Putting rotary drilling into perspective
|
|
- Sandra Webb
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Putting rotary drilling into perspective Atlas Copco s largest drill, the Pit Viper 351E, operates on a blast pattern at an open pit copper mine. Rotary blasthole drills are the predominant method of drilling 9 inch (229 mm) diameter holes or greater. Mining prosperity Atlas Copco offers a complete range of rotary as well as DTH and tophammer drill rigs for most types of open pit mining and quarrying applications. But how do these technologies complement each other and how do drillers know which method to choose, and when? A complete range With the acquisition of Ingersoll- Rand s Drilling Solutions, Baker Hughes Mining Tools (BHMT) and Thiessen Team businesses, Atlas Copco has a complete range of products to offer to large quarries and open pit mines. Much of the world s mining output begins through drilling of holes with rotary drills. Ingersoll-Rand built air-powered rotary drills for many years prior to the introduction of their first fully hydraulic unit, the T4, in About rotary drills It is important to note that rotary drills are capable of two methods of drilling. The majority of the units operate as pure rotary drills, driving tricone or fixed-type bits. The fixed-type bits, such as claw or drag bits, have no moving parts and cut through rock by shearing it. Thus, these bits are limited to the softest material. The other method utilized by rotary drill rigs is down-thehole (DTH) drilling. High-pressure air compressors are used to provide compressed air through the drillstring to drive the DTH hammer (see illustration page 20). The primary difference between rotary drilling and other methods is the absence of percussion. In most rotary applications, the preferred bit is the tricone bit. Tricone bits rely on crushing and spalling the rock. This is accomplished through transferring downforce, known as pulldown, to the bit while rotating in order to drive the carbides into the rock as the three cones rotate around their respective axis. Rotation is provided by a hydraulic or electric motor-driven gearbox (called a rotary head) that moves up and down the tower via a feed system. Feed systems utilize cables, chains or rack-andpinion mechanisms driven by hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic motors or electric motors. The preference at Atlas Copco is to use cables for pulldown, as they are lightweight and inexpensive, and allow easier detection of wear to help avoid catastrophic failures. Blasthole Drilling in Open Pit Mining 19
2 Pulldown Pulldown is the force generated by the feed system. The actual weight on bit, or bit load, is the pulldown plus any dead weight such as the rotary head, drill rods and cables. More weight with rotary The tower supports the drill string during drilling as well as the rotation head and feed system. Down-The-Hole method Principle: The hammer is situated down the hole in direct contact with the drill bit. The hammer piston strikes the drill bit, resulting in an efficient transmission of the impact energy and insignificant power losses with the hole depth. The method is widely used for drilling long holes, not only for blasting, but also for water wells, shallow gas and oil wells, and for geo-thermal wells. In mining it is also developed for sampling using the reverse circulation technique (RC drilling). Rotary drilling method TONS Principle: Rotation is provided by a hydraulic or electric motor driven gearbox, called a rotary head, that moves up and down the tower via a feed system, generating the pulldown required to give sufficient weight on the bit. Flushing of drill cuttings between the wall of the hole and the drill rods is normally done with compressed air. It only takes one look to see that the biggest DTH and tophammer drill rigs are very different than the biggest rotary blasthole rigs. In fact, the Pit Viper 351 rotary drill rig weighs in excess of nine times that of Atlas Copco's largest DTH hammer drill rig, the ROC L8. Yet the Pit Viper 351 is drilling a hole that is generally only twice the diameter. Take a typical medium formation tricone bit with a recommended maximum loading of 900 kg/cm of bit diameter (5000 lb per inch of diameter). With a 200 mm (7-7/8 in) bit, you could run about 18,000 kg (40,000 lb) of weight on the bit. The laws of physics dictate that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, meaning that if you push on the ground with 18,000 kg (40,000 lb), the same force will push back on the unit. There-fore, the weight of the machine must be over 18,000 kg (40,000 lb) at the location of the drill string to avoid the machine lifting off the jacks. To achieve a stable platform through proper placement of the tracks and levelling jacks, the distribution of weight results in an overall machine weight that approaches or exceeds twice the bit load rating. This weight does add cost to the machine, but the size of the components also translates to long life. Even smaller rotary blasthole drills are built to run 30,000 hours of operation, and some of the large blasthole drills have clocked over 100,000 hours of use. Rig design With the exception of one model, the rubber-tire mounted T4BH, Atlas Copco s rotary blasthole drills are mounted on excavator-style undercarriages. Powerful hydraulic-drive systems allow the machine to tram over a variety of ground conditions, though rotary blasthole drills should always operate on firm, flat benches. 20 Blasthole Drilling in Open Pit Mining
3 The drilling platform is supported by a crawler undercarriage except during drilling when it is raised up by hydraulic jacks. The key component of a rotary blasthole drill is the tower, which is sometimes referred to as the derrick or mast. Atlas Copco towers are four main member, open front structures in which the rotary head slides up and down via a guide system. The length and weight of the tower ultimately dictates the size of the mainframe and undercarriage. Most drilling functions are hydraulically driven. Powering these hydraulic systems, along with the air compressor, is a diesel engine or electric motor. Most rotary drills are diesel powered for good mobility. Electric powered units offer some advantages such as lower power cost (in most areas), no diesel emissions, no refueling requirement and less maintenance. However, some operations are not setup with the proper electrical infrastructure or staffing to run electric units. Even when electric power is available, many customers avoid electric drills as the trailing cable used to provide power makes it harder to move the unit between holes or patterns. Generally, electric power is preferred on large single-pass