What do Geologists Do? Economic Geologists Geological Oceanographers Engineering Engineering Geologists Geologists Paleoecologists

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1 Geology and Petroleum: Applications of Earth Science in the Oil and Gas Industry Dr. G. Michael Grammer Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education (MGRRE) Western Michigan University

2 What do Geologists Do? Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary

3 What do Geologists Do? Economic Geologists Engineering Geologists Environmental Geologists Geochemists Geochronologists Geomorphologists Geophysicists Glacial Geologists Hydrogeologists Hydrologists Marine Geologists Mineralogists Geological Oceanographers Paleoecologists Paleontologists Petroleum Geologists Petrologists Planetary Geologists Sedimentologists Soil Scientists Seismologists Stratigraphers Structural Geologists Volcanologists

4 History of Petroleum First Use: Egyptians: oil to preserve mummies Chinese: natural gas for fuel Babylonians: oil to seal walls and pave streets Americans: tar to seal canoes First Drilling: First Product: Demand Increase: Chinese using bamboo: to 800 in 347 AD Americans using cable tool: to 70 in 1859 AD Kerosene for lamps Gasoline was unwanted by-product Industrial Revolution - Internal Combustion Engine (1885) - Global l Economic Growth

5 What is Petroleum? Petroleum: a natural yellow-to-black flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath the earth s surface Hydrocarbon: an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms

6 The Goal - Black Gold Petroleum Supplies our Energy Needs Light Texas Crude Palo Pinto Field North Texas Heavy Texas Crude Humble Oil Field Southwest Texas

7 Misc. Facts about Oil Oil provides 40% of energy Americans consume and 97% of transportation fuels Recoverable Reserves: est. 70+ years at current rates of consumption U.S. Oil Industry employs nearly 1.5 million people Motorists pay an average of cents/gal in gasoline taxes Takes 20 new cars to produce tailpipe i pollution of one new car in the 1960 s

8 Petroleum Products A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides: One Barrel = 42 gallons Fuel Oil Gasoline gallons Fuel Oil gallons Jet Fuel gallons Asphalt gallons Kerosene gallons Lubricants gallons Petrochemicals, other products gallons American Petroleum Institute, 1999

9 Refining g Petroleum Fuel Gas Gasoline Kerosene Jet Fuel Heating Oil Crude Oil Vapor Lubricating Oil Liquid id Crude d Oil after World Book Encyclopedia Residual Products Asphalt, Heavy Fuel Oil 24803

10 Petrochemical Products More Than 3,000 Products Detergents - Cosmetics Fertilizers - Weed Killers Medicine i - Antiseptics - Anesthetics ti Plastics (CD s, furniture) - Synthetic Fibers Synthetic Rubber Rust Preventatives Liquid Petroleum Gas American Petroleum Institute, 1999

11 U. S. Energy Demands Consumption: Petroleum 37% Natural Gas 30% Coal 22% Hydroelectric 4% Nuclear 7%

12 United States Petroleum Imports 1950 s 15% 1960 s 20% 1970 s 36% 1980 s 42% 1990 s 50% May % American Petroleum Institute, 2006

13 U. S. Energy Demands (2006) Total import of Crude: 14,331,000 per day Total % of imports: May 2006 = 71.8% May 2005 = 67% Natural Gas: U.S. used 22.5 trillion ft 3 in 2000 Approx. 85% of natural gas used is produced in U.S., majority of rest comes from Canada

14 U. S. Demand for Electricity Source Coal: 55% Nuclear: 21% Hydroelectric: 9% Natural Gas: 9% Refined Petroleum: 3.5% Other (renewable biomass, solar,wind, geothermal): 0.5%

15 Worldwide Demand for Energy Source (currently) Oil and Natural Gas: 61% Coal: 26% Hydroelectric: 7% Uranium: 6%

16 Population-Driven Energy Demand World Population World Primary Energy Consumption (Millions) (Quadrillion BTU) 10, ,000 6, ,000 2, AAPG Explorer, 8/95

17 Worldwide Demand for Energy Worldwide Population (1995): 5.6 Billion Since population doubled between 1950 and population will triple (> 8 billion today) Energy Consumption from rose 22% Energy Consumption expected to rise 66%

18 Worldwide Demand for Energy Consumption Increases (expected) Crude Oil from : 40% increase from : 2010: 30% increase from 66.7 MMBOPD to 86.5 MMBOPD Natural Gas from : 100% increase from : 2010: 53% increase

19 Worldwide Demand for Energy Consumption Increases (expected) Coal from : 50% increase from : 2010: 32% increase Hydroelectric U.S. limited growth 1) major environmental concerns; 2) political - land use and water rights primary growth e.g. China, Brazil, Turkey Nuclear not expected to increase retirement of old plants limited new construction (regulatory and public)

