Chokes. Types Reasons Basics of Operations Application
|
|
- Gary Gibbs
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chokes Types Reasons Basics of Operations Application
2 Most Common Chokes Positive: Fixed orifice Disassemble to change bean Adjustable Provides variable orifice size through external adjustment
3 Schematic of an adjustable choke A choke is a restriction in a flow line that causes a pressure drop or reduces the rate of flow. It commonly uses a partially blocked orifice or flow path. Restriction
4 Variable Chokes - good for bringing wells on gradually and optimizing natural gas lift flow in some cases. Prone to washouts from high velocity, particles, droplets. Solutions - hardened chokes (carbide components), chokes in series, dual chokes on
5 Beans are fixed (non adjustable) orifices ID size is in 64 ths of an inch. ID
6 Choke Uses Control Flow achieve liquid lift Maximize use best use of gas (lift?) Protect equipment abrasion and erosion Cleanup best use of backflow energy Control circulation holds a back pressure Control pressures at surface (during flow) Control injection on injection line
7 Pressure Drop Action Increased velocity (from gas expansion) Vaporization (flashing) of light ends to gas Vaporization of water Cavitation Cooling of gas Some heating of liquids Detriments Flashing hydrocarbon light ends lost (value lost) Cavitation erosion of surfaces in and around choke Erosion solids, droplets and bubbles in high velocity flow Freezing expansion of gasses cools the area refrigeration principle
8 Pressure around the choke Inlet or well pressure, P 1 Pressure drop through the orifice Pressure recovery, P 2
9 Problems The larger the difference between the inlet and outlet pressures, the higher the potential for damage to the internals of the choke. When DP ratio (= DP/P 1 ) rises above 0.6, damage is likely. Look at choke type, materials of construction, and deployment methods (multiple chokes needed in series?)
10 Cavitation During Liquid Flow Ultra low pressure region in and immediately below choke causes bubble to form from vaporizing liquid, Recovery of pressure causes bubble to collapse; i.e., cavitation Imploding bubbles and shock waves The rapid collapse of the bubbles causes high velocity movement of liquid and damage around the site. Pressure recovery line limit of damage
11 VENA Contracta Phenomenon P r e s s u r e P 1 Delta P Recovery P 2 Distance Flow Traveled The consequences of the low pressure region in the choke can lead to severe problems with cavitation and related flashing (vaporization).
12 Flashing During Liquid Flow Vaporization of light ends, but no significant damage in this region since pressure recovery not above vapor pressure, hence bubbles don t collapse. Pressure recovery occurs downstream, damage location from high velocity?
13 Freezing Press Expansion of gas (and solutions containing gas) cools the surroundings. Excessive temp losses and presence of water vapor can form an ice plug and block flow. P 1 T 1 dp Temperature Distance Traveled T 2 P 2 Freezing Pt Recovery Recovery Temperature drop across a choke is about 1 o F for each atmosphere of pressure drop.
14 Throttling Methods Needle and seat Multiple orifice Fixed Bean Plug and Cage External Sleeve
15 Needle and Seat Simplest and least expensive adjustable Best for pressure control High Capacity
16 Multiple Orifice Quick open and close Good rate and pressure control An in-line instrument
17 Fixed Bean Best when infrequent change needed Used mostly on trees
18 Plug and Cage High capacity Good control
19 External Sleeve Superior Erosion Resistance Minimizes Body Erosion
20 Choke Sizing Control the flow maximize production Minimized vibration damage Minimize erosion damage Choke Selection based on application and sizing.
21 Choke Selection (continued) Fluid liquid, gas, or GOR of mix. Pressure both pressure drop and total pressure Temperature range of acceptable temperatures during service Solids in flow Droplets, bubbles Scale and organic deposit potential
22 Choke Sizing Cv = coefficient value Number of gallons of water per minute that will pass through a restriction with a pressure drop of 1 psi at 60 o F. Used as the flow capacity index Does not correspond to a specific throttling method.