units used in major open pit metals mines where electric shovels are employed, though electric power is now available on smaller units such as the Atlas Copco Pit Viper 271, Pit Viper 275 and DML. The importance of air A key parameter of rotary drilling is flushing the cuttings from the hole. In most rotary blasthole drills, cuttings are lifted between the wall of the hole and the drill rods by compressed air. Sufficient air volume is required to lift these cuttings. Many types of tricone bits have been developed to meet various drilling needs. Softer formation bits are built with long carbides with wide spacing on the face of the bit. This design yields large cuttings which increase drill speed and reduce dust. It is important to have sufficient clearance between the wall of the hole and the drill rods in order for such large cuttings to pass. If this clearance, known as annular area, is not sufficient, the cuttings The ability to carry long drill rods up to 70 feet provides more time for drilling. Blasthole Drilling in Open Pit Mining 21
4 will be ground between the wall of the hole and the rods or by the bit itself (called regrinding) until they are small enough to exit the hole. This results in excess dust and accelerated wear on the bit and drill rod. Bailing velocity Rotary drilling with tricone bits is the most cost efficient method for large hole diameters. To control the dust, the area around the hole is surrounded by a dust hood. A traditional rule-of-thumb is a minimum of 1,525 m 3 /min (5000 cfm) of uphole velocity, the speed at which air exits the hole. The actual amount of air required will vary widely based on the density of the material and the size of the cuttings. Dense cuttings as found in iron ore mines will settle much quicker than lightweight overburden in coal mines and thus need more air coming up the hole to lift them; 1,525 m 3 /min (5000 cfm) may not be enough. However, harder material is generally drilled with hard formation bits that utilize shorter cutting structures, thus yielding smaller chips. Conversely, some soft material can be drilled effectively with only 915 m 3 /min (3000 cfm) uphole velocity. Unfortunately, many operations have tried to increase uphole velocity by increasing the diameter of the drill rod. This is obviously much easier than getting a larger air compressor by retrofitting or purchasing a new machine. In some conditions, this strategy works, but more often, the reduced annular area results in increased wear and dust, and the drill rate may even drop. Whatever the application, it is critical to have proper bailing air. Dust control Large diameter holes produced by rotary drills, such as this Pit Viper 275, yield blast patterns with wider burden and spacing, resulting in fewer holes drilled. A necessary evil created by the air compressor in drilling operations is the generation of dust. To control the dust, the area surrounding the hole is enclosed by a dust hood. Dust hoods are sealed on the sides by dust curtains, and where the rod comes through the deck by a rod wiper or dust seal. A dust control system must be used in conjunction with the dust hood and curtains. The two most popular types of dust control are dry dust collectors and water injection. Dust collectors are essentially large vacuum cleaners that pull the dust away from the dust hood and run it through a collection of filter 22 Blasthole Drilling in Open Pit Mining
5 Dimension Stone Industry Construction Aggregate Industrial minerals (Cement & Limestone) Gold Coal Copper Iron 1" 25mm 2" 51mm 3" 76mm 4" 102mm 5" 127mm 6" 152mm 7" 178mm 8" 203mm 9" 229mm 10" 254mm 11" 279mm 12" 305mm 13" 330mm 14" 356mm 15" 381mm 16" 406mm Pit Viper 351 DM-M3 Pit Viper 275 Pit Viper 271 Pit Viper 235 DML DML-SP DM45 T4BH DM30 DM25-SP ROC L8 30 ROC L8 25 CM 785 ROC P65 ROC L7CR ECM 720 ROC L6 30 CM 765 ROC L6 25 CM 351 CM 348 ROC P55 ROC 203 DTH BVB 25 DTH ROC F6 Atlas Copco large rotary and ROC L7 40 DTH drill rigs are included Rotary ROC F9CR ROC F9/F9C in this book. For information about the range of smaller surface rigs Rotary / DTH visit ECM 660 or contact your Atlas Copco ROC D9/D9RRC/D9C ROC D7/D7RRC/D7C ECM 590/592 ECM 585 representative DTH DTH / fully pneumatic ECM 580 CM 470 ROC D3 ROC 203 COPROD Tophammer BVB 25 Tophammer / fully pneumatic ROC T15 Rotary drilling with tricone bits is the most cost efficient method for large hole diameters. elements. Water injection systems inject a fine amount of water into the air stream. Water injection is the more effective solution for ensuring dust is minimized, but the introduction of water into the hole can slow down the drilling process by increasing the density of the cuttings at the bottom of the hole that the air compressor must move. Water injection systems require frequent refilling of the water tanks, and in freezing conditions, elaborate heating systems must be used. Dust collectors offer a productivity advantage, but they can become plugged if not turned off when wet material is encountered. This is particularly a problem if the wet material freezes in the system. When rotary is better Every drilling application is different, so we cannot say that there are particular breakpoints where you should transition between drilling methods. Generally, drilling below 152 mm (6 in) is best accomplished with tophammer units. Above this diameter, it is typically done with a rotary rig, although tophammer units are doing some of this work effectively with the introduction of larger platforms and more powerful rock drills. For harder material, say above 100 MPa (15,000 psi), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), DTH is often faster than pure rotary drilling if provided there is enough air pressure on board. Simply looking at our product range (see above) gives an indication of which methods are commonly used for the different diameters found in construction and mining. There are certain limitations imposed on each method of drilling. With tophammer percussive drills, the power of the rock drill itself limits the ability to transmit adequate force to larger diameter bits, especially at deeper depths when percussive energy is successively reduced with each new rod connection. Down-the-hole (DTH) tools solve this energy loss problem, but their maximum hole diameter is limited by the volume of air. To build the air pressure that translates directly to impact energy, a certain volume of air is required. Take for example a Secoroc QL mm (8 in) DTH hammer that is designed to operate at 25 bar (350 psi). Even with our largest high pressure compressor m 3 /min (1,450 cfm), the pressure will only build to 23 bar (325 psi), thus providing less impact energy. In real terms, each blow of the piston is about 45 kg (100 lb) less than it is designed for. In some cases, this method will still outperform rotary drilling. For most large diameter blasthole drilling, there is simply not enough air on-board for a DTH to be as cost effective as rotary drilling with a tricone bit. Rotary drilling is still the predominant method of drilling 230 mm (9 in) diameter or greater. This is driven primarily by the current limitations of Blasthole Drilling in Open Pit Mining 23
