Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Common and Unusual Enterococcus species Isolated from Clinical Specimens
|
|
- Judith Booker
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Original Article Vol. 24 No. 2 Isolation and sensitivity pattern of enterococci:- Chaudhary U, et al. 55 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Common and Unusual Enterococcus species Isolated from Clinical Specimens Uma Chaudhary, M.D. (Microbiology)* Madhu Shamma, M.D. (Microbiology)** Aparana Yadav, M.D. (Microbiology)*** ABSTRACT Multidrug-resistant enterococci are emerging as a leading nosocomial pathogen. Knowledge of the antimicrobial resistance profile is essential to formulate treatment guidelines for infections caused by enterococci. A total of 260 enterococcal strains were isolated from various clinical specimens between March 2004 and December 2005 at the Department of Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India. They were speciated, and an antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined in 72 percent of strains isolated. E. faecalis was the most common species in all clinical specimens except in blood cultures in which E. faecium was more common (50%). Polymicrobial infection was noted in 46 (17%) of the isolates. The maximum susceptibility was observed with vancomycin (98%), followed by teicoplanin (88%), linezolid (79%), novobiocin (78%), spectinomycin (55%), and doxycycline (51%). Obtaining effective control of multidrug-resistant enterococci would require prudent antibiotic usage, better isolation procedures in hospital and other patient care environments, and also improved and rapid surveillance measures. (J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents 2007;24:55-62.) INTRODUCTION Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in enterococci not only because of their ability to cause serious infections like endocarditis, bacteremia, and intraabdominal infections but also because of increasing resistance to many antimicrobial agents. 1 Risk factors for developing enterococcal infections are prolonged hospitalization especially in intensive care units (ICUs), surgical procedures following liver transplants, immunocompromised states, breakdown of normal physical barriers (gastrointestinal, skin, and urinary tract), and neurosurgical procedures. *Senior Professor & Head, M.D. (Microbiology), Department of Microbiology, PGIMS,Rohtak. **Senior Resident, M.D. (Microbiology), Department of Microbiology, PGIMER Chandigarh. ***Associate Professor, M.D. (Microbiology), Department of Microbiology, PGIMS, Rohtak. Received for publication: April 20, Reprint request: Dr. Aparna, Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak shamataluja@yahoo.com Keywords: Enterococcus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, aminoglycoside resistance, susceptibility 55
2 56 J INFECT DIS ANTIMICROB AGENTS May-Aug Enterococcus faecalis causes percent of human enterococcal infections while E. faecium accounts for majority of the remainder. Other Enterococcus spp. including E. avium, E. casseliflavus, E. durans, E. gallinarum, E. hirae, E. malodoratus, E. mundtii, E. raffinosus, and E. solitarius are infrequent causes of human infections. 2 Enterococci are intrinsically resistant to many antimicrobial agents including aminoglycosides, clindamycin, antistaphylococcal penicillins (oxacillin, methicillin, and nafcillin), cephalosporins, and most fluoroquinones. 3 A combination of penicillin and gentamicin has been the mainstay of the treatment of enterococcal infections until recently but with the emergence of high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR), vancomycin is now the only alternative available. The widespread use of glycopeptides in hospitals has led to the emergence of vancomycinresistant enterococci (VRE) which is a now a major concern for health care professionals. Knowledge of the profile of antimicrobial resistance is essential to formulate the treatment guidelines for infections caused by enterococci. This study reports the isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of common and unusual Enterococcus species isolated from clinical specimens of patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Haryana, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in the Microbiology Department of Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India. A retrospective study was conducted over a period from March 2004 to December 2005 in which 260 strains of enterococci were isolated from various clinical specimens (N=1445). The analyzed specimens originated from the urine, pus, blood, sputum, throat swab, stool, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and body fluids. The specimens were plated on blood and McConkey agar plates which were incubated at 37 C for hours. Enterococci were identified and speciated by using conventional test scheme suggested by Facklam. 4 All isolates identified as enterococci were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the modified Stoke s disc diffusion method using reference strain, E. faecalis NCTC Inocula were prepared from overnight growth on a blood agar plate by suspending seven to eight morphologically similar colonies in glucose broth. Each inoculum was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard. The antibiotic susceptibility was carried out on brain heart infusion agar (Hi-media Mumbai, India). All strains were tested for susceptibility using penicillin (10 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), imipenem (10 µg), meropenem (10 µg), vancomycin (30 µg), teicoplanin (30 µg), gentamicin (120 µg), rifampicin (5 µg), norfloxacin (10 µg), doxycycline (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), nitrofurantoin for urine isolates (300 µg), spectinomycin (100 µg), novobiocin (30 µg), and linezolid (30 µg) disks. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by using the standard agar dilution method for all the antibiotics except vancomycin and gentamicin for which agar screening method was used. 6 RESULTS A total of 260 enterococci were isolated from various clinical specimens (N=1,445) during the study period. Based on the biochemical reactions, only 234 enterococci could be speciated. E. faecalis (72.3%) was the most common species isolated in all clinical specimens except in blood cultures where E. faecium (50%) was the most common isolate (Table 1). Twelve enterococci showed atypical reactions including 5 mannitol-negative variant of E. faecalis-like species, 3 arginine-negative E. faecalis-like species, 3 mannitol-