23
24 Choke Calculation Example Note: for accuracy the upstream press must be twice downstream press. Choke Size (inches) Bore Diam (inches) Choke Coefficient MCF/D/PSIA 4/ / / / / / / / / / Example: a well is flowing through a 10/64 choke at 2175 psig WHP. What is the dry gas flow rate? 2175 psig = 2190 psia. Choke coeff. for 10/64 = Gas rate = 2190 x = 1211 mcf/d
25 Flow rate estimation by the pressure and choke size for dry gas. Q est. = 24 * (P 1 +15) * Choke size 2 /1000 For a tubing pressure of 4000 psi and a 24/64 choke, the gas flow estimate is: Q est. = (24 * ( ) * (0.375) 2 ) / 1000 Q est. = 13 to 14 mmscf/d
26 Erosion - damage caused by impingement of particles, droplets, bubbles and even liquid on any solid surface at high velocity. To reduce erosion, slow down the velocity. A choke is required for throttling, never use a gate valve. If wells must be brought on line without a choke, use the outer wing valve if rated for the job. Partly open valve an erosion area
27 Erosion in a positive of bean choke from micron sized fines and high velocity gas flow.
28 Typical flow patterns (and erosion) in a bean choke.
29 Erosion at the exit flange JPT, March 1998
30 The velocity profile and pressure drop across a choke with a large pressure drop opportunity for erosion is very high. JPT, March 1998
31 One solution to the problem is to take the pressure drop in series and hold a slight backpressure. For example, a 1000 to 0 psi pressure drop produces a 68 fold expansion in gas volume, while a 1500 to 500 psi pressure drop produces a 3 fold gas volume expansion. JPT, March 1998
32 Quiz Choke Sizing A dry gas well flows at 12 mmscf/d with a well head pressure of 2200 psi. Select a choke size and a down stream pressure that will allow flow but not create damage through the choke.
Flashing and Cavitation
As seen in the Summer 2015 issue of MAGAZINE BACK TO BASICS A high-power boiler burner in a co-generation plant Flashing and Cavitation Some of the following questions may seem unrelated, but they all
More informationVogt Valves The Connection Bulletin for Forged Steel Flow Control Valves CB 15
The Connection Bulletin for Forged Steel Flow Control Valves CB 15 Flow Control Division Forged Steel Flow Control Valves GRADUATED DIAL AND INDICATOR FULLY GUIDED V-PORT THROTTLING DISC AND INTEGRAL HARD
More informationControl ball valves for severe services. Author: Michele Ferrante, PARCOL S.p.A., Italy
Control ball valves for severe services Author: Michele Ferrante, PARCOL S.p.A., Italy Control valves are primarily classified according to the type of their obturator motion which can be linear or rotary.
More informationC. starting positive displacement pumps with the discharge valve closed.
KNOWLEDGE: K1.04 [3.4/3.6] P78 The possibility of water hammer in a liquid system is minimized by... A. maintaining temperature above the saturation temperature. B. starting centrifugal pumps with the
More informationVAL-MATIC VALVE AND MANUFACTURING CORP. 905 RIVERSIDE DRIVE, ELMHURST, IL 60126 TEL. (630) 941-7600 FAX.
Cavitation in Valves VAL-MATIC VALVE AND MANUFACTURING CORP. 905 RIVERSIDE DRIVE, ELMHURST, IL 60126 TEL. (630) 941-7600 FAX. (630) 941-8042 www.valmatic.com CAVITATION IN VALVES INTRODUCTION Cavitation
More informationCCI 100 DPC DRAG Wellhead Production Choke Valve
CCI 100 DPC DRAG Wellhead Production Choke Valve 2 Severe service DRAG choke valve delivers precise wellhead pressure control with superior reliability and life. Improves well production time Enhances
More informationSevere Service Equipment
Severe Service Equipment Introduction Pressure/Velocity Profiles in Globe Valves As a fluid travels through a conventional single-seated globe-style control valve, a vena contracta (point of narrowest
More informationVAD. Variable Area Desuperheaters
Desuperheater overview Steam used in process plants can be superheated, that is, heated to a temperature above saturation. The excess of temperature above its saturation is called 'superheat'. Desuperheated
More informationCONTROL VALVE PRESSURE DROP AND SIZING
CONTENT Chapter Description Page I Purpose of Control Valve II Type and Main Components of Control Valve 3 III Power 5 IV. Pressure Drop Across Control Valve 7 V. Symbols and Units 10 VI. Unit Conversion
More informationwww.klmtechgroup.com TABLE OF CONTENT
Page : 1 of 31 Project Engineering Standard www.klmtechgroup.com KLM Technology #03-12 Block Aronia, Jalan Sri Perkasa 2 Taman Tampoi Utama 81200 Johor Bahru Malaysia TABLE OF CONTENT SCOPE 2 REFERENCES
More informationAnti-Cavitation Trim. Eliminates cavitation damage Reduces noise Preserves valve and surrounding pipe systems. singervalve.com
Anti-Cavitation Trim Eliminates cavitation damage Reduces noise Preserves valve and surrounding pipe systems Say Goodbye to Cavitation Damage! Cavitation, a common problem in pumps and control valves,
More informationTOPIC: 191004 KNOWLEDGE: K1.01 [3.3/3.5] Which one of the following contains indications of cavitation in an operating centrifugal pump?
