Soybean Growth and Development
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1 Soybean Growth and Development Palle Pedersen Soybean Extension Agronomist Department of Agronomy Iowa State University University Extension
2 Extension Publication More detailed information can be found in: Publication PM1945 Iowa State University Extension Distribution Center edu/pubs/
3 Soybean Maturity Groups
4 Soybean Growth and Development Vegetative Stages V-Stages VE,VC,V1,V2,V3, Vn Reproductive Stages R-Stages R1,R2,R3, R8 Starts at flowering
5 Soybean Morphology Growing point above ground Nodes are counted when the leaflets are fully developed (unrolled)
6 Soybean Germination Hypocotyl Radicle
7 VE - Emergence 5 to 21 days after planting Temperature and moisture dependent Planting depth should be 1 to 1.5 inch
8 VC - Stage Unifoliolate leaves have unrolled Leaves are opposite First node
9 V1- Stage One unrolled trifoliolate leaf Two nodes Trifoliolate leaf nodes are produced singularly and alternately
10 V2 - Stage Two unrolled trifoliolates Three nodes Nodules have been established Check for proper nodulation
11 Soybean Nodulation
12 Nitrogen Fixation Approximately 50% of the N comes from the nodules N fixation (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) Soil NO 3 will inhibit N 2 fixation A small amount of N may increase yields in certain low N, high yielding environments
13 V3 Stage Two unrolled trifoliolates Three nodes Axillary buds allow plants to recover from damage
14 New V stage every 3-5 days VC-V5: every 5-7 days V5-R5: every 3-5 days Roots stretch across 30-inch rows V6 - Stage
15 Reproductive Stages R1: Beginning flowering R2: Full flowering R3: Beginning pod R4: Full pod R5: Beginning seed R6: Full seed R7: Beginning maturity R8: Full maturity
16 Reproductive Development for a mid Maturity Group 2 in Iowa Critical periods: The early reproductive period (R1 to R5.5) is sensitive to altered source strength and crop growth rate R4-R5.5 is particular sensitive to moisture stress
17 R1 - Beginning Flowering One open flower at any node Rapid root growth
18 R2 - Full Flowering Open flower at one of the two uppermost nodes
19 R3 - Beginning Pod Pod 3/16 long at one of the four uppermost nodes 60-75% of flowers abort and never contribute to yield
20 R4 - Full Pod Pod is ¾ long at one of the four uppermost nodes Pod number determined Start of critical yield determination period
21 R5 - Beginning Seed Seed is 1/8 long in pod at one of the four uppermost nodes Large demand for water and nutrients Dry matter accumulation will stop halfway between R5 and R6
22 R6 - Full Seed Pod containing a green seed that fills the pod cavity at one of the four uppermost nodes
23 R7 - Beginning Maturity One pod anywhere with its mature color
24 R8 - Full Maturity 95% of the pods have reached their mature color Harvestable 7-10 days after R8 Final plant population should be assessed
25 Pod and Seed Development
26 Dry Weight Accumulation for an Early Planting (1 May) vs. Late Planting (21 May) in Iowa
27 For More Information Palle Pedersen
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