6 Total Drilling Cost (TDC) related to bit life and productivity Footage/24 Hours & Average Bit Life Footage/24 Hours Bit Life (ft) Overall Cost/Ft 299 ft/hour, 1500' bit life High Production 218 ft/hour, 5300' bit life Lowest Cost 74 ft/hour, 12,000' bit life Great Bit Life $6,00 $5,00 $4,00 $3,00 $2,00 $1,00 Total Drilling Cost/Foot 0 $- tophammer units and rig air systems. Tricone bits also become more cost effective as the larger bits are equipped with larger bearings which in turn can handle higher loads. These higher loads translate to improved drill rates. Another advantage of rotary rigs is the length of the drill rods that can be carried on board. Longer rods mean fewer connections. Smaller rotary blasthole machines utilize 9.1 meter (30 ft) length rods, while larger units are capable of running 10.7 meter (35 ft) or 12.2 meter (40 ft) rods. By comparison, tophammer or DTH crawler drills use drill steel that is generally 6.1 meters (20 ft) or less in length. Further, some rotary rigs are large enough to handle a long tower that enables drilling of the entire bench height in a single-pass. At the largest open pit mines, rotary units are drilling 20 m (65 ft) deep holes in a single-pass to match the bench heights dictated by the large electric shovels that can dig a 17 m (55 ft) bench. Productivity versus cost Studies have shown that pure penetration rate will increase linearly with increased pulldown. The same has also been said of rotation speed. So why doesn t every operation use more of each? Unfortunately, higher pulldown and rpm usually results in increased vibration and lower bit life. The vibration causes increased wear-and-tear on the rig, but more importantly, it creates a very unpleasant environment for the operator. What invariably happens is that the operator reduces the weight or rpm until the vibration returns to a comfortable level. Some operations limit bit load and rpm even if there is no vibration in order to improve bit life. This is often the wrong strategy as the overall drilling cost per unit, also known as Total Drilling Cost (TDC), should be considered. TDC is calculated using the bit cost per meter/foot and the total rig cost per hour. The unit cost per hour includes labor, maintenance and power, and possibly capital cost. The drilling speed really doesn t impact this cost-per-hour figure. What it does impact though is the cost per unit produced (cost/meter/foot, cost/ton, etc ). You generally want to push the rig harder to reduce the cost/foot, but there will be a point where the rig overloads the bits (see diagram). Large versus small There are some drawbacks to rotary rigs. Smaller crawler rigs are more flexible with many advantages such as articulating and extendable booms and guides that allow drilling at many different angles. Unlike crawler rigs, the components on rotary rigs are often not enclosed. They are mounted onto the frame in an open layout that makes them extremely easy to service. Large electric units normally have a machinery house to protect the electrical drive components, and newer midrange sized blasthole units such as the Pit Viper 235 have the option of a machine enclosure. The general trend for 165 mm (6-1/2 in) or less is towards the smaller, more flexible units. However, many large scale quarries and small mines still favor the durability, life and simplicity of the larger rotary rigs for these small diameters. For the large scale open pit operations that yield a high percentage of the total worldwide mineral production, it is anticipated that rotary drilling will remain the primary method for years to come. Brian Fox 24 Blasthole Drilling in Open Pit Mining
SPEEDROC D30. Surface Drill Rig for marble, granite, sandstone and limestone in the dimension stone industry.
SPEEDROC D0 Surface Drill Rig for marble, granite, sandstone and limestone in the dimension stone industry. SPEED UP YOUR PROFITS SPEEDROC D0 IS A VERSATILE AND FLEXIBLE DRILL RIG, TAILORMADE FOR THE DIMENSION
More informationAtlas Copco Exploration Products. Explorac reverse circulation rigs
Atlas Copco Exploration Products Explorac reverse circulation rigs Deep hole exploration with reverse circulation In many cases, exploration drillers have to modify various types of drill rigs in order
More informationAtlas Copco Surface drill rigs. SmartROC T35/ T40. Hole diameter: SmartROC T35: 64 115 mm (2 1 /2 4 1 /2 ) SmartROC T40: 76 127 mm (3 5 )
Atlas Copco Surface drill rigs SmartROC T35/ T40 Hole diameter: SmartROC T35: 64 115 mm (2 1 /2 4 1 /2 ) SmartROC T40: 76 127 mm (3 5 ) When smart means easy and efficient Main benefits Combines low fuel
More informationAn introduction to Reverse Circulation drilling
An introduction to Reverse Circulation drilling Reverse Circulation, or RC, drilling is a fast and cost efficient method of retrieving high quality samples from exploration and mine drilling. The system
More informationVarel International Workover Bits for remedial, re-entry AND frac plug Drilling Applications
Varel International Workover Bits for remedial, re-entry AND frac plug Drilling Applications Varel International offers the industry's broadest selection of high quality drill bits for remedial, re-entry
More informationATLAS COPCO BLASTHOLE DRILLS PIT VIPER 311. Rotary drilling Hole diameter 9 in 12 1 4 in (229 311 mm) Maximum hole depth 135 ft (41 m)
ATLAS COPCO BLASTHOLE DRILLS PIT VIPER 311 Rotary drilling Hole diameter 9 in 12 1 4 in (229 311 mm) Maximum hole depth 135 ft (41 m) BUILT FOR PERFORMANCE Designed for comfort With a 110,000 lb (50 tonnes)
More informationUnit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics
Unit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics Unit code: J/601/1496 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 OUTCOME 2 TUTORIAL 2 HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS The material needed for outcome 2 is very extensive
More informationAtlas Copco Surface Drill Rig. ROC F9 A powerful 25 kw tophammer combining strength, productivity and hole quality. Hole range 89 127 mm (3½ 5 )
Atlas Copco Surface Drill Rig ROC F9 A powerful kw tophammer combining strength, productivity and hole quality. Hole range 89 7 mm (½ ) Flexibility and mobility are two important factors for a smooth operation.