3 Vol. 24 No. 2 Isolation and sensitivity pattern of enterococci:- Chaudhary U, et al. 57 negative variant of E. faecium like species, and 1 arginine-negative E. casseliflavus-like species. These enterococci were isolated from clinical specimens including the pus, urine, blood CSF, stool, and vaginal swabs (Table 2). The pus specimens were obtained from patients with burn wound and empyema. Urine specimens were obtained from patients with polyarthritis, urinary tract infection, sepsis with uterine perforation, vesico-vaginal fistula, tuberculosis with urinary tract infection, while blood specimens were obtained from patients with neonatal jaundice, empyema, tuberculosis, sepsis with uterine perforation, cirrhosis, hepatitis, Tetralogy of Fallot with suspected brain abscess, and rheumatic heart disease. CSF specimens were obtained from patients with tuberculosis and Tetralogy of Fallot. Other 16 enterococci were isolated from stool specimens and vaginal swabs. The infection was polymicrobial in 46 (17.7%) patients. Along with enterococci, other organisms including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida spp. were also isolated (Table 3). Table 4 shows the susceptibility patterns of various species of enterococci to different antimicrobial agents. Maximum subceptibility was observed with vancomycin (98.1%), followed by teicoplanin (88.57%), linezolid (79.44%), novobiocin (78.94%), spectinomycin (55%), imipenem (53.3%), and doxycycline (51%). The susceptibility to other drugs was very low. All the species were maximally susceptible to vancomycin except for E. casseliflavus which showed maximum susceptibility to linezolid. DISCUSSION Despite the fact that enterococci have been considered to be relatively low virulent, in the past few years these organisms, among all nosocomial pathogens, have emerged as a significant concern. Data indicates that incidence of nosocomial enterococcal infections have been increasing, and enterococci have become the second leading cause of nosocomial infections. 7-9 Various species isolated in our study were E. faecalis (72.3%), E. faecium (17.3%), E. raffinosus (2.3%), E. durans (2.3%), E. casseliflavus (1.92%), Table 1. Distribution of Enterococcus species in 1,445 clinical specimens. Enterococcus species (number) Specimens (number, %) Urine Blood Pus CSF Stool and body fluids Throat swab and sputum E. faecalis 180 (72.3%) 40 (82%) 20 (40%) 36 (72%) 34 (68%) 26 (86.64%) 24 (93.33%) E. faecium 45 (17.30%) 3 (6%) 25 (50%) 4 (8%) 2 (4%) 4 (13.33%) 1 (3.33%) E. raffinosus 8 (2.3%) 2 (4%) 2 (4%) 2 (4%) 2 (4%) - - E. durans 6 (2.3%) - 1 (2%) 2 (4%) 3 (6%) - - E. casseliflavus 5 (1.92%) 1 (2%) - 1 (2%) 3 (6%) - - E. dispar 4 (1.53%) 1 (2%) 1 (2%) 1 (2%) 1 (2%) - - Unspeciated 12 (4.6%) 2 (4%) 1 (2%) 4 (8%) 5 (10%) - 1 (3.33%) Total isolates 260 (100%) CSF: cerebrospinal fluid 57
4 58 J INFECT DIS ANTIMICROB AGENTS May-Aug Table 2. The prevalence of enterococci in clinical specimens in various clinical conditions. Clinical conditions Clinical specimens Number Number of enterococci isolated Burns Pus Urine Polyarthritis with UTI Urine UTI Urine Neonatal jaundice Blood Empyema Pus Tuberculosis with/without UTI Blood 40 4 Urine CSF 50 3 Sepsis with uterine perforation Urine Blood 60 2 Cirrhosis Blood Hepatitis Blood Tetralogy of fallot with brain abscess Blood 20 5 CSF 20 2 Vesico-vaginal fistula Urine 32 5 Rheumatic heart disease with severe MS Blood 28 3 Diarrhoea Stool Vaginitis Vaginal swab 15 6 MS: mitral stenosis, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, UTI: urinary tract infection Table 3. The prevalence of concomitant organisms along with enterococci in various clinical specimens. Organism Blood Pus Urine CSF and Vaginal Stool body fluids swabs Escherichia coli Klebsiella spp Enterobacter spp Citrobacter spp Acinetobacter spp Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp Pseudomonas aeruginosa Viridans Candida spp CSF: cerebrospinal fluid
5 Vol. 24 No. 2 Isolation and sensitivity pattern of enterococci:- Chaudhary U, et al. 59 Table 4. The susceptibility of various-species of enterococci. Antibiotic Total E. faecalis E. faecium E. casseliflavus E. raffinosis E. dispar E. durans (number, %) Penicillin Imipenem Meropenem Vancomycin Teicoplanin Gentamicin Doxycycline Tetracycline Erythromycin Chloramphenicol Norfloxacin Nitrofurantoin* Rifampicin Spectinomycin Novobiocin Linezolid *Urine isolates and E. dispar (1.53%). Udo and colleagues isolated 415 enterococci during a clinical study. In their study, there were E. faecalis (85.3%), E. faecium (7.7%), E. casseliflavus (4.0%), E. avium (1.2%), E. durans (1.0%), E. gallinarum (0.5%), and E. bovis (0.2%). 10 Ghoshal and colleagues isolated 685 enterococci from clinical specimens. Of them, 67 percent were E. faecalis, and 33 percent were E. faecium. 11 In our study, E. faecalis outnumbered other enterococci in all clinical specimens except in blood cultures in which E. faecium (50%) outnumbered E. faecalis (40%) and other enterococci which is in concordance to the study of Mohanty and colleagues. 12 Enterococci isolated from various clinical specimens in our study probably do not reflect the true 59 incidence of infections caused by this organism but definitely suggest the increased frequency of their isolation. In our study, the prevalence rate of enterococci was 18 percent, compared with 22 percent in a study of urinary pathogens by Desai and collegues. 1 We found the highest prevalence of enterococci isolated from burn patients (26.9%), followed by those with polyarthritis with urinary tract infection (15.38%). Although wound colonization was high in burn patients, none had sepsis due to enterococci. Desai and collegues observed that the most frequent sources of isolated enterococci were Foley s catheters (48.21%) and burn wounds (29.51%). 1 The unusual Enterococcus species including
6 60 J INFECT DIS ANTIMICROB AGENTS May-Aug E. raffinosus, E. durans, E. casseliflavus, and E. dispar were mostly isolated from the urine, blood, pus, CSF, and body fluids. A study from South India has also shown that the most common source of enterococcal isolations were the urine, blood, and burn wound. 13 Several studies have demonstrated that E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of both hospitalized patients and non-hospitalized healthy individuals. 14,15 We could not isolate any E. gallinarum in our clinical specimens. Enterococci are usually part of a mixed flora commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and it remains difficult to differentiate colonization from true infection. Interactions among various bacteria have been demonstrated, and several studies suggest that enterococci can act synergistically with other intestinal bacteria to enhance the rate of infection. 14 In our study, the enterococcal infection was polymicrobial in 46 (17.7%) patients (Table 2). In a study from South India by Prakash and colleagues, 13 percent of enterococcal infections were polymicrobial. 