UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF POLITICAL STUDIES POL 3146 CANADIAN FOREIGN POLICY WINTER TERM 2009

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1 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF POLITICAL STUDIES POL 3146 CANADIAN FOREIGN POLICY WINTER TERM 2009 Instructor: Brigadier General (Retired) Jim Cox Location: Arts Building, Room 026 Dates: 6 January 9 April 2009 Time: Tuesdays 8:30 a.m. 10:00 a.m. and Fridays 10:00 a.m. 11:30 a.m. Office hours: After class or by appointment (50 O Connor Street, Room 492A) Telephone: Office Home: Office coxj@parl.gc.ca University: jcox@uottawa.ca Home: james.cox2001@rogers.com Teaching Assistant: Mr. Mathieu Landriault mland031@uottawa.ca INTRODUCTION Former Prime Minister Paul Martin once wrote, Foreign policy is how a nation expresses itself to the world 1 and is therefore, fundamentally, one of the most important policies a government must articulate. Professor Janice Stein of the Munk Centre for International Studies recently said, Canada should have something to say in this world, but we don t. 2 In the international arena, is Canada doing what it wants? What can it do? What should it do? Canadian foreign policy influences the lives of Canadians as it exercises its traditional role of guiding Canada s international relations. This course aims to familiarize students with current Canadian foreign policy, to examine its fundamental aspects and to provide a basis for further advanced study or specialization in the field. COURSE OUTLINE This is a political studies course, not a history course. As such, it focuses on the underlying factors and theory of Canada s foreign policy and its implementation, along with its impact and consequences. That said, historical context is important, if only to show that despite changing times, Canadian foreign policy has been remarkably consistent, no matter which political party is in power. The course begins with an outline of fundamental factors, followed by an introduction of three theoretical perspectives of Canadian foreign policy. Discussion then turns to an examination of the foreign policy-making process within government. Ensuing classes return to systematically cover prominent Canadian foreign policy issues in post-second World War Canada until the present. The aim of this journey is to gain an understanding of fundamental drivers and determinants, enduring components and implementation strategies. Constitutional and institutional factors are covered, as well as Canada s role in the UN, NATO, the Commonwealth, la Francophonie and other international 1 Martin, Prime Minister Paul. Overview. In Canada s International Policy Statement: A Role of Pride and Place in the World. Government of Canada, March Stein, Janice. In an address to the Canadian International Council, National Capital Branch, Ottawa, 26 November /10

2 organizations. An important theme is the Canada-US relationship. Canada s Arctic interests and the mission in Afghanistan will be discussed too. COURSE READINGS Required Texts Kirton, John. Foreign Policy in a Changing World. Toronto: Thomson Nelson, 2007 (available in the University of Ottawa bookstore). Foreign Policy website. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. At Other short items to be added as the course progresses. Websites for information African Union (AU). African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS). Canadian Defence Associations Institute (CDAI). Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute (CDFAI). Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (CFPJ). Canadian International Council (CIC). Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). Carleton University Norman Paterson School of International Affairs publications. Department of National Defence. Department of National Defence, Operations. Government of Canada. Securing an Open Society: Canada s National Security Policy. Privy Council of Canada, Available on Privy Council of Canada website at Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP), publications. International Council on Security and Development (ICOS). International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2/10

3 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). La Francophonie. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Organization of American States (OAS). Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD). Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP). Statistics Canada, International Trade. The Commonwealth Secretariat. Treasury Board Secretariat, Part III Estimates (Reports on Plans and Priorities RPPs). United Nations (UN). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO). United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). World Bank. CLASS SCHEDULE There are 25 classes in the Winter 2009 semester. Tue 6 Jan 09 Class 1: Course Introduction Aim: To explain course conduct, requirements and standards. Reading: Course outline. Fri 9 Jan 09 Class 2: Fundamental aspects of foreign policy Aim: To become familiar with basic factors affecting foreign policy. Reading: Kirton, Chapter 1. Ignatieff. Peace, Order and Good Government: A Foreign Policy Agenda for Canada. At Note: Students choose political party membership for the parliamentary debate to be conducted during Class 23. 3/10