KNOWLEDGE: K1.01 [3.3/3.5] P21 Which one of the following contains indications of cavitation in an operating centrifugal pump? A. Low flow rate with low discharge pressure. B. Low flow rate with high discharge
More informationEquivalents & Conversion Factors 406 Capacity Formulas for Steam Loads 407 Formulas for Control Valve Sizing 408-409
Engineering Data Table of Contents Page No. I II Formulas, Conversions & Guidelines Equivalents & Conversion Factors 406 Capacity Formulas for Steam Loads 407 Formulas for Control Sizing 408-409 Steam
More informationChapter 10. Flow Rate. Flow Rate. Flow Measurements. The velocity of the flow is described at any
Chapter 10 Flow Measurements Material from Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements; Figliola, Third Edition Flow Rate Flow rate can be expressed in terms of volume flow rate (volume/time) or mass
More informationVacuum Control. Vacuum Applications. Vacuum Regulators. Vacuum Breakers (Relief Valves) Vacuum Control Devices. Vacuum Terminology
Vacuum Applications Vacuum regulators and breakers are widely used in process plants. Conventional regulators and relief valves might be suitable for service if applied correctly. This section provides
More informationMechanical Seal Piping Plans
Mechanical Seal Piping Plans Single Seals plans 01, 02, 03, 11, 13, 14, 21, 23, 31, 32, 41 Dual Seals plans 52, 53A, 53B, 53C, 54, 55 Quench Seals plans 62, 65A, 65B, 66A, 66B Gas Seals plans 72, 74, 75,
More information1301 Series High-Pressure Regulators
1301 Series High-Pressure Regulators Bulletin 71.1:1301 December 2013 P10 Figure 1. Type 1301F Regulator Features Durable Stainless Steel Diaphragm For high-outlet pressure applications. Spare Valve Disk
More informationApplication of the Orifice Meter for Accurate Gas Flow Measurement page 1. Application of the Orifice Meter for Accurate Gas Flow Measurement.
Application of the Orifice Meter for Accurate Gas Flow Measurement page 1 DANIEL MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL WHITE PAPER Application of the Orifice Meter for Accurate Gas Flow Measurement www.daniel.com Summary
More informationSpecific Volume of Liquid (Column 7). The volume per unit of mass in cubic feet per pound.
Steam Tables What They Are How to Use Them The heat quantities and temperature/ pressure relationships referred to in this Handbook are taken from the Properties of Saturated Steam table. Definitions of
More informationAPPENDIX A CONTROL VALVE TESTING PROCEDURES AND EQUATIONS FOR LIQUID FLOWS
APPENDIX A CONTROL VALVE TESTING PROCEDURES AND EQUATIONS FOR LIQUID FLOWS Section A.1. Flow Coefficients Definition The flow coefficient or pressure loss coefficient is used to relate the pressure loss
More informationRefrigeration Basics 101. By: Eric Nelson
Refrigeration Basics 101 By: Eric Nelson Basics Refrigeration is the removal of heat from a material or space, so that it s temperature is lower than that of it s surroundings. When refrigerant absorbs
More informationValve Sizing. Te chnic al Bulletin. Flow Calculation Principles. Scope. Sizing Valves. Safe Product Selection. www.swagelok.com
www.swagelok.com Valve Sizing Te chnic al Bulletin Scope Valve size often is described by the nominal size of the end connections, but a more important measure is the flow that the valve can provide. And
More informationIn-Line Air Separators
Air Elimination & Control In-Line Air Separators The AC models of air separators deliver all the quality and performance you expect from Taco products. They are built to last with shell, heads and ANSI
More information1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion
Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic
More informationSECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 22 CONDENSERS
SECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 22 CONDENSERS UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to explain the purpose of the condenser in a refrigeration system. describe differences
More informationRusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX
Refrigeration 101 Rusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX Compressor Basic Refrigeration Cycle Evaporator Condenser / Receiver Expansion Device Vapor Compression Cycle Cooling by the removal of heat
More informationC O M P L E T I O N S E R V I C E S
Well Screens Well Screens Contents ProWeld TM ProWeld TM TOP DynoFlo TM DB UniFlo HELICAL Inflow Control Screen UniFlo TM ROI Inflow Control Screen SlimFlo TM Pre-packed CoilFlo TM DB Screen Communication
More information100DHP TM CCI DRAG Control Valve For High Pressure Turbine Bypass
100DHP TM CCI DRAG Control Valve For High Pressure Turbine Bypass 2 What is a HP Turbine Bypass Valve? It routes high pressure, high temperature steam around the HP Turbine, from the main steam line typically
More informationChapter 19 Purging Air from Piping and Vessels in Hydrocarbon Service
BP Lower 48 Onshore Operations Safety Manual Page 4.19 1 Chapter 19 Purging Air from Piping and Vessels in Hydrocarbon Service I. General Requirements A. After motor vehicle accidents and underground excavation
More informationINTERNAL COMBUSTION (IC) ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION (IC) ENGINES An IC engine is one in which the heat transfer to the working fluid occurs within the engine itself, usually by the combustion of fuel with the oxygen of air. In external
More informationTEMA DESIGNATIONS OF HEAT EXCHANGERS REMOVABLE BUNDLE EXCHANGERS NON REMOVABLE BUNDLE EXCHANGERS SOURCE: WWW.WERMAC.ORG/
TEMA DESIGNATIONS OF HEAT EXCHANGERS Because of the number of variations in mechanical designs for front and rear heads and shells, and for commercial reasons, TEMA has designated a system of notations
More informationFlow Measurement Options for Pipeline and Open Channel Flow
Flow Measurement Options for Pipeline and Open Channel Flow October 2013 Presented by Molly Skorpik - 2013 Montana Association of Dam and Canal Systems Conference Irrigation Training and Research Center
More informationFlow Assurance & Operability
Flow Assurance & Operability Erosion due to sand production Date Business Name Overview 1. What causes erosion? 2. Sand production and transport 3. Sand management 4. Instrumentation / monitoring of sand
More informationOpen Cycle Refrigeration System
Chapter 9 Open Cycle Refrigeration System Copy Right By: Thomas T.S. Wan 温 到 祥 著 Sept. 3, 2008 All rights reserved An open cycle refrigeration system is that the system is without a traditional evaporator.
More informationCO 2 41.2 MPa (abs) 20 C
comp_02 A CO 2 cartridge is used to propel a small rocket cart. Compressed CO 2, stored at a pressure of 41.2 MPa (abs) and a temperature of 20 C, is expanded through a smoothly contoured converging nozzle
More informationSizing Pressure Regulators & Control Valves
Sizing Pressure Regulators & Control Valves ( ( Sizing the Pressure Regulators Sizing of regulators is usually made on the basis of Cg valve and KG sizing coefficients. Flow rates at fully open position
More informationDIRECT STEAM INJECTION HOT WATER SYSTEMS FOR JACKETED HEATING
By Philip Sutter Pick Heaters, Inc. DIRECT STEAM INJECTION HOT WATER SYSTEMS FOR JACKETED HEATING INTRODUCTION Many process plants currently use steam or hot water to heat jacketed devices such as tanks,
More informationThe Unique Accelabar Flow Meter
The Unique Accelabar Flow Meter The Accelabar is a new and unique flow meter that combines two differential pressure technologies to produce operating ranges never before attainable in a single flow meter.
