MODERN WORLD HISTORY PAPER2 BRITISH DEPTH STUDY

Transcription

1 MODERN WORLD HISTORY PAPER2 BRITISH DEPTH STUDY THERE ARE THREE TOPICS TO REVISE ALTHOUGH IN THE FINAL EXAM YOU WILL ONLY BE TESTED ON ONE. THIS IS RANDOMN SO YOU HAVE TO KNOW THEM ALL!

2 The Liberal Government & Reforms Britain in 1906 Most powerful country in the world Ruled one quarter of the people in the world USA & Germany had overtaken it industrially Most British houses did not have electricity 3% of the population were rich ( 700 per year or more) Middle Classes ( per year) Working Classes (in industry 1.50 per week) A family with 3 children needed 1.00 per week This did not take into account medicine or luxuries Voting in 1906 All male house holders could vote 5 million men 33% of males No women Two main parties were the Conservatives and the Liberals Conservatives believed that the rich should be left to make Britain richer. The Government should not interfere with the economy. Liberals believed individuals should be allowed to work hard and the government should rarely get involved In 1906 the Labour Party changed its name from the Labour Representative Committee Labour would try to represent the Working Class Problems for the Liberal Government of Poor living conditions/health standards 2. Poor education 3. Industrial decline 4. Growth of Socialism

3 What did the Liberal Government try to do? For Children Scholarships for poor children 1908 Children and Young persons Act Parents could be prosecuted for neglect. Introduced special child prisons. Free school meals for poor children Free medical care and treatment (although not always provided) For the Old 1908 Old Age Pensions (70 years old minimum) The Old did not have to contribute to it Had to prove they had worked hard all their life Only British citizens could get it who had been living in Britain for the last 20 years If you had an income of 31 per year or more you did not get it For the Unemployed 1909 introduced Labour Exchanges to help people get a job Employers did not have to tell them they had openings though 1911 National Insurance Act - unemployment benefit for up to 15 weeks Not enough money for a man with a family For the Ill 1906 Compensation Act which gave workers half their wages if they earned under 250 per year and were badly injured at work 1911 National Insurance Act provided up to 26 weeks of sick pay Free medical care for the insured Medical care was not given to the man s family Widows did not get a pension

4 Liberal Reforms Test 1. Which political party won the 1906 election? 2. Who was the Prime Minister? 3. What reasons were given for people being poor, which obviously were stereotypical? 4. Which reformer did a study on the town of York? 5. What did he say caused poverty? 6. What is a Social Reformer? 7. What war suggested that reforms needed to happen? 8. Why? 9. Which two countries had passed Britain as industrial powers? 10. What two reasons were given? 11. Who was Chancellor of the Exchequer? 12. Who was the President of the Board of Trade? 13. What political party had started doing reforms when they were in charge before 1906? 14. What new ideology seemed to be favouring the working man? 15. Name one thing the Liberals did for children? 16. Name one failing? 17. What did they do for the old? 18. Name a condition of this? 19. How did sick pay and unemployment benefit work? 20. What was a criticism of it?

5 What is the message? Cartoon/poster The message is I know this because in the cartoon/poster it shows me At the time I know that things were happening such as What is the message of the cartoon? 7 Marks

6 Why was it published? 8 Marks It was published because... (what does the poster want you to think or do?) At the time... (what is going on that means the poster needs to be made?) The poster actually shows...(what information does the poster show you?)

7 Votes for Women By 1911 only 60% of adult males could vote. Even so many women were demanding the vote. As far back as 1867 Parliament had discussed given women the vote but the male M.P.s decided to not treat women equally with men. This trend continued. Arguments for female suffrage (the right to vote) It is happening in other countries i.e. New Zealand Some women owned property and taxes Some women were more educated than some men who could vote Without it Britain could not be a true democracy (There are more see your class notes Walsh ) Arguments against Women are represented by their husbands Most women do not want the vote Women do not fight to defend their country It is dangerous to change a system that works (There are more see your class notes Walsh ) The Suffragists Name: National Union of Women s Suffrage Societies Leader: Millicent Fawcett Membership: By 1914 over members Many middle class women Some were men Some working class women Methods: Propaganda leaflets Public Meetings Petitions Mass demonstrations with banners etc The Suffragettes Name: Women s Social and Political Union Leader: Emmeline Pankhurst Membership Mainly middle and upper class women No men

