NATIONAL POLICY ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE IN BRAZIL

Transcription

1 NATIONAL POLICY ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE IN BRAZIL Viviane Romeiro, Ph.D Candidate University of Sao Paulo USP Porto Alegre, 10 de abril de 2014

2 PRESENTATION OVERVIEW 1. International Climate Change Regime 2. International CCS policy and regulation 3. Climate Policy in Brazil 4. CCS regulation in Brazil Final Remarks Acnowledgements and References

3 Kyoto Protocol map

4 NEGOCIAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS Conference of Parties (COP) UNFCCC - Common but Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR) - Second commitment period of Kyoto Protocol Ad Hoc Working Group Durban Platform for Enhanced Actions - Post-2020

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12 CCS REGULATION The scale-up of CCS projects raises many regulatory issues: - Public health - Safety - Environment protection Regulatory framework: - to build public confidence - to foster the use of this technology as part of international and national climate change policies.

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20 ALLOCATION OF LIABILITY UNFCCC CIVIL LIABILITY GLOBAL EMISSION IMPACTS SHORT-TERM Project participant obligation to compensate damages Project participant obligation to account for any seepage as project emissions MEDIUM-TERM Project participant obligation to compensate damages Project participant obligation to surrender carbon assets equivalent to seepage or otherwise ensure equivalent emission reductions LONG-TERM [Host] [buyer] government obligation to compensate damages Host] [buyer] government obligation to cancel carbon assets equivalent to seepage or otherwise ensure equivalent emission reductions Source: UNFCCC Secretariat, September 2011

21 CCS Regulatory aspects UNFCCC CDM Transferência de responsabilidade CER reserve account 5% of issued CERs Transboundary CCS

22 SCENARIUM 1

23 SCENARIUM 2

24 SCENARIUM 3

25 SCENARIUM 4

26 SCENARIUM 5

27 What act does generate the credits?

28 CCS Regulatory aspects Fonte: ROMEIRO, 2012

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30 CCS Aspectos regulatórios

31 CO 2 Emission Performance Standards for Coal Fired Power Plant Country or State EPS Level Type of plant Australia 1,100 lb of CO2/MWh 500 kg CO 2 /MWh New AU Queensland Clean coal technologies such as CCS New AU - Western Australia Clean coal technologies such as CCS New AU - South Australian 1,540 lb of CO2/MWh 700 kg CO 2 /MWh New AU - Victoria 1,760 lb of CO2/MWh 800 kg CO 2 /MWh New (abandoned) European Union 1,100 lb of CO2/MWh 500 kg CO 2 /MWh New United Kingdom 880 lb of CO2/MWh 400 kg CO 2 /MWh New (rejected) Scotland All its existing coal-fired power plants with CCS New and existing (by 2025) Germany 1,694 lb of CO2/MWh 700 kg CO 2 /MWh New Canada 825 lb of CO2/MWh 375 kg CO 2 /MWh New (Only after 2015) US Federal 1,000 lb of CO2/MWh 454 kg CO 2 /MWh New US - Oregon 1,100 lb of CO2/MWh 500 kg CO 2 /MWh New US - California 1,100 lb of CO2/MWh 500 kg CO 2 /MWh New US - Washington State 1,100 lb of CO2/MWh 500 kg CO 2 /MWh New US Montana CCS for at least 50% of CO 2 New US - Illinois CCS - 50, 70 or 90% of CO 2 New US - Maine 1,100 lb of CO2/MWh 500 kg CO 2 /MWh New US - New Mexico 1,100 lb of CO2/MWh 500 kg CO 2 /MWh New US - New York 925 lbs CO2/MWh 420 kg CO 2 /MWh New Brazil Source: EPA s regulations Adapted reforestation by the authors (1/3),renewable energy or energy efficiency (2/3) Environmental licensing

32 lbs of CO2 /MWh EPS Level based on equivalent emissions from combined-cycle gas turbine plants 1,760 1,694 1,540 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1, Source: EPA s regulations Adapted by the authors

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34 Emissões de GEE em 2005 e Emissões de GEE em 2020 (com meta de 36,1%) Dados: Elaboração própria com base no Segundo Inventário e no o Decreto nº de 2010.

35 Taxa de desmatamento anual na Amazônia Legal (PRODES)

36 Projeção 2020 da taxa de desmatamento na Amazônia e o alcance das metas em 2012 Fonte: Elaboração própria com base no Prodes, 2012 e na metodologia do Decreto de 2010.

37 Subnational climate policies in Brazil

38 limate Change Policy Framework in Brazil 2000 Brazilian Forum on Climate Change 2007 Comitê Interministerial sobre Mudança do Clima 2008 National Plan on Climate Change 2009 National Policy on Climate Change 2009 National Fund on Climate Change 2010 Decree - National Policy on Climate Change Sectoral plans

39 CCS BRASIL Status Transition technology to a low carbon economy (Ketzer, 2010) Pre-Salt implications (Rocha, 2010) Negative emissions from BECCS (Pacca & Moreira, 2009) Brazilian ethanol competitiveness (Moreira, 2011)

40 CCS in Brazil: Regulatory aspects Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988: Art São bens da União: IX - os recursos minerais, inclusive os do subsolo; All the resources in public or private lands with possible economic value are owned by the Government. The law regards oil and other extracted resources, but does not mention about reinjected substances.

41 So, who does own the property rights of storage CO2? Who would be responsible for any potential damage? BRASIL : emissão de CO2 Densidade de emissão de CO2 por fonte estacionária no Brasil Fonte: CEPAC, 2011

42 FINAL REMARKS 1- International Climate Change Regime Complexity of decisions Diversity of parties and interests Skepticism about climate change Improvement of tools Creation of more robust agreements

43 FINAL REMARKS 2- International CCS regulation Skepticism about climate change Lack of commitment from countries to reduce GHG emissions Lack of strong public policies Public acceptance

44 FINAL REMARKS LONG TERM LIABILITY Complexity of underwriting the risk and ensuring the sort of liability Private to public transfer of liability; Regulatory uncertainty Case by case basis.

45 FINAL REMARKS 3- National Policy on Climate Change in Brazil Global competitiveness Low carbon economy CDM implications: changing the business culture Perverse effects of innapropriated policy implementation Bettere definition of regulatory aspects Harmonization of subnational policies on climate change

46 FINAL REMARKS 4- CCS regulation in Brazil Lack of a national CCS regulation How to engage the public and private sectors Lack of clear role of responsabilities Government regulation transfer of liability

47 Obrigada! Viviane Romeiro