More informationOpen Channel Diffusers
Open Channel Diffusers Application Information: Open channel diffusers are used to increase mixing and absorbance efficiency of a chemical solution into the process water. Specifically designed penetrations
More informationV-Cone, An Alternative to Orifice Meter in Wet Gas Applications
V-Cone, An Alternative to Orifice Meter in Wet Gas Applications Stephen A. Ifft McCrometer Inc. Hemet, California, USA Abstract This paper will discuss the use of the V-Cone differential pressure flowmeter
More informationCirculation Systems for Single and Multiple Seal Arrangements-Part Three
Circulation Systems for Single and Multiple Seal Arrangements-Part Three Gordon Buck and Ralph Gabriel, John Crane Inc. Conclusion of our series covering applications in which they are used, why they are
More informationMinor losses include head losses through/past hydrants, couplers, valves,
Lecture 10 Minor Losses & Pressure Requirements I. Minor Losses Minor (or fitting, or local ) hydraulic losses along pipes can often be estimated as a function of the velocity head of the water within
More informationTYPE E Main Valve Sizes 3 /8 through 12
SD 3001F PRINTED IN U.S.A. SD 3001F/0707 A B TYPE E MAIN VALVE C D E TYPE E Main Valve Sizes 3 /8 through 12 The Spence Type E Main Valve is of normally closed, single seat design featuring packless construction,
More informationFiltering Samples to On-Line Process Analyzers. Guidelines for Proper Filtration and Delivery of Samples to On-Line Process Analyzers
Filtering Samples to On-Line Process Analyzers Guidelines for Proper Filtration and Delivery of Samples to On-Line Process Analyzers Filtering samples to on-line analyzers Use these guidelines to ensure
More informationHow To Clean Water From An Ammonia Refrigeration System
Water Contamination and Water Removal in Industrial Ammonia Refrigeration Systems By Ray Ficker, PE Effects of Water Contamination Water contamination in an industrial ammonia refrigeration system can
More informationVAD Variable Area Desuperheaters
Local regulations may restrict the use of this product to below the conditions quoted. In the interests of development and improvement of the product, we reserve the right to change the specification without
More informationNo. Name Description Main input Data Main Output Data. cooling duty, process in/out temperature, inlet air temperature
1 AIRCOOLER Air cooler preliminary sizing cooling duty, process in/out temperature, inlet air temperature No of fans, Air cooler Dimension, bare area, no of rows, Fan Diameter, fan power 2 BLOW DOWN FACILITATOR
More informationOIL & GAS PRODUCTION AUDITING
OIL & GAS PRODUCTION AUDITING Wayne C. Dussel Offshore Measurement Supervisor El Paso Production GOM Basic Measurement Audit Steps I. Select location (s) to be reviewed. II. Review contracts, commingling
More informationAIRLESS SPRAY SYSTEMS
AIRLESS SPRAY SYSTEMS The Efficient Choice For Many Liquid Painting Applications Published by Nordson Corporation Conventional Air vs. Airless Systems: Selecting the Best Method Introduction Most paint
More informationSTEAM HEATING SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
Page 1 of 9 PURPOSE Steam is the most commonly used heating medium for maintaining process temperatures. Compared to other heating media, steam contains a significant amount of heat energy, and this heat
More informationHow To Build A Kingkong Production System
MOSAIC Certified Mariner Energy, Inc./Agip Petroleum King Kong Development Cameron MOSAIC Systems for the King Kong Field Development King Kong Development The King Kong Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Development
More informationTroubleshooting an Air Conditioning system. R D Holder Eng. Roger D Holder MSME
Troubleshooting an Air Conditioning system R D Holder Eng. Roger D Holder MSME Troubleshooting of an air conditioning system is a step by step procedure. I have found that a 4 step procedure is the best
More informationOptimization of Natural Gas Processing Plants Including Business Aspects
Page 1 of 12 Optimization of Natural Gas Processing Plants Including Business Aspects KEITH A. BULLIN, Bryan Research & Engineering, Inc., Bryan, Texas KENNETH R. HALL, Texas A&M University, College Station,
More informationIntroduction to Subsea Production System
Introduction to Subsea Production System 04 Xmas Tree Systems Bjørn Søgård Xmas Tree Systems This module will cover: Main codes for XT equipment XT Principles and functions Typical schematic Main types
More informationDesuperheater Online Program Sizing Guidance
Local regulations may restrict the use of this product to below the conditions quoted. In the interests of development and improvement of the product, we reserve the right to change the specification without