20 Gasoline Price: Cost vs. Tax Per Gallon as of July 10, 2006 in U.S. Dollars Country Netherlands UK 1 Italy 1 France 1 Germany 1 Japan 1 Spain 1 Canada 1 USA 2 Venezuela City Amsterdam London Milan Paris Frankfurt Tokyo Madrid Calgary Kalamazoo Caracas Pump Price

21 Oil and Gas Production Reservoir Types Sandstones 60% Carbonates 40% Oil Sandstones 70% Carbonates 30% Gas

22 The Origin of Petroleum Organic-rich rich Source Rock Thermally Matured Organic Matter Oil

23 Source Rock for Petroleum Organic- Rich Thin Laminae Measured Values Total Organic Carbon Hydrogen Index Inch In-Place Petroleum S 1 Pyrolytically Generated Petroleum S LOMPOC Quarry Sample Monterey Formation, CA

24 Types of Petroleum Oil and gas are formed by the thermal cracking of organic compounds buried in fine-grained rocks. Algae = Hydrogen rich = Oil-prone Wood = Hydrogen poor = Gas-prone

25 Petroleum System Elements Source Rock - A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone organic matter Reservoir Rock - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates: - Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil accumulates - Permeability - passage-ways between pores through which oil and gas moves Seal Rock - A rock through h which h oil and gas cannot move effectively (such as mudstone and claystone) Migration Route - Avenues in rock through which oil and gas moves from source rock to trap Trap - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that focuses oil and gas into an accumulation

26 Petroleum System Processes Accumulation Entrapment Gas Cap Oil Water Seal Rock Reservoir Rock Migration Generation Source Rock 120 F 350 F 2480

27 Reservoir Sandstone Good Porosity = Lots of Space for Petroleum Pores (blue)

28 Anticlinal Theory Petroleum Accumulates in Structural Closure Gas Oil Water

29 Directional Drilling Avoids Surface Hazards Gas Water Oil American Petroleum Institute, 1986

30 Global G Oil E and Gas Fields Gas Oil

31 Billion Barrels of Oil Equivalent per p Year (GBOE) Projected World Energy Supplies BILLION BARRELS World Energy Demand 1993 Careers in Oil & Gas Remain Important Coal Natural Gas Crude d Oil Hydroelectric Solar, Wind Geothermal Nuclear Electric New w Techno ologies Decre easing Fossil Fuels after Edwards, AAPG 8/97

32 Largest Hydrocarbon Basins by Ultimate Potential

33 Geologic Mapping and Sampling Gravity Magnetics Seismic Reflection Geologic Mapping JMA American Petroleum Institute, 1986

34 Stratigraphy: Depositional Systems Sequence Stratigraphy Petrophysics and Paleontology Understanding the processes creating sedimentary units Clastic Sedimentary MESOZOIC & CENOZOIC Record missing due to erosion: Must reconstruct history from regional data U Rock Physics PE ERMIAN L Upper Permian U Forward Modeling Sedimentary Modeling CARBONIFER ROUS MISS. PENN. M L M-U Pennsylvanian Carbonate Analogues

35 Kerans, 1998 Importance of Combining Outcrop and Modern Analogs Grammer, 2003 AAPG Distinguished Lecturer

36 Seismic Imaging 3D Marine Data Acquisition Silicon Graphics

37 Seismic Imaging of Anticline Recording Truck Vibrator Truck (Energy Source) Geophone (Receivers) Returning Sound Waves American Petroleum Institute, 1986

38 Seismic Image of Anticline 1000 Milliseconds km

39 Gasoline prices and Hurricane Katrina (Oct. 13, 2005) Atlanta: t $5.70/gallon yesterday K-zoo: $3.29/gallon this morning Why?

40 Supply of Crude Oil 561 rigs/platforms in GOM evacuated 20 rigs/platforms missing GOM responsible for >25% of U.S. production of crude oil (91% 0f GOM production shut down) Port Fouchon and LA Offshore Port shut down (handle >20% of crude imported)

41 Supply of Refined Products 8 refineries shut down, others operating at fraction of capacity Strategic Petroleum Reserve 700 MMBO in 4 salt caverns in LA and TX

42 Supply of Refined ed Products Explorer Pipeline: (shut down) 1400 miles long, 15,000 gallons per minute 72 kinds of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel to 16 states in Midwest Colonial Pipeline: (25% capacity) 5500 miles long 100 million gallons per day 12 States and D.C. in southeast and east

43 Geology in Society Resource Assessment: Fossil Fuels Water Supplies Stratigraphic Minerals Environmental Quality: Water Quality Waste Management Catastrophe Management: Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Landslides, Floods, Tsunamis, Bolide Impacts Climate Change: Documentation, ti Prediction Coastal Management

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