More informationPVE Piling and Drilling Rigs Powerful, Versatile and Efficient. PVE Piling and Drilling Rigs B.V. Worldwide supply of specialized foundation machines
PVE Piling and Drilling Rigs Powerful, Versatile and Efficient PVE Piling and Drilling Rigs B.V. Worldwide supply of specialized foundation machines Member of the PVE Piling and Drilling Rigs PVE Piling
More informationAtlas Copco Exploration Products. Christensen core drilling rigs
Atlas Copco Exploration Products Christensen core drilling rigs 2 Christensen exploration drilling rigs user-friendly, durable technology for high productivity Exploration drilling companies are constantly
More informationFocus rotary drilling products
Atlas Copco Secoroc Focus rotary drilling products Product catalog Atlas Copco Secoroc presents the Focus product line The Atlas Copco Secoroc Focus product line includes bits designed to deliver competitive
More informationproduct manual HS-4210 HS-4210_MAN_09.08 Digital Static Cone Penetrometer
HS-4210_MAN_09.08 product manual HS-4210 Digital Static Cone Penetrometer Introduction This Manual covers the measurement of bearing capacity using the Humboldt Digital Static Cone Penetrometer (DSCP).
More informationCOMPARISON OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGIES BETWEEN TOP DRIVE AND ROTARY TABLE IN GEOTHERMAL FIELDS: A CASE STUDY OF OLKARIA GEOTHERMAL FIELDS.
Proceedings 5 th African Rift geothermal Conference Arusha, Tanzania, 29-31 October 2014 COMPARISON OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGIES BETWEEN TOP DRIVE AND ROTARY TABLE IN GEOTHERMAL FIELDS: A CASE STUDY OF OLKARIA
More informationPART 2 FORKLIFT HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
PART 2 FORKLIFT HYDRAULIC SYSTEM Chapter 1 Description and Operation Component Locations & Circuit Layouts 1 Hydraulic Pump 11 Control Valve 14 Valve Section Oil Flows 15 Anti-Cavitation Valve 22 Velocity
More informationProduct catalogue, pipe and sewer cleaning systems
Product catalogue, pipe and sewer cleaning systems Nozzles Rotorjet trolley Hose reels Cleaning devices www.hammelmann.com Contents (Navigation via Bookmarks) Rotorjet trolley Rotary joints, spray pipes
More information4500 SERIES. 97% Customer Satisfaction Rating 98% Customer Loyalty Rating. #1 Selling Tractor in the World 5-year Powertrain Warranty
4500 SERIES #1 Selling Tractor in the World 5-year Powertrain Warranty 97% Customer Satisfaction Rating 98% Customer Loyalty Rating DEMING PRIZE 2003 JAPAN QUALITY MEDAL 2007 ECONOMY - 4500 Series The
More informationHCR. European series
HCR European series 1 INSIDE FURUKAWA Japan, a country of old traditions, has proven its highly technical performances in many different ways. Already, many years ago, Japanese electronic equipment contributed
More informationCENTRIFUGAL PUMP OVERVIEW Presented by Matt Prosoli Of Pumps Plus Inc.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP OVERVIEW Presented by Matt Prosoli Of Pumps Plus Inc. 1 Centrifugal Pump- Definition Centrifugal Pump can be defined as a mechanical device used to transfer liquid of various types. As
More informationVision Engravers and Routers PRE-Installation Guide. 2015 Vision Engraving & Routing Systems
Vision Engravers and Routers PRE-Installation Guide Revised: 8/19/2015 Vision Engravers and Routers PRE-Installation Guide All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by
More informationSTEADYfast Stabilizer Installation Notes Fifth Wheel and Travel Trailers 11/23/13
STEADYfast Stabilizer Installation Notes Fifth Wheel and Travel Trailers 11/23/13 (See Supplemental Instructions for trailers with heavy duty round footplates and/or Power Leveling Systems) PHONE SUPPORT
More informationHigh Power Laser for Rock Drilling
High Power Laser for Rock Drilling Mark S. Zediker, Brian O. Faircloth, Daryl L. Grubb, Sharath K. Kolachalam, Sam N. Schroit, Charles C. Rinzler, William C. Gray, Jason D. Fraze, Ryan Norton, Ryan McKay
More informationDITCH WITCH MT12 MICROTRENCHER. ditchwitch.com
DITCH WITCH MT12 MICROTRENCHER ditchwitch.com Rule With An Iron Fist. ditchwitch.com DITCH WITCH MT12 MicroTrencher Throughout the world, demand is increasing for faster broadband communications, necessitating
More informationManual: Nearshore CPT Testing NEARSHORE CONE PENETRATION TESTING (TOP PUSH TECHNIQUE)