4 Tue 13 Jan 09 Class 3: Government foreign policy machinery Aim: To discuss the structure and functioning of government machinery associated with foreign policy. Reading: Kirton, Chapter 13. DFAIT. About the Department. At Note: Membership of political parties to be confirmed. Fri 16 Jan 09 Class 4: Other determinants of the foreign policy-making process Aim: To discuss the societal and external determinants affecting the formulation of foreign policy. Reading: Kirton, Chapters 14 and 15. DFAIT. Activities and Programmes. At Tues 20 Jan 09 Class 5: Theoretical Perspectives of Canadian Foreign Policy Aim: To introduce Kirton s three theoretical perspectives. Reading: Kirton, Chapters 2, 3 and 7. Fri 23 Jan 09 Class 6: A closer look at Kirton s three theoretical perspectives Aim: To examine Kirton s three theoretical perspectives in more detail. Reading: Kirton, Chapters 4, 5 and 6. Tue 27 Jan 09 Class 7: Post-Second World War Canadian foreign policy Aim: To discuss the roots of modern Canadian foreign policy during the period Reading: Kirton, Chapters 8 (pp ) and 23 (pp ). Fri 30 Jan Class 8: Intra-Term Exam Tue 3 Feb 09 Class 9: Guest Presenter: Mr. Claude Carrière, Foreign and Defence Policy Advisor to the Prime Minister Introducer: Andrzej Skulski Thanker: Joanie Portelance Galarneau Fri 6 Feb 09 Class 10: Canadian foreign policy during the Cold War Aim: To discuss aspects of Canadian foreign policy during the period Reading: Kirton, Chapters 8 (pp ), 9, 10 and 23 (pp ). Tue 10 Feb 09 Class 11: Exam Review Discussion: Peacekeeping Fri 13 Feb 09 Class 12: Canadian foreign policy in the post-cold War era Aim: To discuss aspects of Canadian foreign policy during the period Reading: Kirton, Chapter 11 and 23 (pp ). 4/10

5 Tue 17 Feb 09 Fri 20 Feb 09 No class. Reading week. No class. Reading week. Tue 24 Feb 09 Class 13: Canadian foreign policy in the post-9/11 era Aim: To discuss aspects of Canadian foreign policy during the period 2001 to the present (focus on Afghanistan). Reading: Kirton, Chapter 12. Fri 27 Feb 09 Class 14: Canada s whole-of-government mission in Afghanistan Aim: To examine foreign policy aspects of Canada s mission in Afghanistan. Readings Canada s Engagement in Afghanistan. DFAIT website at Report of the Independent Panel on Canada s Future Role in Afghanistan. At 1 st Report to Parliament. Canada s Engagement in Afghanistan: Setting a Course to 2011 June At 2 nd Report to Parliament: Canada s Engagement in Afghanistan September At Guest Presenter: Mr. David Mulroney, Deputy Minister, Afghanistan Task Force, Privy Council Office Introducer: Esmeralda Smith-Romero Thanker: Charles-Marie Matte Note: Issue Intra-Term Exam Tue 3 Mar 09 Class 15: Canada s relations within the Americas Aim: To discuss Canada s relations with other North American countries. Reading: Kirton, Chapters18 and 21. DFAIT, The Americas: Our Neighbours, our Priority. At Guest Presenter: Ambassador Neil Reeder, Ambassador of Canada in Costa Rica Introducer: Michael Bell Thanker: Ziadh Rabbani 5/10

6 Fri 6 Mar 09 Class 16: Canadian foreign policy regarding Africa and the Middle East Aim: To discuss Canada s foreign policy as it relates to Africa and the Middle East. Readings: Kirton, Chapter 22 DFAIT website. Middle East and North Africa at DFAIT website. Sub-Saharan Africa at Note: Hand in Intra-Term Exam Tue 10 Mar 09 Class 17: The Internationalization of the Arctic Region and Arctic Security Aim: To discuss the impact of Arctic security imperatives on Canadian foreign policy. Readings (both available at Griffiths, Canadian Arctic Sovereignty: Time to take Yes for an Answer on the Northwest Passage, Northern Exposure: Peoples, Powers and Prospects in Canada s North. pp Huebert, Canada and the Changing International Arctic: At the Crossroads of Cooperation and Conflict, Northern Exposure: Peoples, Powers and Prospects in Canada s North. pp Fri 13 Mar 09 Class 18: Exam Review Discussion: Human security; responsibility to protect; development aid. Note: Time to be available for political party meetings. Tue 17 Mar 09 Class 19: Canada-US relations Aim: To discuss aspects of relations between Canada and the US. Readings: Kirton, Chapter 16 and 17. Kergin, A New Bridge for Old Allies, at the CIC Home Page DFAIT. Canada-US Relations. At Guest Presenter: Mr. Michael Kergin, Former Ambassador of Canada in the United States Introducer: Amanda Hansen-Reeder Thanker: Stephanie Ireland Fri 20 Mar 09 Class 20: Canada s relations with Europe Aim: To discuss aspects of Canada s relations with Europe. Reading: Kirton, Chapter 19. DFAIT, Europe. At 6/10

