2. Two vowels usually represent one sound, or when two vowels go walking, the first one does the talking. Examples: read pain oat

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1 THE PHONIC APPROACH The phoni approah hould be ued with adult learner who are either non-reader, truggle with pelling, or are learning Englih a a eond language. Thi approah onit of teahing adult learner to aoiate letter and part of word with peifi ound. Thi approah i ued a a tranition from letter and word (ymbol), to ound and meaning of thoe letter/word. When teahing phoni, begin with the bai: the alphabet and alphabetization. THE ALPHABET AND ALPHABETIZATION Tutor mut begin with teahing their learner the alphabet and alphabetization before they an begin to teah their learner different word and letter ound. When teahing adult the alphabet, be ure to begin by emphaizing rhythm and grouping of the letter for memorization. Try uing the lai grouping: ab-d-ef-g-hi-jk-lmnop-qr-tuv-wx-y and z. Next, have learner neatly write or print the alphabet on an index ard or heet of paper and tape it to the over of their pelling book or notebook. Thi will erve a a referene a they begin to learn the equene of the alphabet. One learner have beome familiar with the equene of the alphabet, they an begin learning how to alphabetize. Firt, have your learner write eah letter of the alphabet on a eparate index ard, and then have them divide the ard into three pile: a-g, h-p, and q-z. Shuffle the letter in the a-g pile and have your learner pratie putting the ard in alphabetial order. When they an do thi eaily, have them pratie alphabetizing the other two pile. When learner are omfortable with alphabetizing eah pile of ard, have them divide their ard into jut two pile: a-k and l-z. Eventually, have learner pratie alphabetizing the entire et of ard until they have matered alphabetization. PHONIC BASICS After learner have matered the alphabet and alphabetization, the next tep in the phoni approah i to help them ditinguih between ononant and vowel and hort and long vowel ound: Cononant: B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z Vowel: A, E, I, O, U, and ometime Y Short Vowel Sound: a = an e = et i = it o = rot u = ut Long Vowel Sound: a = ane e = be i = ite o = rope u = ute Long vowel ound are deribed a the vowel aying it name. Vowel/Cononant Rule: One you have gone over the differene between ononant and vowel, it may be helpful to teah your learner ome ommon phoni rule pertaining to ononant and vowel (there are ome exeption to thee rule): 1. The letter Y i a ononant at the beginning of a word and a vowel at the end of the word. Example: (ononant) yellow yawn (vowel) fly ry 2. Two vowel uually repreent one ound, or when two vowel go walking, the firt one doe the talking. Example: read pain oat 3. A ilent e at the end of a word give the firt vowel in the word a long ound.

2 Example: bake time ute mope 4. The ound /h/ i pelled th immediately following a hort vowel. Example: kithen athel with luth 5. When ght i een in a word, the gh i ilent, leaving only the /t/ ound. Example: light might right ight bright 6. When a word begin with kn, the k i ilent. Example: knot knight know knee 7. When the letter r immediately follow a vowel, the vowel ound i ompletely hanged and i neither long nor hort. Example: party fork urgent ertain ir 8. Word with a double e uually make the long e ound. Example: ee bee tree free three Diagraph Rule: After overing ononant and vowel and their ound, the next phoni apet to over are diagraph and blend and their ound. Digraph our when two ononant reate one new ound. Example: h h th wh k ph kn wr 1. When and h are next to eah other, they make only one ound. Example: hair heap hin hew hat 2. When a word begin with kn, the k i ilent, leaving only the /n/ ound. Example: knot knight know knee 3. When a word begin with wr, the w i ilent, leaving only the /r/ ound. Example: write wrong wrap wrath Phoni Blend: Phoni blend are two or more ononant that have individual ound preent but are blended together. Unlike diagraph, phoni blend ontain more than jut one ound. Example: pr t tr r dr fr pl p bl br l tw pr fl gl gr k m w n ng Englih Speeh Sound: There are four tage in the artiulation of a peeh ound: 1.) poitioning the lip, 2.) produing the ound, 3.) topping the ound, and 4.) the relaxing poition. It i alo important to know what the term diphthong and ontinuant mean: Diphthong: two vowel ound joined in one yllable to form one peeh ound. Example: oi ou Continuant: a ononant ound that lat a long a the breath lat without a hange in quality.

3 Example: // /z/ /f/ /h/ In Englih peeh, all vowel ound are ontinuant and all diphthong are ontinuant for only the eond ound. Example: The i in oi and the u in ou are ontinuant. Now that your Adult Learner an ditinguih between vowel, ononant, digraph, and blend, it i time to help them learn how to make Englih peeh ound. Below i a diagram whih an help your Adult Learner undertand where ertain Englih peeh ound are made and what part of the body are ued in making thoe ound: Voalization Code for Speeh Sound: v = voied un = unvoied = ontinuant = top n = naal Primary Seondary Ued Vo. Spelling Spelling a in Code Artiulator Poition