Manual: Nearshore CPT Testing NEARSHORE CONE PENETRATION TESTING (TOP PUSH TECHNIQUE) Nearshore CPT is not as difficult as it might seem. Most CPT companies do already have most of the necessary equipment
More informationHigh efficiency & performance, low noise & vibration
HYDRAULIC BREAKERS MB & HB Range High efficiency & performance, low noise & vibration Efficiency and performance you can rely on! We introduced the innovative hydraulic breaker 50 years ago And it transformed
More informationALLOWABLE LOADS ON A SINGLE PILE
C H A P T E R 5 ALLOWABLE LOADS ON A SINGLE PILE Section I. BASICS 5-1. Considerations. For safe, economical pile foundations in military construction, it is necessary to determine the allowable load capacity
More informationMaterial taken from Fluid Power Circuits and Controls, John S. Cundiff, 2001
Pressure Control Chapter 3 Material taken from Fluid Power Circuits and Controls, John S. Cundiff, 2001 Introduction Pressure control is a key element in the design of any circuit. Used correctly, it can
More informationIndex 11.1. Page. Pumping Systems...11.2-11.4 Intensifiers...11.5 Gas Boosters...11.6-11.7 High Pressure Generators...11.8-11.9
Pumping Systems, Intensifiers, Gas Boosters and High Pressure Generators High Pressure Equipment Company produces a number of components and systems for general industrial, elevated pressure applications.
More informationCompressors Buying Guide
Compressors Buying Guide Below is a copy of a booklet which will help you make a compressor purchase! Included is information on... Horse Power (HP) Pressure (PSI) Cubic Feet Per Minute (CFM) Tank Sizes
More informationUnit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics
Unit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics Unit code: J/601/1496 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 OUTCOME 2 TUTORIAL 4 DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES The material needed for outcome 2 is very extensive
More informationproduct manual 08.09 H-4210A PORTABLE STATIC CONE PENETROMETER
08.09 product manual H-4210A PORTABLE STATIC CONE PENETROMETER PORTABLE STATIC CONE PENETROMETER GENERAL INFORMATION The H-4210A Static Cone Penetrometer is an unparalleled device for measuring soil consistency.
More information2. Crane standing on firm, horizontal ground.
The operating weight includes the basic machine with HD undercarriage, 2 main winches 300 kn with speed change gear and 11 m boom, consisting of A frame, boom foot (4 m), boom head section (6.4 m), boom
More informationHydrauliC breakers mb & Hb range. High efficiency & performance, low noise & vibration
HydrauliC breakers mb & Hb range High efficiency & performance, low noise & vibration 1 Efficiency and performance you can rely on! We introduced the innovative hydraulic breaker 50 years ago And it transformed
More informationStep-by-step instructions:
Spark plug thread repair for Ford Triton cylinder heads Step-by-step instructions: Identification Installation Verification Specifically designed and tested for 4.6L, 5.4L, and 6.8L 2 and 4 valve heads,
More informationGEAROLOGY 4-1 WORMS AND WORM GEARS WORMS AND WORM GEARS
GEAROLOGY 4-1 4 4-2 GEAROLOGY COMMON APPLICATIONS: Worm and worm gear sets are used in many, everyday products including: electrical mixers, hubometers, right Now that you have an understanding of two
More informationCEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory Session 7 - Direct Shear and Unconfined Compression Tests
PURPOSE: The parameters of the shear strength relationship provide a means of evaluating the load carrying capacity of soils, stability of slopes, and pile capacity. The direct shear test is one of the
More informationMD6420. Rotary Blasthole Drill. 13- or 16-Meter Mast Configuration. Rotary Drive System. Compressor (Standard) Compressor (Optional)
MD6420 Rotary Blasthole Drill 13- or 16-Meter Mast Configuration Hole diameter Up to 311 mm Up to 12.25 in Depth single pass 16.46 m 54 ft (16 m/50 ft configuration) Depth multi-pass Up to 46.9 m Up to
More informationMORE CARE. BUILT IN. VOLVO EXCAVATOR. hydraulic hammers
MORE CARE. BUILT IN. VOLVO EXCAVATOR hydraulic hammers For extra-tough conditions, Volvo hammers deliver high impact Stubborn rock. Concrete debris. Frost-locked earth. These are the kinds of conditions
More informationAPPLIED PNEUMATICS AND HYDRAULICS H TUTORIAL HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS. This work covers part of outcome 2 of the standard Edexcel module.