12 Vancomycin usage has increased in hospitals following the emergency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The emergence of VRE is also due to the inappropriate use of cephalosporin as well as poor hospital infection control measures. 16,17 Isolates of E. faecium were found in our study to be more multi-resistant than E. faecalis. E. faecium isolates were significantly more resistant to spectinomycin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, tetracycline, and meropenem. However, the meropenem susceptibility should be interpreted with caution since the Clinical Laboratoty Standards Institute recommends only ampicillin disk diffusion method to determine imipenem susceptibility providing the species is confirmed to be E. faecalis. Dubre and colleagues reported that E. faecium isolates exhibited a higher percentage of resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and ampicillin while E. faecalis isolates were more resistant to tetracycline and penicillin. 18 Almeida and colleagues reported a higher percentage of resistance in E. faecalis to ampicillin, penicillin, aminoglycosides (highlevel resistance), chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, and erythromycin while E. faecium isolates exhibited more resistance to tetracyclines. 19 We isolated 5 VRE with MIC of 32 µg/ml. Of these, 2 were E. faecalis, and 3 E. faecium. 4 VRE were isolated from the stool, and 1 vancomycin-resistant E. faecium was isolated from the blood. The emergence of VRE is a cause of concern because of the limited therapeutic options for treating serious infections and because of their potential to transfer vancomycin resistance genes to other organisms such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Conjugative in vitro transfer of resistance genes to S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and group A and viridans streptococci have been reported. 20 Regarding the unusual species of Enterococcus, the susceptibility patterns did not show any major differences except for E. casseliflavus which showed 100-percent susceptibility to linezolid. These unusual species showed better susceptibility towards linezolid and novobiocin than E. faecalis and E. faecium. In conclusion, an identification of enterococcal isolates to the species level in the clinical microbiology laboratory is useful because it can help predict patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility. The emergence of glycopeptide resistance in this bacterial genus, especially in E. faecium, is of concern because of a very few antibiotics that are active against these bacteria. Moreover, since in certain strains, the resistance is mediated by self transferable plasmids with a broad-host range, one can confidently predict the dissemination of this new type of resistance to other Gram-positive human pathogens. 8 The appearance of plasmid-mediated transferable resistance to major antibiotic classes emphasizes, once more, not only on
7 Vol. 24 No. 2 Isolation and sensitivity pattern of enterococci:- Chaudhary U, et al. 61 the necessity for more discriminate use of new drugs but also for continuous efforts to find or design antimicrobial agents. Thus, we suggest intensified actions to promote more the rational use of antibiotics in health care settings, more surveillance studies in order to monitor changes in enterococcal resistance patterns and the adoption of measures to prevent the spreading of genetically related resistance isolates. References 1. Desai PJ, Pandit D, Mathur M, Gogati A. Prevalence, identification and distribution of various species of enterococci isolated from clinical specimens with special reference to urinary tract infection in catheterized patients. Ind J Med Microbiol 2001;19: Jett BD, Huycke MM, Gilmore MS. Virulence of enterococci. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994;7: French GL. Enterococci and vancomycin resistance. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27(Suppl 1):S Facklam RR, Collins MD. Identification of Enterococcus species isolated from human infections by a conventional test scheme. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: Agarwal KC. Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc diffusion method: standardization and interpretation. Indian J Pathol Bacteriol 1974;17: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Sixteenth informational supplement. Vol. 26 No. 3. Approved standard M2-A9. Wayne, PA: CLSI, Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med 1991;91(3B):72S-75S. 8. Murray BE. Diversity among multidrug-resistant enterococci. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4: Nelson RR, McGregor KF, Brown AR, Amyes SG, Young H. Isolation and characterization of 61 glycopeptide-resistant enterococci from hospitalized patients over a 30-month period. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38: Udo EE, Al Sweih N, Phillips OA, Chugh TD. Species prevalence and antibacterial resistance of enterococci isolated in Kuwait hospitals. J Med Microbiol 2003;52: Ghoshal U, Garg A, Tiwari DP, Ayyagari A. Emerging vancomycin resistance in enterococci in India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2006;49: Mohanty S, Jose S, Singhal R, et al. Species prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci isolated in a tertiary care hospital of North India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005;36: Prakash VP, Rao SR, Parija SC. Emergence of unusual species of enterococci causing infections, South India. BMC Infect Dis [online] 2005 [cited 2006 Jan 9];5(1):14. Available from: content/pdf/ pdf 14. Van Horn KG, Rodney KM. Colonization and microbiology of the motile enterococci in a patient population. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998;31: Gordts B, Van Landuyt H, Ieven M, Vandamme P, Goossens H. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonizing the intestinal tracts of hospitalized patients. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33: MacIntyre CR, Empson M, Boardman C, Sindhusake D, Lokan J, Brown GV. Risk factors for colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a Melbourne Hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22: Shlaes DM. Vancomycin-resistant bacteria. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13: Dupre I, Zanetti S, Schito AM, Fadda G, Sechi LA. Incidence of virulence determinants in clinical Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates collected in Sardinia (Italy). J Med Microbiol
8 62 J INFECT DIS ANTIMICROB AGENTS May-Aug ;52: Titze-de-Almeida R, Rollo FM, Nogueira CA, et al. Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococci recovered from Brazilian intensive care units. Braz J Infect Dis [online] 2004 [cited 2006 Jan 23];8(3): Available from: Noble WC, Virani Z, Cree RG. Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992;72:195-8.
Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary Tract Infections Overview A urine culture must ALWAYS be interpreted in the context of the urinalysis and patient symptoms. If a patient has no signs of infection on urinalysis, no symptoms of
More informationANNUAL REPORT ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BACTERAEMIA CASES IN DENMARK 2008 (part I)
ANNUAL REPORT ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BACTERAEMIA CASES IN DENMARK 2008 (part I) STAPHYLOCOCCUS LABORATORY, STATENS SERUM INSTITUT 1 Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia annual report, part I The format
More informationHUSRES Annual Report 2008 Martti Vaara. www.huslab.fi www.intra.hus.fi
HUSRES Annual Report 2008 Martti Vaara www.huslab.fi www.intra.hus.fi The basis of this HUSRES 2008 report is the HUSLAB/Whonet database 2008, which contains susceptibility data on about 180.000 bacteria
More informationAntibiotic resistance does it matter in paediatric clinical practice? Jette Bangsborg Department of Clinical Microbiology Herlev Hospital
Antibiotic resistance does it matter in paediatric clinical practice? Jette Bangsborg Department of Clinical Microbiology Herlev Hospital Background The Department of Clinical Microbiology at Herlev Hospital
More informationANNUAL REPORT ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BACTERAEMIA CASES IN DENMARK 2009 (part I)
ANNUAL REPORT ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BACTERAEMIA CASES IN DENMARK 2009 (part I) STAPHYLOCOCCUS LABORATORY, STATENS SERUM INSTITUT 1 Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia Annual Report, Part I The annual
More informationDisc Diffusion Susceptibility Methods
Disc Diffusion Susceptibility Methods Introduction When a filter paper disc impregnated with a chemical is placed on agar the chemical will diffuse from the disc into the agar. This diffusion will place
More informationGLYKOPEPTID- RESISTENS HOS ENTEROKOKKER
GLYKOPEPTID- RESISTENS HOS ENTEROKOKKER KRISTIN HEGSTAD Wirth 1994 Eur J Biochem 222:235-46 ENTEROCOCCI (1) Gram+, normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) Arias 2012 Nat Rev Microbiol 16:266-78
More informationNursing college, Second stage Microbiology Dr.Nada Khazal K. Hendi L14: Hospital acquired infection, nosocomial infection
L14: Hospital acquired infection, nosocomial infection Definition A hospital acquired infection, also called a nosocomial infection, is an infection that first appears between 48 hours and four days after
More informationManagement of Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Enterobacteriaceae in health care settings
Management of Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Enterobacteriaceae in health care settings Dr. Mary Vearncombe PIDAC-IPC February 2012 Objectives: To provide an overview of the RP/AP Annex
More informationVancomycin-Resistant Enterococci, Colonizing the Intestinal Tract of Patients in a University Hospital in Greece
BJID 2006; 10 (June) 179 Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci, Colonizing the Intestinal Tract of Patients in a University Hospital in Greece Metallidis Simeon 1, Chatzidimitriou Maria 2, Tsona Afroditi 1,
More informationWelcome to Implementing Inquirybased Microbial Project. Veronica Ardi, PhD
Welcome to Implementing Inquirybased Microbial Project Veronica Ardi, PhD Microbiology Laboratory Courses CourseSmart: ebook resources http://instructors.coursesmart.com/ Microbiology Laboratory Courses
More informationBritish Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy BSAC to actively support the EUCAST Disc Diffusion Method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing in preference to the current BSAC Disc Diffusion Method
More informationHUSRES Annual Report 2010 Martti Vaara www.huslab.fi www.intra.hus.fi
HUSRES Annual Report 2010 Martti Vaara www.huslab.fi www.intra.hus.fi Martti Vaara, 2/2011 1 The basis of this HUSRES 2010 report is the HUSLAB/Whonet database 2010, which contains susceptibility data
More informationHUSRES Annual Report 2015
HUSRES Annual Report 2015 1 This report is based on the HUSLAB/Whonet database 2015, which contains data on more than 190.000 microbes. EUCAST 2015 clinical breakpoints have mainly been used. The doses
More informationAPPENDIX B: UWHC SURGICAL ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS GUIDELINES
APPENDIX B: UWHC SURGICAL ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS GUIDELINES Principles of prophylaxis 1) Use antimicrobials for surgical procedures where prophylactic antimicrobials have been found to be beneficial.
