Control of Rabies in Turkey

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1 Control of Rabies in Turkey The feasibility of oral vaccination of dogs Etlik Central Veterinary Control and Research Institute Ankara / Turkiye

2 Rabies Situation in Turkey Dog-mediated rabies 70 % of all cases reported in dogs Primary source of infection for humans is dogs

3 Incidence ce between (According to Animal Species) Species Dog Cattle Cat Sheep & Goat Donkey & Mule Horse Other Domestic Wolf Fox Badger Bear Other Wild Life n % Domestic Total Wild Life Total %95.87 %4.12

Wild Life n 2445 721 120 146 15 33 8 10 112 5 4 19 % 67.20 19.81 3.29 4.01 0.41 0.

4 Incidence ce between (According to Animal Species) Domestic Animals Dogs Wild Life

128 208 245 173 217 139 103 182 190 287 Dogs 103 117 104 181

5 Incidence

6 Fox

7 Fox

8 Fox

9 Fox

10 Incidence ce between (According to Regions) Marmara Aegean Mediterranean Central Anatolia Black sea East Anatolia South East Anatolia TOTAL

6 1 3 1 Central Anatolia 46 20 21 6 0 1 4 4 4 5 0 4 4 Black sea 34 21 67 21 0 2 11 8 10 10 4 6 4 East Anatolia 18 4 6 4 0 0 0

11 Rabies Control and Eradication GDPC Programs The General Directorate of Protection and Control The Provincial and Local Veterinary Authorities Veterinary Control and Research Institutes

12 Control Methods Control of stray dogs Vaccination Quarantine measures Public information and training programs

13 Employed Vaccines Domestic Import Kelev Kuduz Aşısı (Dose) Inactivated Rabies Vaccines (Dose)

532 227.677 219.950 182.560 215.490 167.343 172.238 Inactivated Rabies Vaccines (Dose) 94.

14 Diagnosis In nation-wide, diagnosis are performed in eight (8) Veterinary Control and Research Institutes (VCRI) Etlik Central VCRI (National Reference Lab) Others Istanbul Pendik, Izmir Bornova Samsun, Konya, Elazig, Erzurum, Adana

(VCRI) Etlik Central VCRI (National Reference Lab) Others

15 Diagnosis Fluorescent Antibody Test Mouse Inoculation Test RT-PCR RFFIT(FAVN)

17 Phylogenetic Relationship Between 198 European RABV Isolates

18 Distribution of Genetic Variants of RABV in Europe

19 The Project Project Basic Information Title: Control of rabies disease in Turkey Sector: Agriculture Location: Turkey Duration: 3 years Objectives Eradicate rabies disease in Turkey Ensure human and animal health status Conform to EU standards

Turkey Duration: 3 years Objectives Eradicate rabies disease

20 Purpose Control of rabies among animals Wild life Domestic Reduce the risk factors for humans to get infected with rabies other zoonoses caused by domestic animals Adopt EU control measures

21 Aims Eradication of rabies while complying with EU Legislation 90/638/EEC Parenteral vaccination of domestic animals Oral vaccination of wild animals Secondary objectives Identify the number of domestic cats and dogs Control stray animals (esp. dogs)

22 Activities Animal Rabies Disease Control Strategy Legislation Epidemiological Analysis 3 Pilot Schemes (OV of Foxes, Dogs, Wildlife Surveillance) Human Risk Reduction Improve PET usage Improve info and know-how exchange

23 Activities Training Diagnosis Tech, OV in Wildlife, Epidemiology, Mass Dog Vaccination, Dog Census, Surveillance in Bats Communication & Public Awareness OV in Foxes Mass Dog Vaccination

24 Expected Results Control and monitoring system for rabies Raising the immunity level against rabies Control of stray cats and dogs

25 Care Units 3 care units will be constructed in major cities; Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir. The motivation of constructing care units is to provide example institutions for stray animal care We expect municipalities and NGOs to form and construct similar institutions whose operations will be controlled by GDPC but operational costs born by establishing bodies

26 New Lab. Facilities

27 New Lab Facilities

28 Dog Rabies: : A Worldwide Problem 55,000+ human rabies cases annually 98% of all human cases are caused by bites from rabies infected dogs

29 Control Methods Removal

30 Control Methods Mass Parenteral Vaccination Campaigns

31 Control Methods Neuter-and-release campaigns

32 Oral vaccination of foxes against rabies 2007

33 Oral Vaccination Safe, Efficacious Attractive bait Targeted bait delivery

34 Immunogenicity Study Animal route dose seroconversion rate. (FFU/ml) (%) 1 foxes bait 2.0E+06 25/27 93% 2 lab dogs p.o. 1.4E+06 0/5-3 lab dogs p.o. 7.5E+07 4/5 80% 4 stray dogs p.o. 3.2E+07 5/34 14% 5 stray dogs p.o. 2.0E+08 14/14 100% Vaccine virus used: SAD B19 Source: Müller W et. al (1998) J Etlik Vet Microbiol, 9:61-71 Neubert A et. al (2001) J Vet Med B, 48:

35 Fox Baits Dog Baits Dogs have different food preferences and aversions than foxes Dogs handle food different than foxes (swallowing) Dogs often search for food together, in contrast to the solitary hunter; the red fox

36 Bait Types Köfte Bait Fox Bait Boiled intestine bait

37 Bait Delivery System a) At selected sites b) At central vaccination points c) House-to-house A C

38 Bait Delivery Systems: At Selected Sites Disadvantages: - Already vaccinated dogs can also locate and consume baits distributed. - Bait depletion by non-target species. - Increased risk of unintentional human contact with vaccine virus. Köfte bait uptake (%) n=400 26% 13% 8% 53% dogs cats birds unknown

39 Bait Delivery Systems: At Selected Sites Capture - Mark - Recapture

40 Bait Delivery Systems: At Selected Sites Sarıgazi Ferhatpaşa Number of dogs tagged Bait density (baits/km²) Baits disappearance (%) 64,7 92,7 Seroconversion (%) 4,3 23,3

41 Bait Delivery Systems: Vaccination At Central Point Aydin Province >70% of owned dogs in villages were vaccinated at mobile vaccination points Sarigazi, Istanbul Only 21.8% of owned dogs were vaccinated free of charge at central veterinary clinic

42 Bait Delivery Systems: House-to-house Campaign

43 Bait Delivery Systems: Summary Vaccination coverage (%) owned dog population AREA Sarıgazi Ferhatpaşa prior to campaign campaign at vaccination centre house-to-house campaign parenteral oral Total

44 Conclusions: - Oral vaccination of dogs against rabies is a feasible option, especially in urban areas - House-to-house campaigns are the most effective; combining parenteral and oral vaccination - The baiting strategy developed by recollection of (discarded) vaccine containers eliminates almost completely the risk of unintentional human contacts with the vaccine viruses However

45 Conclusions: -There are still some doubts concerning safety-related issues with present available oral rabies vaccines -Proven high efficiency of mass dog vaccination campaigns by the parenteral route, also in urban areas - Oral vaccination reduces responsibility of dog owners even further, and could therefore interfere with attempts to increase responsible dog ownership

46 Thank you! Photographs: Perihan Agnelli, Sarah Cleaveland, Ad Vos, BFAV-Tübingen, IDT-Biologika GmbH

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