APPLIED PNEUMATICS AND HYDRAULICS H TUTORIAL HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS This work covers part of outcome 2 of the standard Edexcel module. The material needed for outcome 2 is very extensive so
More informationBSM MOTOR DRIVEN CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION A hydraulically and dynamically balanced impeller with raised vane sections discharges liquid as a result of the centrifugal force developed in rotation. The head developed is entirely
More informationHOW HYDRAULIC TRUCK CRANES WORK
HOW HYDRAULIC TRUCK CRANES WORK Heavy rains spawned by Hurricane Danny flooded many parts of Charlotte, NC. Flood waters rose so quickly in Little Sugar Creek that the underpinnings of a train trestle
More information301.7D. Mini Hydraulic Excavator
301.7D Mini Hydraulic Excavator Engine Weights Gross Power (ISO 14396) 17.9 kw 24.3 hp Operating Weight with Canopy 1610 kg 3,550 lb Net Power 13.2 kw 17.7 hp Operating Weight with Cab 1720 kg 3,792 lb
More informationGEOTHERMAL DRILLING ABSTRACT
Presented at Short Course V on Conceptual Modelling of Geothermal Systems, organized by UNU-GTP and LaGeo, in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, February 24 - March 2, 2013. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME LaGeo
More informationKWANG SING ENGINEERING PTE LTD
KWANG SING ENGINEERING PTE LTD 1. INTRODUCTION This report represents the soil investigation works at Aljunied Road / Geylang East Central. The objective of the soil investigation is to obtain soil parameters
More informationInternational Greenhouse Company
Greenhouse Foundation Design As with any building, a good solid foundation is crucial for the long term durability and functionality of your greenhouse. A weak foundation will cause your greenhouse to
More informationDRILLING METHODS. The material below reviews the range of hole making and hole clearing approaches in common use in the drilling industry.
DRILLING METHODS This continuing education unit reviews drilling methods common to drillers, with an emphasis on water well drilling methods. For completeness mention is made of methods or tools used in
More informationIron Ore Processing for the Blast Furnace (Courtesy of the National Steel Pellet Company)
Iron Ore Processing for the Blast Furnace (Courtesy of the National Steel Pellet Company) The following describes operations at the National Steel Pellet Company, an iron ore mining and processing facility
More informationThe CLIPPER Solutions
The CLIPPER Solutions 111 112 C51 6,5 Hp Ø 350mm 76kg Compact, robust and highly manoeuvrable machines designed for both wet and dry cutting of concrete and asphalt. Machine delivered without diamond blade.
More informationAtlas Copco at Fresnillo
UNDERGROUND DRILLING 41 Atlas Copco s Simba M4 C drill rig is used at the Fresnillo mine in Mexico Ace in the hole Ailbhe Goodbody looks at the use of in-the-hole drilling in the underground mining industry,
More informationFuller-Kinyon Pump: Dry Material Line Charger
Fuller-Kinyon Pump: Dry Material Line Charger Ongoing innovations Outstanding results Pneumatic Conveying Expertise The original Fuller-Kinyon pump, invented in 1926, began a long line of innovative products
More informationEVALUAT ING ACADEMIC READINESS FOR APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING Revised for ACCESS TO APPRENTICESHIP
EVALUAT ING ACADEMIC READINESS FOR APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING for ACCESS TO APPRENTICESHIP SCIENCE SKILLS SIMPLE MACHINES & MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE AN ACADEMIC SKILLS MANUAL for The Construction Trades: Mechanical
More informationE-Line and Braided Line. E-Line Open Hole wireline
E-Line and Braided Line E-Line Open Hole wireline Braided Line More strength Less feel Harder to seal Much harder to fish Braided line stronger (2800 to 3500 lb working strength, but less feel when fishing
More informationRH 12.5 RH 16.5. Crawler Excavator Specifications
Crawler Excavator Specifications RH 12.5 RH 16.5 RH 12.5 RH 16.5 Service weight t 34.1-38.1 39.9-43.6 Engine output kw 195 195 Trenching buckets (SAE) up to m 3 2.2 2.6 PMS three-pump hydraulics Electronic
More informationRIVET BUSTERS. 9949 Tabor Place, Santa Fe Springs, California, CA 90670, U.S.A.
S Website: www.apt-tools.com e-mail: info@apt-tools.com TDS-1038 Rev A S TOOL MAINTENANCE & REPAIR INFORMATION FIELD OPERATION: Before use: 1. Fill and attach an in-line oiler to the air tool. Use air
More informationPC18MR-3 PC20MR-3 PC27MR-3 PC30MR-3 PC35MR-3 PC45MR-3 PC55MR-3
PCMR-3 PC45MR-3 PC55MR-3 MR-3 SERIES COMPACT H YDRAULIC E XCAVATOR WALK-AROUND Photo may include optional equipment Performance and Versatility Komatsu HydrauMind hydraulic system Automatic load sensing
More informationBlasthole Drilling. in Open Pit Mining. Third edition 2012 www.atlascopco.com/blastholedrills
Blasthole Drilling in Open Pit Mining Third edition 2012 www.atlascopco.com/blastholedrills Drill all day long We won t even break a sweat Your job is the first step in supplying the world with the power
More informationSBC90. Abrasive Blast Cabinet Assembly & Operating Instructions
SBC90 Abrasive Blast Cabinet Assembly & Operating Instructions READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS AND WARNINGS BEFORE USING THIS PRODUCT. SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS FOR FUTURE REFERENCE. This manual provides important
More informationCat. Sizes to fit Cat Skid Steer Loaders, Wheel Loaders, Telehandlers, Backhoe Loaders, and most other manufacturers models.
Cat tires enhance productivity with design innovations and with the valuable option of purchasing your tires complete as mounted assemblies. Cat dealers and Cat tire retailers stock wheel types, sizes,
More informationMASONRY RESTORATION Lime Putty Mortar Repointing Guide
1.0 Preparation for Lime Putty Mortar Pointing 1.1 Tools & Approach A. Grinding - When used in a controlled way, angle grinders with diamond-impregnated metal blades with a maximum 1/8-inch-thickness and
More informationETL certified under the NFPA regulations in the U.S for fire and explosion prevention, relieving you from your worries about fire.