More informationURINE CULTURES GENERAL PROCEDURE
University of Nebraska Medical Center Division of Laboratory Science Clinical Laboratory Science Program CLS 418/CLS 419 URINE CULTURES GENERAL PROCEDURE I. Principle Urine cultures are performed to detect
More informationGlobal Spread of Carbapenemase- Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae
Global Spread of Carbapenemase- Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae These pathogens arose in the mid-1990s and continue to spread, leaving few options for treating infected patients John Quale John Quale is
More informationLaboratory Exercise # 11: Differentiation of the Species Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
Laboratory Exercise # 11: Differentiation of the Species Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to explore the differences between Staphylococcal species and
More informationA baseline survey of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from selected New Zealand foods, 2009 2010
A baseline survey of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from New Zealand foods, 2009 2010 MAF Technical Paper No: 2011/53 Helen Heffernan 1, Teck Lok Wong 2, Jennifer Lindsay 2, Barbara Bowen1 and Rosemary
More informationUrinary Tract Infections
Urinary Tract Infections Leading cause of morbidity and health care expenditures in persons of all ages. An estimated 50 % of women report having had a UTI at some point in their lives. 8.3 million office
More informationVancomycin resistance among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from intensive care units of tertiary care hospitals in Hyderabad
Indian J Med Res 134, November 2011, pp 704-708 Vancomycin resistance among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from intensive care units of tertiary care hospitals in Hyderabad Venubabu
More informationNosocomial Antibiotic Resistance in Multiple Gram-Negative Species: Experience at One Hospital with Squeezing the Resistance Balloon at Multiple Sites
INVITED ARTICLE HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY Robert A. Weinstein, Section Editor Nosocomial Antibiotic Resistance in Multiple Gram-Negative Species: Experience at One Hospital with Squeezing the Resistance
More informationSHEA Position Paper. Vol. 18 No. 4 INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 275
Vol. 18 No. 4 INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 275 SHEA Position Paper Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention
More informationVenkatadri Babu. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2014; 5(1): 66-70.
66 e- ISSN 0976-3651 Print ISSN 2229-7480 International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research Journal homepage: www.ijbpr.com IJBPR MULTIDRUG RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE
More informationSusceptibility Testing of Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecium
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 1992, p. 41-45 0095-1137/92/010041-05$02.00/0 Copyright 1992, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 30, No. 1 Susceptibility Testing of Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus
More informationLiofilchem - Antibiotic Disk Interpretative Criteria and Quality Control - F14013 - Rev.7 / 20.02.2013
Liofilchem Antibiotic Disk Interpretative Criteria and Quality Control F0 Rev.7 /.02. Amikacin AK Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid AUG (+) ATCC 352 Coagulasenegative staphylococci Amoxicillin + Clavulanic
More informationSEA-HLM-415 Distribution: General. Establishment of national laboratory-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance
SEA-HLM-415 Distribution: General Establishment of national laboratory-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance World Health Organization 2011 All rights reserved. Requests for publications, or for
More informationHow To Treat Mrsa From A Dead Body
HUSRES Annual Report 2012 Martti Vaara www.huslab.fi www.intra.hus.fi Martti Vaara 2013 1 The basis of this HUSRES 2012 report is the HUSLAB/Whonet database 2012, which contains susceptibility data on
More informationBBL Mueller Hinton II Agar L007393 Rev. 11 July 2006
! I II BBL Mueller Hinton II Agar L007393 Rev. 11 July 2006 QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES INTRODUCTION Mueller Hinton II Agar is used in the standardized disc diffusion procedure for determining the susceptibility
More informationVersion 11.1 May 2012
BSAC Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Version 11.1 May 2012 All enquiries to: Jenny Andrews at: + 44 (0) 121 507 5693 Email: jenny.andrews1@nhs.net Contents Page Working Party members 5
More informationDrug Sensitivity Pattern ofe. coli Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients
The Journal of International Medical Research 1996; 24: 296-301 in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients F JINNAH\ M S ISLAM\ M A K RUMI\ M G MORSHED 2 AND F H UQ3 'Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
More informationAnnual Report on Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia Cases 2006
Annual Report on Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia Cases 2006 STAPHYLOCOCCUS LABORATORY, STATENS SERUM INSTITUT, 2006 Members of the Danish Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia group Thomas Benfield, Dr. med.
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance and Human Health
Antimicrobial Resistance and Human Health Dearbháile Morris, Discipline of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway The microbial world The is a gene Talk cloud in a The
More informationHow To Treat Mrsa In Finnish
HUSRES Annual Report 2013 Martti Vaara www.huslab.fi www.intra.hus.fi Martti Vaara 2014 1 The basis of this HUSRES 2013 report is the HUSLAB/Whonet database 2013, which contains susceptibility data on
More informationAdjustment of antibiotic treatment according to the results of blood cultures leads to decreased antibiotic use and costs
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2006) 57, 326 330 doi:10.1093/jac/dki463 Advance Access publication 29 December 2005 Adjustment of antibiotic treatment according to the results of blood cultures
More informationBACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF BURNS INFECTION Shareen George 1, K. G. Basavarajappa 2, A. R. Hanumanthappa 3
BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF BURNS INFECTION Shareen George 1, K. G. Basavarajappa 2, A. R. Hanumanthappa 3 HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Shareen George, K. G. Basavarajappa, A. R. Hanumanthappa. Bacteriological
More informationMedical Microbiology Microscopic slides and media
Medical Microbiology Microscopic slides and media Head of Microbiology Department and Laboratory Medical Immunology : Janina Grzegorczyk MD, PhD, professor Implementators: Małgorzata Brauncajs MD Zbigniew
More informationThe Five Intravenous Antibiotics You Need to Know
The Five Intravenous Antibiotics You Need to Know Ray Geyer, DO Infectious Disease Specialist Medical Director, Benefis Infection Prevention Empirical Antimicrobial Prescribing: Save the Patient and Kill
More informationJames T. Dwyer DO, FACOI
Antibiotics in the Surgical Patient James T. Dwyer DO, FACOI Objectives Define current prophylactic recommendations for the use of antibiotics in the surgical patient List current antibiotics available
More informationHelsingin ja Uudenmaan alueen herkkyystilastoja 2004. www.huslab.fi www.intra.hus.fi
Helsingin ja Uudenmaan alueen herkkyystilastoja 2004 www.huslab.fi www.intra.hus.fi Staph. aureus 2004 (%R+I) Pus and blood isolates at six hospitals (M,T,L,K,N,Ma) in Helsinki University Central Hospital,
More informationThe 14th EURL-AR Proficiency Test - enterococci, staphylococci and E. coli 2013. Lina Cavaco Susanne Karlsmose Rene S. Hendriksen Frank M.