8 Methods More than 40,000 (debatable figure) Newspaper Votes for Women Slogans on everyday items Posters, postcards and leaflets Public meetings Civil disobedience (including not paying taxes) Window smashing Destroying letter boxes (and the letters) Attacking people Shouting at politicians Hunger strikes How did the Government react? The Liberal Government under Asquith did not seem to have a strong opinion or clear position on female suffrage. The P.M. Asquith was definitely against it but most Liberal M.P.s were probably in favour but did not feel strongly about it. The Government was not happy with protests. Women were banned from Liberal Meetings. The police brutally dealt with female protesters trying to enter Parliament. Once the protesters were in prison they were treated like ordinary criminals. Those that went on hunger strike were force fed. The Prisoner s Temporary Discharge for Health Act (Cat and Mouse Act 1913) meant that hunger strikers were released when they became ill and then imprisoned again once they had recovered. How did the Newspapers react? The majority of newspapers probably supported female suffrage. Newspapers such as The Times were totally against it often referring to Suffragettes as lunatics. The newspapers supported peaceful actions but were unsympathetic when violence was used. The Times was unsympathetic towards Emily Davison s death. How did the Public react? It did not seem that the Suffragettes were winning over the men. There were even incidents of men physically attacking Suffragettes. With the death of Emily Davison at The Derby there was huge publicity and her funeral was attended by thousands. With the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914 both groups pledge to call off their protests and aid the war effort.

9 How useful is this source to a historian studying Female Suffrage (trying to get women the vote) in Britain? Use details of the source and your knowledge to explain your answer. 7 marks How useful..? 7 Marks The source is useful because it shows me... (content) It is reliable because... (consider what makes you trust the source ie is the content typical? Is the person responsible reliable? What type of source is it? Why was it made etc?) It is not reliable because... (consider reasons for distrust see ideas above) Overall, it is fair to say...(explain whether your judgement is that the source is useful or not)

10 Suffragette test 1. Give two reasons used at the time to why women should get the vote. 2. Give two reasons used at the time to why women should not get the vote. 3. Who was the leader of the Suffragists? 4. What methods did they use to try to get the vote? 5. Who was the leader of the Suffragettes? 6. What methods did they use to try to get the vote? 7. Why were some Liberals against giving women the vote? 8. Why were some Conservatives against giving women the vote? 9. What was the Cat & Mouse Act? 10. Who died in 1913 and was considered a martyr? 11. What event got both groups to call off their campaigns? Source A SUPPOSED SUFFRAGETTE OUTRAGE An explosive machine was found near the Bishop s Throne in the chancel of St. Paul s Cathedral yesterday morning a few minutes prior to the celebration of early Communion, and there is no doubt in the minds of the authorities that the contrivance was designed and placed there by someone associated with the militant Suffragist movement. The bomb, as it is described by the police, was carefully wrapped in brown paper and in part of a recent issue of the militant newspaper The Suffragette. An expert stated that while such a bomb as that found at St.Paul s would have done relatively little damage to that building because of the great air spaces which exist within it, a similar machine in Westminster Abbey, owing to the crowded condition there, due to the many memorials and the form of the interior, might result in irreparable injury to an historic structure.

11 Source B Which source would have influenced the Government more? 8 marks. Source A would influence the government for a number of reasons. Firstly, the source shows... The tone it uses would also influence because... It would also influence because at the time... The source would also influence because it was made... These sentences are suggestions. They will not apply to all sources. With this question to gain top marks you have to write about both sources. You will not necessarily prove one source would have more influence than another.

