The River of Life. Blood. Chapter 17
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1 The River of Life Blood Chapter 17
2 Overview: Blood Composition and Function Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood. Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue.! List and describe eight functions of blood.
3 Blood The body s only fluid tissue! Has both cellular and liquid components! Highly specialized connective tissue composed of formed elements suspended in fluid matrix called plasma
4 Components of Blood Formed Elements! Erythrocytes (hematocrit): 45% of whole blood! Leukocytes and platelets: <1% of whole blood! Plasma 55% of whole blood
5 Functions Distribution! Oxygen, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones! Regulation! temp, ph, fluid volume! Protection! clot formation, antibodie, WBC s
6 Blood Plasma 90% Water! contains >100 dissolved solutes (nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions)! Albumin comprises 60% of plasma proteins! Albumin maintains plasma osmotic pressure
7 Check Your Understanding What is the Hematocrit? What is its normal value?! List two protective functions of blood! Are plasma proteins used as fuel for body cells? Explain your answer.
8 Formed Elements Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets! 2 of 3 are not true cells! most formed elements survive in the blood for only a few days! Most blood cells do not divide
9 Erythrocytes Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes! Describe the chemical composition of hemoglobin! give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes
10 Structural Characteristics of Erythrocytes Biconcave discs = large surface area and easy access to cytoplasm! anucleate, no organelles! Highly deformable! 97% Hemoglobin (Hb)! generate ATP anaerobically
11 Functions of Erythrocytes Gas Transport!! Hemoglobin! oxyhemoglobin! deoxyhemoglobin! carbaminohemoglobin
12 Production of Blood Cells Hematopoiesis! Occurs in red marrow (100 billion blood cells/day)! All blood Cells arise from hematopoetic stem cell
13 Production of Erythrocytes Stages of Erythropoiesis!!!!! 15 day process! Reticulocytes account for 1-2% of erythrocytes in healthy people
14 Regulations and Requirements for Erythropoiesis 2 million erythrocytes produced per second! Process controlled hormonally
15 Fate and Destruction of Erythrocytes figure 17.17
16 Erythrocyte Disorders Anemia! blood loss! not enough cells produced! too many cells destroyed! thalassemias! sickle cell anemia! Polycythemia! polycythemia vera! blood doping
17 Check Your Understanding How many molecules of oxygen can each hemoglobin molecule transport? Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds the oxygen?
18 Leukocytes (WBC s) Goals! List the classes, structural characteristics, and functions of leukocytes.! Describe how leukocytes are produced! Give examples of leukocyte disorders, and explain what goes wrong in each disorder
19 General Structural and Functional Characteristics WBC count over 11,000 = leukocytosis! 2 major categories:! Granulocytes! Agranulocytes
20 Granulocytes Neutrophils (50-70% of WBC s)! Bacteria slayers (phagocytize, respiratory burst, spears)! Eosinophils (2-4% of WBC s)! Primarily attack parasitic worms! Basophils (.5-1% of WBC s)! mediate inflammatory response (release histamine)
21 Agranulocytes Lymphocytes (25% of WBC s)! very rare in blood! Monocytes (3-8% of WBC s)! differentiate into macrophages once they leave the blood! macrophages highly phagocytic
22 Leukocyte Disorders Leukemias! Infectious Mononucleosis
23 Platelets Fragments of extraordinary large cells (megakaryocytes)! Essential for the clotting process! Thrombopoietin
24 Hemostasis Step 1: Vascular Spasm! Step 2: Platelet Plug Formation! Step 3: Coagulation
25 Transfusion and Blood Replacement Goals! Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain the basis of transfusion reactions! Describe fluids used to replace blood volume and the circumstances for their use.
26 Human Blood Groups RBC plasma membranes bear highly specific glycoproteins on their external face (antigen)! Agglutinogens! 30 groups of antigens, but ABO and Rh are most important
27 ABO Blood Groups Based on the presence or absence of two agglutinogens! Type A, Type B! Agglutinins! Type O blood contains anti-a and anti-b agglutinins! Type A blood contains anti-b agglutins, and vice versa! Type AB blood contains neither agglutinin (antibodies)
28 Rh Blood Groups 52 named Rh Agglutinogens, each called an Rh factor! Only 3 are common: C, D, and E! Blood types are labeled as either Rh+ or Rh-! ABO and Rh reported together. O-, AB+, etc
29 Blood Groups
30 Transfusion Reactions Occurs when mismatched blood is transfused! recipients agglutinins attack donor blood cells! Group O = universal donor! Group AB = universal recipients
31 Study Guide Physiology Tab! Blood Tab! Study Guide Link
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