The 14th EURL-AR Proficiency Test - enterococci, staphylococci and E. coli 2013 Lina Cavaco Susanne Karlsmose Rene S. Hendriksen Frank M. Aarestrup The 14TH EURL-AR Proficiency Test Enterococci, Staphylococci
More informationCatheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) Prevention. Basics of Infection Prevention 2 Day Mini-Course 2013
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) Prevention Basics of Infection Prevention 2 Day Mini-Course 2013 2 Objectives Define the scope of healthcare-associated urinary tract infections (UTI)
More informationIntra-abdominal abdominal Infections
Intra-abdominal abdominal Infections Marnie Peterson, Pharm.D., BCPS Dept. of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Medical School University of Minnesota Intra-abdominal abdominal Infections Intra-abdominal abdominal
More informationWhy Do Some Antibiotics Fail?
Why Do Some Antibiotics Fail? Patty W. Wright, M.D. April 2010 Objective To outline common reasons why antibiotic therapy is not successful and how this can be avoided. And to teach you a little bit about
More informationAntimicrobial Activity and Spectrum of PPI-0903M (T-91825), a Novel Cephalosporin, Tested against a Worldwide Collection of Clinical Strains
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Aug. 2005, p. 3501 3512 Vol. 49, No. 8 0066-4804/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/aac.49.8.3501 3512.2005 Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationSURGICAL ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS. Steve Johnson, PharmD, BCPS Prime Therapeutics, Inc
SURGICAL ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS Steve Johnson, PharmD, BCPS Prime Therapeutics, Inc OBJECTIVES Discuss antibiotic use as prophylaxis vs presumptive therapy vs treatment of infections. Discuss risk factors
More informationBD Modified CNA Agar BD Modified CNA Agar with Crystal Violet
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE READY-TO-USE PLATED MEDIA PA-255082.02 Rev.: June 2003 BD Modified CNA Agar BD Modified CNA Agar with Crystal Violet INTENDED USE BD Modified CNA Agar is a selective medium for the
More informationNewYork-Presbyterian Hospital Sites: Columbia University Medical Center Guideline: Medication Use Manual Page 1 of 12
Page 1 of 12 TITLE: ANTIBIOTICS IN ADULT PATIENTS EMPIRIC USE GUIDELINES, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER MEDICATION GUIDELINE PURPOSE: These are the 2011 guidelines for the empiric use of antibiotics
More informationBD Phoenix Automated Microbiology System
BD Phoenix Automated Microbiology System Resistance Detection Workflow Efficiency Analysis and Communication BD Diagnostics 7 Loveton Circle Sparks, MD 115-0999 800.638.8663 www.bd.com/ds CHROMagar is
More informationStudy of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections and determination of their susceptibility to antibiotics
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology (2009); 2(3): 118-123 118 Original article Study of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections and determination of their susceptibility to antibiotics Mansour
More informationPractice Guidelines. Updated Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Intra-abdominal Infections
Updated Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Intra-abdominal Infections CARRIE ARMSTRONG Guideline source: Surgical Infection Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America Literature search described?
More informationDiagnostic Techniques: Urine Culture
Diagnostic Techniques: Urine Culture Melissa Schreiber, Presenter: Valencia College, Orlando, FL mschreiber@valenciacollege.edu Objectives: After completing this project the students should be able to:
More informationSELECTIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA
SELECTIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA Selective and differential media are used to isolate or identify particular organisms. Selective media allow certain types of organisms to grow, and inhibit the growth
More informationState of Kuwait Ministry of Health Infection Control Directorate. Guidelines for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection (SSI)
State of Kuwait Ministry of Health Infection Control Directorate Guidelines for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) September 1999 Updated 2007 Surgical Wound: According to 1998 Kuwait National
More informationStaphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection Treatment Guideline
Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection Treatment Guideline Purpose: To provide a framework for the evaluation and management patients with Methicillin- Susceptible (MSSA) and Methicillin-Resistant
More informationShort Report: Failure of Burkholderia pseudomallei to Grow in an Automated Blood Culture System
Accepted for Publication, Published online October 13, 2014; doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0018. The latest version is at http://ajtmh.org/cgi/doi/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0018 In order to provide our readers with timely
More informationCOMPOSITION: Each capsule contains clindamycin hydrochloride equivalent to 150 mg clindamycin base.
