation Under Wind Load Conditions

72 Disclaimer!! Information presented in this presentation is for informative use only. Refer to state or local codes for resources (i.e. IBC, IRC, ASCE 7-05) for ruling authority.!! The Engineer of Record for the project, not the manufacturer, is responsible to determine the performance requirements for the door.

73 References!! Wind Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. ASCE 7-05, Presentation.!! Wind in Architectural and Environmental Design. Melaragno, Michele. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York: 1982.!! Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society Of Civil Engineers, Structural Engineering Institute: 2006.!! Guide to the Use of Wind Load Provisions of ASCE Mehta, Kishor C. and Delahay, James M. ASCE Press: 2004.!! The Evolution of Wind Provisions in U.S. Standards and Codes, S.K. Ghosh, Ph.D, Building Safety Journal, December 2006, P !! 1997 Uniform Building Code!! 2003, 2006, 2009 IBC!! ASCE 7-05!!

74 Protecting the Built Environment: Wind Load Designed Overhead Doors Thank you!! Thank you for your time.!! This concludes the AIA Continuing Education System Program.!! Please take the test to receive your AIA credits.!! Questions? for more information. Protecting the Built Environment: Wind Load Designed Overhead Doors! 74