How To Understand Geology Of The Region Of Germany

Transcription

1 OVERVIEW ON THE REGIONAL GEOLOGY Mesozoic Aged Basic Rocks Malıdağı Formation (Kmf) The Malıdağı Formation comprises sediments of the flysch fascia and is named after the Küçük Malı Dağı mountain which is located north of the site. The formation is placed lowermost at the study site with an autochthonous location. Çökelez Limestone is piled over Malıdağı Formation. Furthermore, Malıdağı formation is observed as an anomaly in the Kızılburun and Karadere Formations. Though its real thickness is unknown since its base could not be observed, its apparent thickness at the study site is about 70 meters. A shale and sandstone intercalation with low level of meta-morphism containing olive green or khaki colored crystallized limestone intermediary layers constitutes the basic rock group of Malıdağı formation. It has developed a crimped and fractured structure due to excessive exposure to tectonic events. In addition, the formation comprises clayed schists. Çökelez Limestone (Jkçç) The formation surfaces south-west of Belevi village and at Malıdağı mountain and comprises dolomitic limestones and crystallized limestones. The formation starts with thin dolomitic limestones with intermediary layers and dark grey, blackish colours in the southern and southeastern part of Malıdağı. In higher levels crystallized limestones are found. The crystallized limestones comprise large crystals. Greenish-white micro crystalline limestones are found in small amounts. Chert is found in the eastern and southeastern parts of Malıdağı. The chert formations are surfaced in regular stripes or random bumps along discontinuities such as fractures, cracks, and lamination surfaces which are abundant in limestone. Aragonite with yellow brown colored thin crystals and light brown calcite re-crystallizations is found in the fractures and cavities. Occasionally the fractures and cavities are filled with brown yellowish limonitic clayey material. The formation at the study site is piled on the Malıdağı flysch. Placed on the formation with a fault contact is Kartepe formation (Sun and others, 1990). The contact of the two formations is not clearly observable. Çökelez limestone is covered by tertiary aged sediments with angular incompatibility (Sun and others, 1990). ESIA 800 MW CCPP, DENIZLI, TURKEY 1 ANNEX D

2 Çökelez limestones have been deposited on a shallow carbonate platform (Sun and others, 1990). Fragments of tocholina sp., Lituolidae, Echinoideae and algae are found, thus the formation was determined as cretaceous-jurassic (Konak and others 1990). Cenozoic Aged Basic Rocks Karadere Formation (Tok) The formation comprises pebble stone, sand stone and mud stone (Hakyemez 1989). It surfaces north and east of the site in the creek valley and hillside of Çaykara in the southeast of Küçük Malıdağı, in the southern skirts of Büyükşıhlar Hill and Küçükşıhlar Hill and outskirts of Kızılada Hill. The formation comprises irregular intercalation of smoky yellow, reddish colored pebble stone, sand stone, and units of pebbly-sandstone and pebblymud stone. The pebble stones are badly graded and blocks are found. The pebbles are of round, semi-round shape and of basic and ultra basic origin mostly. Also found are dolomitic limestone, crystallized limestone, limestone with chert, and various schist pebbles. No sequence or orientations are found in the pebbles. The pebbles are tied with limonite and calcareous cement and are well cemented. The sandstones are laminated and cross layered. They have thin-medium layers and are well graded. They do not have any lateral continuity. Pebbly sandstones have medium-thick layers, and are moderately graded. Pebbled sandstones comprise granular and medium-coarse sand grains. The pebbly sandstones are badly graded and have medium-thick layers. Block sized pebbles are found in small quantities in the mud stones. The pebbles are of basic and ultra basic origin. Karadere formation is in disharmony with the lower level of the Kartepe formation. No fossils are encountered in the formation. The age of the formation has been determined as Oligocene based on the stratigraphic location and previous studies (Sun and others, 1990). The formation, which is a product of alluvial range, has been formed as a result of post-orogenic molasse sedimentation during Oligocene (Sözbilir, 1994). Kızılburun Formation (Tmkb) The formation comprising pebble stone, sand stone, marl, claystone, silt stone, clay, clayey-silty marl and sands and pebbles in thin stripes and lenses (first named by Şimşek, 1984). It surfaces around Yokuşbaşı village, at the east and south east of Belevi village, at the south of Karapinar village, and at the north of Haydarbaba Doline. ESIA 800 MW CCPP, DENIZLI, TURKEY 2 ANNEX D

