Accelerated Aging and Life Time Prediction for Solar Concentrators
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1 Chart 1 Accelerated Aging and Life Time Prediction for Solar Concentrators CSP Today 2015, Sevilla J. Wette, F. Sutter (DLR) A. Fernandez (CIEMAT)
2 Chart 2 Contents Motivation/Solar mirrors Outdoor testing Accelerated laboratory testing Standardization of testing procedures Methodology to correlate accelerated aging of aluminum reflectors with outdoor exposure
3 Chart 3 Motivation Durability of CSP components crucial for success of the technology Solar field and reflectors are responsible for a considerable amount of investment costs Life time prediction is important for planning of projects (life time goals 20 years and more) So far few standards exist and are not adapted for CSP technology
4 Chart 4 OPAC laboratory Optical Aging Characterization Laboratory Joint project DLR/CIEMAT at the Plataforma Solar de Almería Fields of work: Optical characterization Durability, Aging, Life time prediction
5 Chart 5 Glass mirrors Most common reflector Experience from over 30 years, excellent stability High specular reflectance New lead free, water soluble paints need to prove durability mm [AGC]
6 Chart 6 Alternative reflectors Aluminum mirrors Thin, light weight, flexible Lower reflectance Durability issues Polymer films Thin, light weight Good reflectance, lower specularity Less experience [NREL]
7 Chart 7 Outdoor Exposure Extensive outdoor exposure campaign (10 sites) Almeria, Tabernas, Gran Canaria, Abu Dhabi, Oujda Missour, Erfoud, Zagora, Tan Tan, Ben Guerir More sites planned, or from cooperating institutions Variety of site conditions, from urban over coastal to desert
8 Chart 8 Exposure sites Tabernas, PSA Almería Abu Dhabi Masdar, Abu Dhabi Las Palmas Oujda Missour
9 Chart 9 Exposure sites Erfoud Zagora Tan Tan Ben Guerir
10 Chart 10 Outdoor conditions Measurement of important site characteristic data: Temperature Humidity Irradiation Wind Particles, Sand, Dust Chlorides Other pollutants, compounds
11 Chart 11 Field data Missour particle measurements Light barrier attached to mirror in 5 different heights >40µm Filter particle sampler TSP Visibility sensor µm Grimm particle sensor DustTrak µm
12 Chart 12 Accelerated Testing Laboratory tests try to provoke aging in accelerated but realistic way By choosing more severe parameters: Temperature Humidity Irradiance (UV) Cycles Chemicals, pollutants (NaCl, acids, soiling) Abrasion (particles, brushes)
13 Chart 13 Accelerated Laboratory Tests Standard tests NSS (ISO 9227) CASS (ISO 9227) Damp Heat (IEC 62108) UV/Humidity (ISO 11507) Humidity Freeze (IEC 62108) Kesternich (DIN 50018) UV Test Machu Test Immersion Test Combinations/advanced tests NSS + UV/humidity NSS + Artificial Soiling Damp Heat + Artificial Soling UV/Humidity + Artificial Soiling Humidity Freeze + Artificial Soiling CASS + Sand Abrasion NSS + Sand Abrasion UV/humidity + Sand Abrasion Challenge: find the best suited tests and parameters
14 Chart 14 Laboratory erosion setup I: Soil Pipe (SP) sand container Outdoor - Zagora Laboratory soil pipe meshes Used abrasive material: Silica particles with diameters between µm. rotating sample under impact angle α Wiesinger et al. Sand erosion on solar reflectors: accelerated simulation and comparison with field data DOI /j.solmat
15 Chart 15 Laboratory erosion setup II: Sand Storm Chamber (SSC) Ultrasonic wind sensor Inductive particle concentration measurement Technical parameters: Wind velocities from 5 ms -1 to 30 ms -1. Dust concentration from 50 mg m -3 to 3000 mg m -3. Flow rectifier and particle mixer Connection for gravimetric particle measurement Dust injection system ISO A4 Arizona Quartz dust (1-180 µm). Fan blower Sample compartment Return flow in blower
16 particle number Chart 16 Combination of SSC and SP on Aluminum reflector SSC Zagora Soil Pipe Simulation 1 Outdoor-20 month Simulation particle size [pxl]
17 Chart 17 Standardization/Lifetime prediction AENOR (Spanish standardization agency) developed a standard with minimum requirements for glass mirrors Reflectance and shape (guidelines from SolarPACES Task III) Ageing tests Exposure to neutral salt spray test (NSS) Exposure to copper accelerated acetic acid salt spray (CASS) Condensation test Cyclical exposure to temperature and humidity UV radiation exposure test Mechanical durability resistance Mechanical tests Abrasion resistance test Impact resistance test Safety performance under accidental impact test
18 Chart 18 Alumir Project Main goal: Development of an accelerated aging guideline for aluminum solar reflectors Funded by German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy Extensive outdoor testing campaign Accelerated laboratory tests 9 materials from 3 manufacturers 9 outdoor sites
19 Testing of 9 material types Outdoor exposure Tabernas, ES Almería, ES Gran Canaria, ES Oujda, MA Erfoud, MA Missour, MA Zagora, MA Tan Tan, MA Abu Dhabi, UAE Accelerated aging NSS (ISO 9227) CASS (ISO 9227) Damp Heat (IEC 62108) UV/Humidity (ISO 11507) Humidity Freeze (IEC 62108) Kesternich (DIN 50018) UV Test Machu Test Immersion Test NSS + UV/humidity NSS + Artificial Soiling Damp Heat + Artificial Soling UV/Humidity + Artificial Soiling Humidity Freeze + Artificial Soiling CASS + Sand Abrasion NSS + Sand Abrasion UV/humidity + Sand Abrasion Microscopic comparison of degradation mechanism Selection of most realistic accelerated tests Develop correlations for each mechanism individually Definition of testing sequence and parameters (testing times) Guideline for durability testing of aluminum reflectors
20 Chart 20 Correlating Accelerated Aging to Outdoor Exposure Tests Top coating erosion PVD-layer corrosion Pitting corrosion Micropitting PVD-layer Deposits DIN52348 (Sand ISO9227 (NSS), ISO9227 CASS, 100h ISO11507 (UV/humidity), ISO soiled surface trickling test) 1000h 1000h with Tabernas dust, 1000h Silica µm
21 Chart 21 Degradation Mechanism: Pitting Corrosion Simulated by: CASS (ISO9227) Correlation parameter: Number of corrosion pits Equipment: Counting by eye / optical microscope Pitting corrosion (viewed in SEM) Correlation to outdoors: Site Months CASS time (h) 20 - Extreme desert 36 - (Zagora) Desert (Missour, Erfoud, Oujda, Tabernas) Coastal (Almeria, Tan Tan, Gran Canaria, Abu Dhabi)
22 Chart 22 Accelerated aging procedure of aluminum reflectors Mechanism Pitting Site Months CASS (h) Extreme Desert Desert Coastal site Top coating erosion Sand trickling (g) PVDcorrosion Micropitting Typical specular CASS (h) UV/humidity (h) reflectance 660nm, 12.5mrad (20%)* % (45%)* % %** (5%)* % (5%)* % *Measured/estimated average outdoor values in brackets ** estimated value based on slightly modified procedure
23 Chart 23 Summary Durability tests/lifetime prediction of components is crucial Testing/Outdoor exposure infrastructure exists Standardization is an ongoing task Standard with minimum requirements for glass mirrors exists Guideline with site-specific tests for aluminum reflectors was developed and is under research for reflectors in general
24 Chart 24 Thank your for your attention! Contact:
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