7 Tues 24 Mar 09 Class 21: Political economy aspects of Canadian foreign policy Aim: Aim: to analyse the role and policies of Canada in the international economic and trading system since Reading: Hart, Michael. Part 1. The Policy Challenges: Trade and Globalization. Canadian Engagement in the Global Economy, Institute for Research on Public Policy, at Fri 27 Mar 09 Class 22: Intelligence in foreign policy development Guest presenters: Mr. Gregory Fyffe, former Executive Director, International Assessments Staff, PCO; and Dr. Kurt Jensen, former Deputy Director, Foreign Intelligence, DFAIT. Introducer: Doug Bugeaud Thanker: Hussein Asyyed Tue 31 Mar 09 Class 23: Canada and International Organizations Aim: to discuss Canada s involvement in various international organizations. Readings Kirton, Chapter 24. DFAIT. International Organizations and Forums. At Note: Time to be available for political party meetings. Fri 3 Apr 09 Class 24: Parliamentary debate on the future of Canada s mission in Afghanistan. Aim: To debate the nature of Canada s involvement in Afghanistan after Reading: As required. Speakers of the House: TBA Tue 7 Apr 09 Class 25: Last Class. Course review Aim: To review selected course material. Reading: At student discretion Apr 09 Exam period. CLASS FORMAT Classes are scheduled for Tuesday mornings from 8:30 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and on Friday mornings from 10:00 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Students are expected to be seated and ready to begin by the class start time and to remain until the class is finished. Beginning with Class 2, each class will begin with a brief (5 minutes) discussion of a current Canadian foreign policy issue. All students are expected to be able to discuss basic elements of issues raised, as follows: Location; Central issue in play; Main actors involved; Canadian values and interests involved; and How the issue is (or is not) addressed in Canadian foreign policy. 7/10

8 After this initial discussion, there will be a brief (5 minutes) oral review of material previously studied. There will be a brief (5 minutes) period at the end of each class, to confirm the readings and subject matter for the next class. Required reading for all classes is shown above. One or two additional short readings may be added to certain classes as the course goes on. Students are expected to complete assigned readings in advance of each class and be able to accurately answer oral questions relating to the material covered. GUEST PRESENTERS A number of guest presenters have been invited and scheduled throughout the course. The complete roster of guest presenters has not been finalized and so there may be some changes to class scheduling to accommodate the availability of those who have been invited. Any such changes are not expected to adversely affect the flow of the course and will be advertised well in advance. Guest presenters will be introduced by a student and thanked, on behalf of the class, by another student. Both introductions and words of thanks will be a maximum of three minutes. Volunteers to act as introducers and thankers will be solicited early in the course. PARLIAMENTARY DEBATE Class 24, the second to last class, will be conducted as a Parliamentary debate on the future of Canada s mission in Afghanistan. During Class 2, students will be asked to choose one of the four political parties in Parliament, to which they wish to belong for the debate. In Class 3, student allocation to political parties will be confirmed. As far as possible, everyone will be given their choice of party, but some may have to be reassigned to other parties, to ensure the existing parliamentary balance is maintained. In Class 23, each party will be expected to argue its position on the mission, in accordance with the real party positions, and within that framework, they are to present proposals for future Canadian participation after To ensure maximum participation, every student will have the opportunity to speak for one minute, in parliamentary fashion. Order of speaking will follow the order established in the House of Commons. Also, two students will be selected to act as Speakers of the House, to manage the flow of debate. Time is tight and so students should make every effort to be in class on time and ready to begin promptly. If any extra debate time remains available after everyone has spoken, it will be divided equally among the parties who may nominate any speaker(s) they wish. Every student will be given an opportunity to participate in the debate, for which they will be eligible for a mark to be awarded for the quality of their argumentation and participation in the debate. This debate participation mark forms 10% of the course final mark ATTENDANCE AND PARTICIPATION A general attendance and participation mark, worth another 10% of the course final mark, is also available to be earned by students. Students are to attend all classes and remain until each class is finished. Attendance will be taken. Students are liable to lose 1/10 th of the general participation mark each time they are late. For every absence, students will lose half of their remaining participation mark. Any absence may affect your final grade. Students with more than three absences, for any reason, will be excluded from taking the final exam and be awarded a failing grade. 8/10