3 The formation starts with tightly tied cobblestones in low levels. The granules in the pebble stones consist of spilite, diabase, limonite, marble, quartzite, schist and limestones. Some of them are cornered, some rounded or finely rounded. It has thick-medium layers, and is severely graded and has calcareous cement. The formation continues in the form of sandstone, marl, siltstone, clay stone, clayey-silty marl intercalation towards higher levels. The sandstones are finely granular, light yellow-grayish colored, with calcareous cement and the granules are firmly- moderately tied. Moderately-loosely tied clays are found in higher levels. Sand and pebble stripes and lenses are found in the clays. Pebble stones moderately tied with white calcareous cement are found on top of the clays. Sazak formation is harmoniously located in the Kızılburun. The formation has started out with alluvial range sedimentations, and continued with braided river and meandering river sediments (Sun and others, 1990). Alluvium Terraces (QTç) Alluvium terraces are observed at the west and south of the study site where Denizli Cement abstracts clay from the hill tops. It is Plio-quaternary aged. It consists of black and white pebbles. The pebbles are flat or cornered. Sandy, silty, clayey levels with pebbles are found. It contain clay-sand transition material, and is supported by granulate. It is occasionally loosely tied. Its thickness in the study site over Kızılburun Formation, is an anomaly over 1-5 meter depth, and may be considered shallow. Alluvium (QAl) Old Alluvium (QAl1) The old alluvium in the study site consists of pebble, sand, silt and clay. It is observed in the lots numbered, It is tagged with Qal1. The thickness of the alluvium varies, however, in the geothermal sounding (e.g. number KD9, in Büyük Menderes Rift valley) a thickness of alluvium of about 93 meter has been measured (Sun, 1990). New Alluvium (QAl2) The sediments constitute the dry stream bed which is passing by in the south of lots 160, 129,138, 137 in the study site. The new alluvium unit constitutes of materials carried by the stream. In general, it comprises pebbles. The pebbles are of grey, white, black, reddish colours and are well rounded. The pebble pieces are granule supported, and no cementing between granules is detected. Depending on the flow regime of the stream, levels with thin and coarse ESIA 800 MW CCPP, DENIZLI, TURKEY 3 ANNEX D

4 granules and sandy, clayey levels are observed. The thickness and width of the formation is limited. DRILLING Neogene Aged Units Kızılburun Formation At the study site, exploration pits with numbers A.Ç1, A.Ç2 and A.Ç3 have been drilled in the Kızılburun formation. Exploration Pit 1 Exploration pit 1 has been drilled at coordinates E N (Scale:1/1000). Its depth is 2.20 meters. In the pit, 0.25 meters topsoil and meters clay-clay stone with scarce pebbles have been observed. The pebbles are of colours grey, beige, and black and of 1-10 cm size in general and occasionally of large sizes. They are semi-round, rough surfaced, without granule support and cement. The clays are of grizzle and reddish colour, and with fine granules. Their layer structures are unapparent and with thinmedium layers. The unit is of low-medium tightness. Exploration Pit 2 Drilling is done in lot numbered 135 at coordinates E N (Scale:1/1000) and an altitude of 577 mt. The depth of the pit is 1.40 meters. In the pit, 0.15 meter soil, meters of scarce and disperse pebbly sandy clay unit belonging to Kızılburun formation are observed. It exhibits bedding which is horizontal and near-horizontal. The pebbles are black and beige coloured, 1-20 cm size and semi-round. They are calcareous, limestone and ultra basic origin in general. Exploration Pit 3 Drilling is done at coordinates E N(Scale:1/1000), at a depth of 2.00 meters. In the pit, partly loose, decomposed clay with light grizzle colour with low cohesion and clay stone unit with solid density, and high cohesion, red-dark brown colour have been detected in meters and meters respectively. ESIA 800 MW CCPP, DENIZLI, TURKEY 4 ANNEX D

5 Quaternary Alluvium Terraces; (QTç) The exploration pit with number A.Ç.4 has been drilled in this formation. The depth of the pit is 2.50 meters. A pebble stone unit with clay as intermediary material has been passed in the exploration pit in meters. The pebbles are semi rounded, with gray, black and green colors, and with fine-rough surfaces. The sizes of the pebbles vary in between 2 cm to 15 cm. They are generally of calcareous, limestone, sand stone and ultra basic origin. Alluvium (QAl) Old Alluvium (QAl1) Exploration pits with numbers A.Ç5 and A.Ç6 have been drilled in the old alluvium unit. It is with levels of pebbly clayey sandy, clayey sandy pebbles. There is no bedding. Exploration Pit 5(A.Ç5) It has been drilled in the lot 139. Its depth is 2.70 meters. A sandy scarcely pebbly clay unit with grizzle-light brown colour has been observed in the pit in meters. The pebbles are semi round calcareous pieces with yellowish beige colour and rough surfaces. Exploration Pit 6(A.Ç6) Drilling is done at coordinates E N at an altitude of 552. The depth is 3.00 meters. A sandy gray, grizzly-light brown coloured clay unit and a pebble stone unit with an intermediary material of clay have been passed in the pit at depths meters and meters respectively. New Alluvium (QAl2) The exploration pit numbered A.Ç7 has been drilled in the new alluvium unit. (dry stream bed). Its depth is 2.50 meters. In the pit, a pebble formation with grey, white, black colour has been identified at depths meters. The pebbles are well rounded. The pebble pieces being granule-supported, no cementing exists between granules. The pebbles are of calcareous, limestone, and ultra basic origin. The pebbles exhibit near horizontal bedding. A proper piling between pebbles in the form of bedding of fine and coarse granules is observed. ESIA 800 MW CCPP, DENIZLI, TURKEY 5 ANNEX D