More informationPressure and Temperature Controls
Pressure and Controls Pressure Reducing Armstrong pressure reducing valves (PRVs) and temperature regulators help you manage steam, air and liquid systems safely and efficiently. And assure uninterrupted
More informationDew Point Tester. Instruction Manual. CVS Regular Chiller Model A-2. CVS Regular Chiller Model A-2
Instruction Manual Dew Point Tester The CVS Dew Point Tester is a chilled mirror apparatus, which operates by attaining the conditions necessary by the definition of dew point. When a gas is cooled out
More informationREGULATORS D& HD Series
Watson McDaniel reserves the right to change the designs and/or materials of its products out notice. 2002 Watson McDaniel Company Ductile Iron body - HD Series Full port strainer & blowdown valve on pilot
More informationAeration Air & Digester Gas Flow Metering Using Thermal Mass Technology. HWEA 2011 Conference Craig S. Johnson
Aeration Air & Digester Gas Flow Metering Using Thermal Mass Technology HWEA 2011 Conference Craig S. Johnson Presentation Overview Introduction Aeration Air & Digester gas challenges Gas flow metering
More informationGS-General Service Control Valves
GS-General Service Control Valves GS-General Service Valves The GS-General Service Valves continue Copes-Vulcan s tradition of designing and manufacturing control valves that provide both exceptional service
More informationHow To Make A High Co 2 Gas Blend
ECONOMICAL OPTION FOR CO 2 / METHANE SEPARATION IN PRODUCED GAS CONTAINING A HIGH CO 2 FRACTION F. Patrick Ross, P.E. TPR Consulting 9907 Sagecourt Drive Houston, Texas 77089 (713) 870-9208 pat.ross@att.net
More informationAir Eliminators and Combination Air Eliminators Strainers
Description Air Eliminators and Combination Air Eliminator Strainers are designed to provide separation, elimination and prevention of air in piping systems for a variety of installations and conditions.
More informationDry-out Design Considerations and Practices for Cryogenic Gas Plants
Dry-out Design Considerations and Practices for Cryogenic Gas Plants Presented at the 93 rd Annual Convention of the Gas Processors Association April 14, 2014 Dallas, Texas Joe T. Lynch, P.E., David A.
More informationSteam System Efficiency. Bill Lumsden Leidos Engineering
Steam System Efficiency Bill Lumsden Leidos Engineering Steam System Efficiency Steam System Efficiency Key Take-aways: Review of the properties of ice, water, and steam Learn the basics of steam trap
More informationMustang Series PRESSURE REDUCING CONTROL VALVE WITH PRESSURE SUSTAINING FEATURE. M115-2 (Globe) M1115-2 (Angle) Schematic. Standard Components
Schematic Throttles to reduce high upstream pressure to constant lower downstream pressure Throttles to maintain minimum upstream pressure PRESSURE REDUCING CONTROL VALVE WITH PRESSURE SUSTAINING FEATURE
More informationWhy and How we Use Capacity Control
Why and How we Use Capacity Control On refrigeration and air conditioning applications where the load may vary over a wide range, due to lighting, occupancy, product loading, ambient weather variations,
More informationOverview. Introduction Cooling Tower Basics Principles of Operation Types of Cooling Towers Common Applications Design Considerations
Stephen Lowe ASHRAE Hampton Roads Chapter Past President AECOM Design Mechanical Engineering Discipline Manager, Virginia Beach Division Professional Engineer Commonwealth of Virginia, NCEES BSME University
More informationUNDERSTANDING REFRIGERANT TABLES
Refrigeration Service Engineers Society 1666 Rand Road Des Plaines, Illinois 60016 UNDERSTANDING REFRIGERANT TABLES INTRODUCTION A Mollier diagram is a graphical representation of the properties of a refrigerant,
More informationGeothermal Alliance of Illinois. TXVs Theory and Fundamentals John Haug Senior Application Engineer Emerson Climate Technologies - Flow Controls
Geothermal Alliance of Illinois TXVs Theory and Fundamentals John Haug Senior Application Engineer Emerson Climate Technologies - Flow Controls Thermal Expansion Valve Topics Anatomy Operation Terms &
More informationOPTIMASS 6000 Technical Datasheet
OPTIMASS 6000 Technical Datasheet Sensor for mass flow The high performance meter for process industries Cryogenic, high temperature and high pressure options Supreme liquid and gas performance with CT
More informationCompressed Air Filters
Compressed Air Filters Superior Filtration for Increased Productivity What happens when you don t use an air filter? Kaeser Gives You the Air Quality You Require Ambient air contains contaminants that
More informationMichael Montgomery Marketing Product Manager Rosemount Inc. Russ Evans Manager of Engineering and Design Rosemount Inc.