9 The above notes notwithstanding, it is accepted that some students may experience circumstances in which they must be late or absent from class because of other unexpected events or bona fide obligations. Those experiencing such circumstances, who expect to be late or absent for a particular class, may be able to avoid penalties by advising me well in advance of the class and explaining the reason for lateness or absence. Written substantiation may be required. The class is expected to be relatively large (maximum 75) so extensive student participation will be a challenge, but nonetheless, an effort will be made. When called upon, students are expected to respond clearly, articulately, based on their knowledge of the assigned readings for that class. Please, speak-up so everyone can hear your questions and answers. INTRA-TERM EXAMS AND FINAL EXAM Two one-hour intra-term exams will be conducted in Class 8 on 30 January 2009 and in Class 16 on 6 March Each exam will count for 20% of the final mark. The exams will be composed of one essay format question. The final exam will be a three-hour exam, held during the exam period from April It will count for 40% of the final mark. The exam will be composed of five essay format questions, from which students will be required to respond to at least three. Questions in all three exams will be based on the required texts, readings and material covered in class. The question format will feature a statement followed by an instruction or question. Two examples are: Example One Prime Minister Harper s original approach to Afghanistan, in 2006, reflected an idealistic view of Canada as a leading good international citizen. Canada does not cut and run he said. However, since returning to office in October 2008, with a second minority and facing a global economic crisis, government policy is now clearly intent on ending the military component of Canada s mission in Afghanistan by Identify and discuss the domestic and external determinants that brought about this change in strategy. Example Two Canada s level of official development assistance fell over the decade of the 1990s. Why did this happen and what effect did it have on the implementation of Canadian foreign policy? Responses may be written in either pen or pencil, as long as the work is legible. Students will be expected to demonstrate an understanding of the issue(s) being addressed, how the issue(s) related to and were managed within the context of Canadian foreign policy at the time and the significance of the general historical context. Consideration should be given to the role played by various determinants and drivers of foreign policy, the interplay of values and interests, and the policy and strategic tools used. Marks will also be awarded for clarity of argumentation, legibility, logic and supporting examples. MARKING STRUCTURE Attendance and participation mark 10% Parliamentary debate participation mark 10% 1 st Intra-term Exam 20% 2 nd Intra-term Exam 20% 9/10

10 Final exam 40% TOTAL 100% CHEATING AND PLAGIARISM Cheating or plagiarism will not be tolerated. Don t do it. Cheating (using unauthorized materials or giving unauthorized assistance during an examination or other academic exercise) and plagiarism (using another s ideas or words without acknowledgment) are serious offences that may result in a failing grade for a particular assignment, a failing grade for the course, and/or suspension for various lengths of time, or permanent expulsion from the university. See further details at the University of Ottawa Academic Writing Help Centre (AWHC) at and STUDENT CONSULTATION I am always happy to see any student who wishes to consult privately with me. At the end of every class, I will stay behind to meet with anyone who may wish to see me, on any course issue, for as long as is needed. It may be difficult to find a private venue, particularly if a number of students are waiting in line to see me, but we will do the best we can in the circumstances. For those who must see me in private, I can be reached at the contact info above, to make an appointment to meet me in my Library of Parliament Office (Sun Life Centre, 50 O Connor Street, Room 492A) or at any other reasonable and mutually acceptable location close by (coffee shop?). Beginning upon your receipt of this outline, please do not hesitate to contact me, at any time, if you have questions about this course outline, or any other course issue. I ll be glad to help where I can. I look forward to seeing all of you in class. 10/10