Eco-Products Company InnoClean is well appreciated around the world for cutting edge technology and endless R&D. We are well acknowledged world-wide for developing and producing eco-friendly Hydrocarbon
More informationCone penetration testing, CPTu
1 Cone penetration testing, CPTu Preface Our company is Environmental Mechanics AB or short Envi. A Swedish company developing, producing and marketing systems for cone penetration testing (also known
More informationWrite True or False in the space provided.
CP Physics -- Exam #7 Practice Name: _ Class: Date: Write True or False in the space provided. 1) Pressure at the bottom of a lake depends on the weight density of the lake water and on the volume of the
More informationB Dinesh Prabhu, Asst. Professor, P E S College Engg., Mandya, KARNATAKA 1
Firing Order Every engine cylinder must fire once in every cycle. This requires that for a four-stroke fourcylinder engine the ignition system must fire for every 180 degrees of crank rotation. For a sixcylinder
More informationIndustrial Cutting Equipment. includes new Concrete Crusher
Industrial Cutting Equipment includes new Concrete Crusher LUKAS Industrial Cutting Equipment The demand for environmentally-friendly disposal and recycling of used or discarded products within highly
More informationFig 1 Power Transmission system of Tractor
POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Transmission is a speed reducing mechanism, equipped with several gears (Fig. 1). It may be called a sequence of gears and shafts, through which the engine power is transmitted
More information304.5. Mini Hydraulic Excavator
304.5 Mini Hydraulic Excavator Cat 3024 Naturally Aspirated Diesel Engine Flywheel Power 28 kw 38 hp Operating Weight: With cab 4595 kg 10130 lb With canopy 4475 kg 9866 lb 304.5 Mini Hydraulic Excavator
More informationHighly flexible couplings
Construction and operation 8.03.00 Instructions for installation 8.03.00 Types of stress 8.04.00 Diagrams for static deformation of the coupling ring 8.05.00 Coupling size 8.07.00 Examples of combinations
More informationSTRADA ENERGY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED INVESTOR PRESENTATION
STRADA ENERGY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED INVESTOR PRESENTATION JANUARY 2016 THE COMPANY Privately owned Geothermal Energy Company Headquartered in Jersey, Channel Islands, with global operations Highly experienced
More informationUnit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics
Unit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics Unit code: J/601/1496 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 OUTCOME 2 TUTORIAL 3 HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC MOTORS The material needed for outcome 2 is very extensive
More informationEngine Bearing Materials
Engine Bearing Materials Dr. Dmitri Kopeliovich (Research & Development Manager) The durable operation of an engine bearing is achieved if its materials combine high strength (load capacity, wear resistance,
More informationINDUSTRIAL KILN & DRYER GROUP KILN & DRYER ROLLER ADJUSTMENTS
INDUSTRIAL KILN & DRYER GROUP KILN & DRYER ROLLER ADJUSTMENTS Without a real preventative maintenance program, your equipment may be just a step away from catastrophic failure, costly repairs and replacements.
More informationShaft- Mounted Speed Reducers
Torque Arm Design Considerations for Todd R. Bobak has worked in the gear industry for 15 years. He has held positions in technical service, design and development, and quality assurance. He is a product
More informationAdvances in Well Drilling Technology
Advances in Well Drilling Technology Early Well Drilling The earliest known drilling method was Chinese bamboo tools. (Spring pole salt-drill). One of the first European wells drilled was in 1832 and was
More informationTonykart Chassis Setup Manual
Tonykart Chassis Setup Manual Sprint Setup Chapter 1: Weight Distribution 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Seat Placement/Adjustment 1.3 Factors to check during weight distribution analysis 1.4 Adjusting Kart Weight
More informationNAGEL ECO 180 FLEXIBLE HONING SYSTEM
NAGEL ECO 180 FLEXIBLE HONING SYSTEM NEW DEVELOPMENT For Small and Medium Production Runs In-process gauging, Roughing and finishing in a single spindle Tel: 734-426-1812 www.nagelusa.com MACHINE HIGHLIGHTS
More informationTruTrak Automated directional drilling system
D r i l l i n g a n d E v a l u a t i o n TruTrak Automated directional drilling system Answering the need for improved drilling precision and efficiency Simple wells are not so simple anymore While 2D
More informationSITEMA PowerStroke. Technical Information TI-P11. 1 Function. 2 Applications. Mould Closing Devices series FSK. Contents
English translation of German original Technical Information TI-P11 SITEMA PowerStroke Mould Closing Devices series FS drive system for powerful forces on a short stroke hydraulic actuation closing force
More informationOPERATING INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR S-240 HYDRAULIC CUTTERS WITH PARTS LIST
HUSKIE TOOLS, INC. OPERATING INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR S-240 HYDRAULIC CUTTERS WITH PARTS LIST GENERAL INFORMATION GUIDE FOR S-240 CUTTER The following steps are guidelines for safe operation of the Huskie
More informationRotary Vertical Drilling System (RVDS)
1 Rotary Vertical Drilling System (RVDS) 2 www.micon-drilling.de phone +49.5144.4936.0 Contents Company Profile... 03 MICON Rotary Vertical Drilling System (RVDS)... 04/05 RVDS 7.3/4...06/07 RVDS 10...08/09
More informationHMHF DIRECT DRIVE BELT DRIVE. Manufactured by UDY Corporation. Cyclone Models Available:
Cyclone Models Available: HMHF DIRECT DRIVE BELT DRIVE INITIAL PARTICLE SIZE: MATERIALS MILLABLE: PARTICLE SIZE GENERATED: SAMPLE FEED INTO THE MILL: SAMPLE MILL GRINDING CHAMBER: GRINDING RATE AND COLLECTION
More informationCone Penetration Test (CPT)
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) The cone penetration test, or CPT in short, is a soil testing method which will provide a great deal of high quality information. In the Cone Penetration Test (CPT), a cone
More informationModel 43AP Pneumatic Controller, Style B
Instruction MI 011-476 January 1980 Model 43AP Pneumatic Controller, Style B Installation and Operation Model 43AP Controller continuously detects the difference between a process measurement and its set
More informationAir Eliminators and Combination Air Eliminators Strainers
Description Air Eliminators and Combination Air Eliminator Strainers are designed to provide separation, elimination and prevention of air in piping systems for a variety of installations and conditions.