ASGMT / Averaging Pitot Tube Flow Measurement Michael Montgomery Marketing Product Manager Rosemount Inc. Russ Evans Manager of Engineering and Design Rosemount Inc. Averaging Pitot Tube Meters Introduction
More informationThermostatic expansion valves type TR6 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING. Technical leaflet
Thermostatic expansion valves type REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING Technical leaflet Thermostatic expansion valves, type Contents Page Introduction........................................................................................3
More informationVacuum. How It Relates to Refrigeration And Air Conditioning Service
Vacuum How It Relates to Refrigeration And Air Conditioning Service Moisture In A Refrigeration System Visible Moisture Water Droplets Uncommon, but it can occur Invisible Moisture Water Vapor Found in
More informationINTRODUCTION SOME USES OF SPRAY NOZZLES INTRODUCTION TYPES OF SPRAY NOZZLES
SOME USES OF SPRAY NOZZLES It is important that the nozzle you select is appropriate for your particular application Liquid sprays are used in a seemingly endless variety of applications Some of the more
More informationDOUBLE SEAT BRONZE BODY HIGH CAPACITY
PS593DB HEAVY DUTY BRONZE GLOBE CONTROL VALVES DB DOUBLE SEAT BRONZE BODY HIGH CAPACITY 1, 1-1/4, 1-1/2, and 2 Union Ends ANSI Class 250 Body Rating ANSI Class II Close off Bronze or Stainless Steel Trim
More informationCharacteristics of Evaporators
Characteristics of Evaporators Roger D. Holder, CM, MSME 10-28-2003 Heat or Energy In this paper, we will discuss the characteristics of an evaporator coil. The variance of the operational condenses of
More information= water horsepower WHP brake horsepower QH WHP = (222) ( 33,000 ft-lbs/min-hp)( 7.481 gal/ft ) 1 HP=0.746 kw
Lecture 11 Pumps & System Curves I. Pump Efficiency and Power Pump efficiency, E pump E pump = water horsepower WHP brake horsepower = BHP (221) where brake horsepower refers to the input power needed
More informationMechanical Seal Piping Plans
Mechanical Seal Piping Plans Companion Booklet Single Seals Dual Seals Quench Seals Second. Cont. Dual Gas Introduction A primary factor in achieving highly reliable, effective sealing performance is to
More informationA drop forms when liquid is forced out of a small tube. The shape of the drop is determined by a balance of pressure, gravity, and surface tension
A drop forms when liquid is forced out of a small tube. The shape of the drop is determined by a balance of pressure, gravity, and surface tension forces. 2 Objectives Have a working knowledge of the basic
More informationOPTIMASS 1400 Technical Datasheet
OPTIMASS 1400 Technical Datasheet Sensor for mass flow First choice for universal applications Best price-performance ratio A wide range of options available with no restrictions The documentation is only
More informationSelf-operated Temperature Regulators Type 1 to Type 9. PN 16 to 40 Class 125 to 300 DN 15 to 250 NPS ½ to 10 G ½ to 1 Up to 350 C Up to 660 F
Self-operated Temperature Regulators Type 1 to Type 9 PN 16 to 40 Class 125 to 300 DN 15 to 250 NPS ½ to 10 G ½ to 1 Up to 350 C Up to 660 F Edition April 2012 Information Sheet T 2010 EN Self-operated
More informationEvery mathematician knows it is impossible to understand an elementary course in thermodynamics. ~V.I. Arnold
Every mathematician knows it is impossible to understand an elementary course in thermodynamics. ~V.I. Arnold Radiation Radiation: Heat energy transmitted by electromagnetic waves Q t = εσat 4 emissivity
More informationDESIGN, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPROVED DRY GAS SEAL RELIABILITY IN CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
DESIGN, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPROVED DRY GAS SEAL RELIABILITY IN CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS by John S. Stahley Manager, Product Service Engineering Dresser-Rand Company Olean, New
More informationPRESSURE REDUCER AND RELIEF VALVES WITH METALLIC BELLOW FOR WATER STEAM
PRESSURE REDUCER AND RELIEF VALVES WITH METALLIC BELLOW FOR WATER STEAM PRESSURE REDUCER AND RELIEF VALVES These devices are used to reduce and control a gaseous flow pressure (air, steam, gas ). The PRESSURE