12 The Home Front People in Britain were affected by WW1 in six main ways: 1. Recruitment - there was a huge poster campaign to get people to join up, and the government had to introduce conscription in Conscientious objectors could be imprisoned. Women were recruited into the armed forces as nurses, drivers, cooks and telephonists. 2. The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) - this was passed in August DORA allowed the government to take over the coal mines, railways and shipping. Lloyd George became Minister of Munitions and set up state-run munitions factories. The government worked with the trade unions to prevent strikes. 3. Reduced workforce - there were fewer workers because so many men left to join the army. 4. Rationing - a fixed allowance for sugar, meat, butter, jam and tea was introduced in British Summer Time was also introduced to give more daylight working hours. 5. Propaganda - newspaper and soldiers' letters were censored. "The Tribunal" (a pacifist newspaper) was shut down, and lies were made up about German atrocities. Posters encouraged morale. The film "The Somme" was a semi-successful attempt at using film for propaganda because the graphic nature of actually seeing the men die upset many viewers. 6. Civilian casualties 57 zeppelin bombing raids after 1915, and the German navy shelled Hartlepool, Whitby and Scarborough

13 World War One (the Great War) is usually remembered as mainly a soldiers' conflict - with six million men mobilised to fight overseas, and the number of military casualties very high compared to those of civilians - but nevertheless the Zeppelin raids on London in April 1915 did have the effect of drawing everybody into the war. And as it progressed, the entire nation s population and resources were harnessed to the war effort in one way or another, so most people came to feel involved in the conflict. Wearing a uniform of some kind (whether in the forces or as a male or female police officer, postal worker or bus conductor) was an obvious way of contributing, but civilians working in a factory making uniforms, guns, ammunition, tanks or ships had every right to feel they were contributing as much to the war effort as a man with a gun. So, too, had dockers and miners. Families with men at the front certainly felt part of the war, whilst clergymen who comforted the bereaved, or journalists who wrote stirring patriotic editorials, likewise had a key role as opinion formers. Then, when food rationing was introduced in January 1918, following the German submarine blockade of 1917, previously uninvolved housewives, as they eked out their modest supplies of sugar and meat (the first two items to be rationed), could also feel they had a part to play. By this time the whole of Britain, effectively, was the Home Front, and the citizens collectively were the soldiers on that front.

14 How did women help the war effort? 1. Recruitment - women were recruited as nurses into the Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADs) or First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), and as drivers, cooks and telephonists into the WAAC, WRNS and WRAF. 2. DORA - many women 'munitionettes' worked in the government's munitions factories. 3. Reduced workforce - women took on traditional men's jobs and became firemen, coalmen and bus conductors. 4. Rationing - the main burden of coping fell on mothers. The Women's Land Army helped with agricultural production. After the war, men took back their jobs and most women returned to the family. However, the War did bring about political and social changes: Political - women over 30 years old got the vote in Women over 21 years old got the vote in Women were also allowed to stand for election as MPs, but there were only eight women MPs in Social - women became more liberated. Short skirts and short hair became fashionable and many women smoked in public.

15 Home Front Test 1. What is Dora? 2. What did it allow the government to take over? 3. Why did they do this? 4. Who was minister of munitions? 5. Women were brought in to the factories. What did the unions force the government to do regarding their pay? 6. What would happen to those women at the end of the war? 7. In 1918 what did the government introduce to help with shortages? 8. Why did poor people benefit? 9. What is propaganda? 10. What is conscription?

16 11. What were those who refused to join called if they used the reason that killing another person is wrong? 12. Which battle changed the mood of people in Britain? 13. What is censorship? 14. Give me an example. 15. What jobs did women take on? 16. Why did women eventually get the vote?

17 Source A The Battle of the Somme 1916 Source B An enlistment poster

18 How far does Source A explain why source B was produced? Level 2 - Simply summarises the two sources 2 marks Level 3 Basic argument that it helps or doesn t 3-4 marks Level 4 Uses both of the sources to argue that B happens because of A 5 marks Level 5 - Uses developed comments on content of A or cross reference to knowledge or other sources to argue A influenced B 6-7 marks Or Argues that Source A and other factors (based on own knowledge or cross-reference to other sources) explain why B was made Level 6 - Detailed explanation of purpose of Source B and its audience 8 marks It is fair to say that that Source A does help someone to understand why Source B was produced. This is because Source A shows me and Source B shows me (what do the sources show? Content) These two sources can be linked together because (what do they have in common?) Source B was obviously produced so that and this would have been influenced by Source A because Source A is not the only reason for Source B being produced. For example another reason would be