More informationPipe Cutting and Beveling Clamshells
Pipe Cutting and Beveling Clamshells Who We Are One Company, Total Support, Complete Solutions For more than a century, Hydratight has provided world-class bolted joint solutions and continues to set international
More informationPump ED 101. Positive Displacement Pumps. Part I Reciprocating Pumps
Pump ED 101 Positive Displacement Pumps Part I Reciprocating Pumps Joe Evans, Ph.D http://www.pumped101.com There are many pump designs that fall into the positive displacement category but, for the most
More informationAtlas Copco Stationary air compressors
Atlas Copco Stationary air compressors Oil-free and oil lubricated piston compressor 2.2 - kw / 3-7.5 hp QUALITY COMPRESSORS DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR THE SNOW MAKING INDUSTRY Atlas Copco's L-range of
More informationINSITU TESTS! Shear Vanes! Shear Vanes! Shear Vane Test! Sensitive Soils! Insitu testing is used for two reasons:!
In-situ Testing! Insitu Testing! Insitu testing is used for two reasons:! To allow the determination of shear strength or penetration resistance or permeability of soils that would be difficult or impossible
More informationMEMBRANE VACUUM MINI PUMPS
MEMBRANE VACUUM MINI PUMPS The mini pumps described in this page are membrane-type. They can be used both as vacuum pumps and compressors. In the latter version they can supply compressed air 100% oil-free
More informationGeotechnical Investigation using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) in Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari Towns
1. Introduction 1.1 Scope of Work The Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) is implementing the project Seismic Hazard and Vulnerability Mapping for Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari Municipality.
More informationService Manual Rol-Lift
R 2000 Service Manual Rol-Lift Series: T and E Developed by Generic Parts Service This manual is intended for basic service and maintenance of the Rol-Lift pallet jack. The pallet jacks you are servicing
More informationFTheBetterMachine. Technical Description R 992. Hydraulic Excavator
Technical Description R 992 litronic` Hydraulic Excavator Operating weight with backhoe attachment 138,8 143,0 t Operating weight with shovel attachment 141,2 146,3t Engine output 575 kw/782 HP Bucket
More informationPOLYCOM high-pressure grinding roll for the minerals industry.
POLYCOM high-pressure grinding roll for the minerals industry. A company of ThyssenKrupp Technologies Polysius tk POLYCOM high-pressure grinding roll. The economic and gentle processing solution. The high-pressure
More informationOWNER S/OPERATOR S - PARTS MANUAL CEMENT MIXER MODEL MX-80
OWNER S/OPERATOR S - PARTS MANUAL CEMENT MIXER MODEL MX-80 Read the Operator s Manual entirely. When you see this symbol, be aware that the subsequent instructions and warnings are serious - follow without
More informationWhat are simple machines? primary
What are simple machines? primary Here you will discover all sorts of interesting things about simple machines and how they work. There are some great diagrams as well! A machine is something that makes
More informationLapping and Polishing Basics
Lapping and Polishing Basics Applications Laboratory Report 54 Lapping and Polishing 1.0: Introduction Lapping and polishing is a process by which material is precisely removed from a workpiece (or specimen)
More informationCHAPTER 3: FORCES AND PRESSURE
CHAPTER 3: FORCES AND PRESSURE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE 1. The pressure acting on a surface is defined as.. force per unit. area on the surface. 2. Pressure, P = F A 3. Unit for pressure is. Nm -2 or
More informationSHAFT VERSUS FOOT ALIGNMENT TOLERANCES A Critique of the Various Approaches by Alan Luedeking, Ludeca, Inc.
SHAFT VERSUS FOOT ALIGNMENT TOLERANCES A Critique of the Various Approaches by Alan Luedeking, Ludeca, Inc. The only correct way to express shaft alignment tolerances is in terms of alignment conditions
More informationSAMPLE GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR OSTERBERG CELL LOAD TESTING OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Page 1 of 9 SAMPLE GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR OSTERBERG CELL LOAD TESTING OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS 1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1. Description of Work: This work consists of furnishing all materials, equipment and
More information1.8 CRANKSHAFT OIL SEALS
SERIES 60 SERVICE MANUAL 1.8 CRANKSHAFT OIL SEALS An oil seal is fitted between each end of the crankshaft and the bores of the flywheel housing and gear case cover to retain the lubricating oil in the
More informationMicropiles Reduce Costs and Schedule for Merchant RR Bridge Rehabilitation
Micropiles Reduce Costs and Schedule for Merchant RR Bridge Rehabilitation Jeff R. Hill, P.E. Hayward Baker Inc. 111 W. Port Plaza Drive Suite 600 St. Louis, MO 63146 314-542-3040 JRHill@HaywardBaker.com
More information