APPROVED PACKAGE INSERT DALACIN C 150 mg CAPSULES SCHEDULING STATUS: S4 PROPRIETARY NAME (and dosage form): DALACIN C TM 150 mg (Capsules) COMPOSITION: Each capsule contains clindamycin hydrochloride equivalent
More informationSURGICAL PROPHYLAXIS: ANTIBIOTIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADULT PATIENTS
Page 1 of 8 TITLE: SURGICAL PROPHYLAXIS: ANTIBIOTIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADULT PATIENTS GUIDELINE: Antibiotics are administered prior to surgical procedures to prevent surgical site infections. PURPOSE:
More informationGuidelines for Antimicrobial Stewardship in Hospitals in Ireland. A Strategy for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ireland
A Strategy for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ireland Guidelines for Antimicrobial Stewardship in Hospitals in Ireland Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship Working Group Guidelines for Antimicrobial
More informationSecondary bacterial infections complicating skin lesions
J. Med. Microbiol. Vol. 51 (2002), 808 812 # 2002 Society for General Microbiology ISSN 0022-2615 REVIEW ARTICLE Secondary bacterial infections complicating skin lesions ITZHAK BROOK Department of Pediatrics,
More informationGLOBAL OVERVIEW OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE STD AGENTS
GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE STD AGENTS IN Dr.P.Bhalla Director Professor and Head Dept. of Microbiology Maulana Azad Medical College New Delhi, INDIA STDs & RTIs l HIV l Gonococcal infections/
More informationVANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI INFECTIONS IN CANADIAN ACUTE-CARE HOSPITALS
INFECTIOUS DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI INFECTIONS IN CANADIAN ACUTE-CARE HOSPITALS SURVEILLANCE REPORT JANUARY 1, 1999 TO DECEMBER 31, 2011 PROTECTI NG C ANADIANS FROM
More information2013 Indiana Healthcare Provider and Hospital Administrator Multi-Drug Resistant Organism Survey
2013 Indiana Healthcare Provider and Hospital Administrator Multi-Drug Resistant Organism Survey Antibiotic resistance is a global issue that has significant impact in the field of infectious diseases.
More informationOptimizing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Reporting
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 2011, p. S15 S19 0095-1137/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/jcm.00712-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. VOL. 49, NO. 9 SUPPL. Optimizing
More informationComparison of effectiveness of sterile vs. clean technique for indwelling catheter care in preventing urinary tract infection
Comparison of effectiveness of sterile vs. clean technique for indwelling catheter care in preventing urinary tract infection Monika Dutta, Prem Verma, A.K. Mandal Abstract : Indwelling urinary catheterization
More informationWorld Health Organization Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response
WHO/CDS/CSR/DRS/2001.7 Infection control programmes to contain antimicrobial resistance Lindsay E. Nicolle World Health Organization Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response This document
More informationOscar E. Guzman, PharmD, BCPS
P Chapter 32 Antibiotic Streamlining Oscar E. Guzman, PharmD, BCPS Introduction Antibiotic streamlining is one of the most important methods pharmacists can use to encourage appropriate antibiotic use,
More informationGUIDELINES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
GUIDELINES Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Guidelines for Developing an Institutional Program to Enhance Antimicrobial Stewardship Timothy
More informationMassachusetts Department of Developmental Services MRSA, VRE, and C. Diff Management Protocol
Massachusetts Department of Developmental Services MRSA, VRE, and C. Diff Management Protocol PURPOSE: To provide guidance for personnel in order to prevent the spread of Antibiotic Resistant Microorganisms
More informationSurveillance cultures PRO. Kurt Espersen ICU 4131 Rigshospitalet Copenhagen
Kurt Espersen ICU 4131 Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Difficult to Diagnose Systemic Candidal Infection Immunsuppression in critically ill patients Frequent manifestation of fungus in ICU Fungi were isolated
More informationEnumerating Chromogenic Agar Plates Using the Color QCOUNT Automated Colony Counter
P3-4 IAFP, 06 Enumerating Chromogenic Agar Plates Using the Color QCOUNT Automated Colony Counter EILEEN GARRY, GRACE OUATTARA, PATRICK WILLIAMS, AND MEREDITH PESTA SPIRAL BIOTECH, INC., NORWOOD, MA Two
More informationLecture Outline. Quinolones
Lecture Outline Quinolones Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Miscellaneous antimicrobials - Metronidazole Daptomycin Cases Quinolones Bactericidal broad spectrum antibiotics Increasingly used because of their
More informationCriteria to Define CLABSI and SSI
Criteria to Define CLABSI and SSI Teresa C. Horan, MPH Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Objectives Review BSI and SSI criteria Review
More informationNational Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System - Enteric Bacteria. A program to monitor antimicrobial resistance in humans and animals
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System - Enteric Bacteria A program to monitor antimicrobial resistance in humans and animals Antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens is an important
More informationBiological Sciences Initiative
Biological Sciences Initiative HHMI Student Activities Measuring Antibiotic Resistance Introduction: You might be aware that antibiotics were once thought of as a magic bullet; a nearly perfect drug for
More informationHelsingin ja Uudenmaan alueen herkkyystilastoja 2003. www.infektiofoorumi.fi www.huslab.fi www.intra.hus.fi
Helsingin ja Uudenmaan alueen herkkyystilastoja 2003 www.infektiofoorumi.fi www.huslab.fi www.intra.hus.fi 12 10 Staph. aureus Pus and blood isolates % R+I, at HUCH (7 hospitals) [one isolate/patient (the
More informationRecommendations for Metrics for Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings: SHEA/HICPAC Position Paper
infection control and hospital epidemiology october 2008, vol. 29, no. 10 shea/hicpac position paper Recommendations for Metrics for Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings: SHEA/HICPAC Position
More informationPACKAGE LEAFLET. CLINDAMYCIN capsules Clidamycin. One capsule of 75 mg contains 75 mg Clindamycin (as hydrochloride).