4 b - bird v k up un d - dih v f ph fih un gh g - girl v h - hand un j g (e) jumping v (i) (y) k, k, kiking un h l - leg v m - man v n Stop air with lip together; open with mall puff of breath. Voied equivalent of /p/. Tongue tip down. Stop air with an arh of the tongue and releae breath from bak of the throat. Unvoied equivalent of /g/. Lip and teeth lightly parted. Stop air with tongue tip touhing roof of mouth jut behind upper teeth. See lower urfae of tongue. Tongue i dropped a breath i expelled. Voied equivalent of /t/. Lower lip touhing upper teeth lightly. Breath ound i ontinuant. Unvoied equivalent of /v/. Tongue tip down, touhing bak of lower teeth. Stop air with an arh of the tongue and releae breath from bak of throat. Voied equivalent of /k/ or // above. Ha no poition of it own. Poition the tongue for the vowel following it and give a ontinuant breath ound. A ombination of /d/ and /zh/. Lip forward. Start with tongue tip up; lower tongue a breath i expelled. Voied equivalent of /h/. Tongue tip down. Stop air with hump an arh of the tongue and releae breath from bak of throat. Unvoied equivalent of /g/. Same a / above. Tongue tip touhe jut behind the upper teeth. Air ome out along the ide of the tongue. Lip together. It i made with the ame lip poition a /b/ and /p/, but /b/ and /p/ are topped ound. /m/ i a ontinuant and a naal ound. n kn nek v n p - pan un r wr river v (e) nake un (i) (y) t - tent un Lip and teeth lightly parted. Tongue tip up touhing roof of mouth jut behind upper teeth like /t/ and /d/, but /t/ and /d/ are topped ound. /n/ i a ontinuant and a naal ound. Stop air with lip together; open with a big puff of breath. Unvoied equivalent of /b/. Tongue tip down. Lip forward. A ontinuant. Teeth loe but not touhing. Tongue tip down. A ontinuant ound. The unvoied equivalent of /z/. Lip and teeth lightly parted. Tongue tip touhing roof of mouth jut behind upper teeth. Tongue i dropped a breath i expelled. Unvoied equivalent of /d/. v - valley v Lower lip touhing upper teeth lightly. A ontinuant.

5 w - woman v y - yell v z zipper v a - apple v e ea 2 egg v Ed Head i y in v ity o - olive v u - up v Voied equivalent of /f/. x - box un Teah a /k/. Lip forward and rounded, with a "one-finger" opening. Same a /oo/ ound. A ontinuant. Lip are drawn bak, top and bottom teeth loe together but not touhing. Same a /ee/ ound. A ontinuant. Top and bottom teeth are loe together but not touhing. Tongue tip down. A ontinuant. Voied equivalent of //. Wider jaw opening. Tongue down. A ontinuant. Wider jaw opening. Tongue down. Lip and teeth loer together than /a/ but not touhing. Tongue down. Lip and teeth lightly loer together than for /e/. Wider jaw opening. Prolong the ound. A ontinuant. Similar to /a/ ound. Medium jaw opening. Relaxed lip. Prolong the ound lightly. A ontinuant. qu - quarter un Teah a /kw/. Lip rounded like /oo/². th - thank un h h hop un Teeth and lip parted lightly. Tongue touhe both upper and lower teeth. A ontinuant breath ound. A ononant digraph. Lip forward and rounded. Teeth loe but not touhing. Tongue down but not touhing lower teeth. A Continuant breath ound and a ononant digraph. h th hildren un A ombination of /t/ and /h/. Lip forward. Start with tongue tip up; lower a breath i expelled. Unvoied equivalent of /j/. A ononant digraph. wh - whitle un th 2 - mother v the ar - ar v ur er urtain v ir ng - ring v n a-e ai ake v Teah a /hw/. A ontinuant and a ononant digraph. Voied ound of /th/ above. A ontinuant and a ononant digraph. Teah aording to peron' loal pronuniation. Tongue tip down. Lip forward, almot quared, more relaxed than for /r/. Tongue tip down behind lower teeth. Arh tongue. Naal equivalent of /k/ or /g/. A ontinuant and a ononant digraph. Do not teah a a diphthong. Teeth about a half-inh apart. Hold twie a long a /e/. Tongue down. A ontinuant.

6 i-e igh five v y py ee ea three v o-e oa noe v ow 2 or - horn v oo - room v oo 2 - wood v Lip drawn bak. Sound ome from bak of throat. A ontinuant. Lip are drawn bak, teeth loe together. A ontinuant. Hold twie a long a /i/. Lip forward and rounded, with a "1 ½ -finger wide" opening. A ontinuant. Lip forward with a "1 ½ -finger wide" opening. Lip forward and rounded, with a "one-finger" opening. Prolong the ound. A ontinuant. Lip forward, almot quared. A ontinuant. Tongue i more relaxed than for /oo/ ound. aw a, o, law v au, al, all u-e u, ew rule v ou ow mountain v oi oy oil v u i meaure v televiion Lip forward, wide jaw opening. A "two-finger opening. A ontinuant. Teah a /oo/. A ontinuant. A diphthong. Combination of /o/ and /oo²/. Start with a wide jaw opening, move lip forward with a mall opening. A ontinuant. A diphthong. Combination of /o/ and /i/. Start with lip forward for /o/, and then draw bak for /i/. /zh/. Similar to /h/. PHONIC RESOURCES Midland Need to Read alo offer everal type of phoni intrution, inluding an aelerated, phonetially-baed, videotaped teahing method developed by learning expert at the Texa Sottih Rite Hopital in Dalla. The intrution i preented in 160 DVD leon with volunteer tutor failitating the interation between the learner and the Certified Aademi Language Therapit on the DVD. The DVD urriulum emphaize the truture of the written Englih language with peial attention given to urive writing, pelling, and written expreion. A "life kill," uh a how to ue a ditionary or read the label on a food item, i alo preented with eah leon. Thee kill enable the learner to apply their literay kill to real-life ituation rather than imply improving their phoni kill. Another helpful tool when teahing phoni i to make phoni flahard for your adult learner. Flah ard are ueful for tudying, memory game, and review after leon