More informationBERMAD Waterworks. Pressure Relief/Sustaining Valve. 700 Series. Model 730. Features and Benefits. Major Additional Features
Pressure Relief/Sustaining Valve Prioritizing pressure zones Ensuring controlled pipeline fill-up Preventing pipeline emptying Pump overload & cavitation protection Safeguarding pump minimum flow Excessive
More informationHYDRYER TYPE P Heat Regenerative Dryers ISO 9001 CERTIFIED
HYDRYER TYPE P Heat Regenerative Dryers ISO 9001 CERTIFIED General Air Type P Hydryer Heat Regenerative Systems Introduction General Air Type P Hydryers are electric heat regenerative dryers, designed
More informationSignature and ISX CM870 Fuel System
Signature and ISX CM870 Fuel System Cummins Ontario Training Center HPI-TP Fuel System Heavy Duty High Pressure Injection - Time Pressure Fuel System The fuel system developed for the Signature and ISX
More informationCombination Ductless Heat Pump & Heat Pump Water Heater Lab and Field Tests
August 26, 2015 REPORT #E15-294 Combination Ductless Heat Pump & Heat Pump Water Heater Lab and Field Tests Prepared by: Energy 350 107 SE Washington St., Suite 145 Portland, OR 97214 Northwest Energy
More informationHIGH TEMPERATURE TWIN SCREW PUMPS. By: David B. Parker Two Screw Product Engineer IMO Pump Warren Warren, Massachusetts
HIGH TEMPERATURE TWIN SCREW PUMPS By: David B. Parker Two Screw Product Engineer IMO Pump Warren Warren, Massachusetts David B. Parker is the Two Screw Product Engineer for IMO Pump - Warren, in Warren,
More informationPRESSURE REDUCING CONTROL VALVE
Schematics Throttles to reduce high upstream pressure to constant lower downstream pressure Low Flow By-Pass controls at low flows 4 PRESSURE REDUCING CONTROL VALVE with LOW FLOW BY-PASS FEATURE Main Line
More informationINSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS HOT GAS BYPASS SYSTEM DESIGN MANUAL
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS HOT GAS BYPASS SYSTEM DESIGN MANUAL MODELS: WA/WL44H WA/WLH WA/WL70*H NOTE: Electrical data presented in this manual supersedes any other data f the above listed models. Bard
More informationA basic introduction to steam
A basic introduction to steam FOR HOT, COLD, MOIST AND DRY, FOUR CHAMPIONS FIERCE. STRIVE HERE FOR MASTERY Milton 1666 Steam Wonderful Steam Very high heat content Recyclable Clean, non toxic Biodegradable
More informationAPI Flanged Safety Relief Valves Series 526 CATALOG
API Flanged Safety Relief Valves Series 26 CATALOG The-Safety-Valve.com 1 Valve finder How to find the right product group High operating to set pressure ratio, high backpressure or low total height? Yes
More informationTECHNIQUES FOR NATURAL GAS SAMPLING A DISCUSSION OF FIELD METHODS FOR OBTAINING SPOT SAMPLES. Randall Messman SW Regional Sales Manager
TECHNIQUES FOR NATURAL GAS SAMPLING A DISCUSSION OF FIELD METHODS FOR OBTAINING SPOT SAMPLES Randall Messman SW Regional Sales Manager PGI International 16101 Vallen Drive Houston, TX 77041 Purpose Natural
More informationEconomic and Social Council
From: André Rijnders Organisation: GFV To : Jeffrey Seisler Secretariat of the informal Group Contact person: André Rijnders Regulation addressed: Regulation 110 Date : 6 June 2013 Issue addressed LNG
More informationFluid Mechanics Prof. S. K. Som Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Fluid Mechanics Prof. S. K. Som Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 20 Conservation Equations in Fluid Flow Part VIII Good morning. I welcome you all
More informationTEST REPORT #31. System Drop-in Test of Refrigerant R-32 in Split Air-conditioning System
Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (Low-GWP AREP) TEST REPORT #31 System Drop-in Test of Refrigerant R-32 in Split Air-conditioning
More informationRosemount Orifice Plate in Wet Gas
00870-0100-4810 January 2006 Page 1 Rosemount Orifice Plate in Wet Gas This paper discusses the phenomenon of wet gas measurement, definitions, and the need to accurately measure this mixture. This paper
More informationFull Technical Catalog For Closed-loop Sampling System
Full Technical Catalog For Closed-loop Sampling System Full Technical Catalog For Closed-loop Sampling System FITOK Group FITOK GmbH (Headquarter) Sprendlinger Landstr. 115, 63069 Offenbach am Main, Germany
More information