PACKAGE LEAFLET CLINDAMYCIN capsules Clidamycin COMPOSITION One capsule of 75 mg contains 75 mg Clindamycin (as hydrochloride). One capsule of 150 mg contains 150 mg Clindamycin (as hydrochloride). PROPERTIES
More informationHOW TO WRITE AN UNKNOWN LAB REPORT IN MICROBIOLOGY
HOW TO WRITE AN UNKNOWN LAB REPORT IN MICROBIOLOGY GENERAL Unknown reports in microbiology are written in scientific format. Scientific writing is written differently from other types of writing. The results
More informationSolid Organ Transplantation
Solid Organ Transplantation Infection Prevention And Control Transplant Atlantic 2011 October 13/2011 Kathy Hart Introduction In the past several years, the drugs that we use, the surgeries themselves,
More informationCourse Outline and Syllabus for Students
Course Outline and Syllabus for Students Name: Ian Crandall Course Number: PHM242H1 Course Title: Microbiology of Infectious Diseases Course Description: The course provides a brief introduction to the
More informationUrinary tract infections caused by extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(73), pp. 16661-16666, 21 November, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ajb DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.2449 ISSN 1684 5315 2011 Academic Journals Full
More informationGeneral Trends in Infectious Disease
General Trends in Infectious Disease Four phenomena underline the increase in ID problems: Aging population Increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients Increased mobility of the population Newly emerging
More informationAppendix M: Guidelines for the Prophylaxis and Management of Intraabdominal, Biliary, and Appendiceal Infections
Appendix M: Guidelines for the Prophylaxis and Management of Intraabdominal, Biliary, and Appendiceal Infections University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics Intraabdominal Infections Prophylaxis and Management
More informationLabquality External Quality Assessment Programmes General Bacteriology 1 4/2010
Labquality External Quality Assessment Programmes General Bacteriology 1 4/2010 Photos and text: Markku Koskela, M.D., Ph.D. Clinical microbiology specialist Oulu, Finland Sample 13/2010 Cerebrospinal
More informationVersion 12 May 2013. BSAC Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. All enquiries to: Mandy Wootton. Email: Mandy.Wootton@wales.nhs.
BSAC Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Version 12 May 2013 All enquiries to: Mandy Wootton Email: Mandy.Wootton@wales.nhs.uk Telephone: +44 (0) 2920 746581 Contents Page Working Party members
More informationNosocomial Bloodstream Infections in Brazilian Hospitals: Analysis of 2,563 Cases from a Prospective Nationwide Surveillance Study
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 2011, p. 1866 1871 Vol. 49, No. 5 0095-1137/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/jcm.00376-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Nosocomial Bloodstream
More informationMEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 603 OR POPULATION HEALTH SCIENCES 603 CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH MICROBIOLOGY January 18-May 6, 2011
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 603 OR POPULATION HEALTH SCIENCES 603 CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH MICROBIOLOGY January 18-May 6, 2011 Lectures: M, W, F 1:20-2:30 P.M. ( All lectures will be ~ 70 Minutes ) Office Hours
More informationPOST-OPERATIVE INFECTIONS: PHYSICIAN S PERSPECTIVES
POST-OPERATIVE INFECTIONS: PHYSICIAN S PERSPECTIVES 1 : 12 B.B. Sarkar, Kolkata Infection is an important arbiter of success or failure of surgical practice and it is the most common form of postoperative
More informationDART 2020. Fighting antibiotic resistance for the good of both humans and animals
DART 2020 Fighting antibiotic resistance for the good of both humans and animals DART 2020 Fighting antibiotic resistance for the good of both humans and animals 3 DART 2020 With many infectious diseases,
More informationTreatment of skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in adults
1 of 6 9/24/2010 11:16 AM Official reprint from UpToDate www.uptodate.com 2010 UpToDate Treatment of skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in adults Author
More informationBeta-lactam antibiotics - Cephalosporins
Beta-lactam antibiotics - Cephalosporins Targets - PBP s Activity - Cidal - growing organisms (like the penicillins) Principles of action - Affinity for PBP s Permeability ypropertiesp Stability to bacterial
More informationTHE INCIDENCE OF NOSOCOMIAL URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS: KENYATTA NATIONAL HOSPITAL - INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
Baraton Interdisciplinary Research Journal (2011) 1 (2), 12-21 THE INCIDENCE OF NOSOCOMIAL URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS: KENYATTA NATIONAL HOSPITAL - INTENSIVE CARE UNIT 1 *Hannah K. Inyama, 2 Gunturu Revathi,
More informationANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE THREATS. in the United States, 2013
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE THREATS in the United States, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword... 5 Executive Summary.... 6 Section 1: The Threat of Antibiotic Resistance... 11 Introduction.... 11 National Summary
More informationKey words: antibiotics, antiseptics, resistance, burns, comlications, microorganisms.
Nazarchuk Oleksandr, Nahaichuk Vasyl, Paliy Viktor, Kovalenko Iryna. Microbiological aspects of the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(6):19-28. ISSN 2391-8306.
More informationUrinary Tract Infection and Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Guidance
Urinary Tract Infection and Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Guidance Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common indication for antimicrobial use in hospitals and a significant proportion of this use is
More informationDRUG USE EVALUATION REPORT. Investigating Meropenem usage at the Colonial War Memorial Hospital from October 2013 to October 2014
DRUG USE EVALUATION REPORT Investigating Meropenem usage at the Colonial War Memorial Hospital from October 2013 to October 2014 MARCH 2015 Acknowledgements This report has been written through the collaborative
More informationProtein Synthesis Inhibitors
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Macrolides - Lincosamides Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Oxazolidinones Streptogramins Lecture Outline Description of protein synthesis - translation Antibiotics
More information