Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi: Developing a support structure to turn Solid Waste into Resource A strategic analysis

Transcription

1 Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi: Developing a support structure to turn Solid Waste into Resource A strategic analysis Allison Kasozi 10 July 2009 Supervisor: Prof. Harro Von Blottnitz Environmental & Process Systems Engineering Group University of Cape Town

2 Nairobi: Social & Economic Climate Current population at 3.03m (2008) Average annual population growth of 4% since 2000 (UNEP &UN Habitat, 2007). World average 1.2% p.a. Economy Population 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, ,000 0 Nairobi population growth 7% growth recorded in 2007 Year Dominant sector: Agriculture; employs 80% of population & accounts for 50% of Kenya s exports (City data, 2009). Also sizable service, manufacturing & tourist sectors Demographics 44 50% of Nairobi s population estimated to live in poverty (UNEP &UN Habitat, 2007)

3 Municipal Solid Waste: status & management High population & economic growth has led to increased solid waste generation from 1500 tons/day in 1998 (JICA) to 2400 tons/day in 2004 (ITDG) (Bahri, 2005), and will only increase Immediate reaction from Authorities Decision to move from problematic Dandora to new engineered landfill at Ruai, however waste landfill has its issues: scarcity of land and increasing expenses in future leachate generation & CH 4 formation; and only deals with part of the waste problem. The real prize however is, within Integrated Solid Waste Management ISWM A key part of the journey to achieving this (esp. in developing nations) is to see waste as a resource, not a nuisance

4 Nairobi s waste management & recovery/recycling structure Nairobi City Council & Private waste collectors - 25% (33%?) waste collected - private collection more efficient, i but mostly in high income areas Waste Generation Waste Generation t/day (ITDG, 2004) - 83% from households - No source separation - 60% organic, 20% plastic, 12% paper, 8% glass/metal & other Informal sector waste recovery & trading - Waste pickers (streets &dumps) - Neighborhood traders - Central waste dealers - Active small scale recycling Final Disposal - Official Dandora dumpsite - undesignated sites & open dumping - No WtE, some incinerators at major hospitals Inorganics recycling - Private company actors - Sub-national interest (KNCPC) -CBOs Organic reuse/recycling - CBOs (initially not very business oriented) Derived from Baud et al, 2004 & Karanja, 2005

5 Detailed Waste Reuse & Recycling Chain Plastic recycling - Green Loop Company ( 3% waste plastic, 100 pple) - Rainbow Plastic Ltd (Nairobi) - Skyplast Manufacturers (Nairobi) - Up to 17 other companies nationwide in some form/degree of recycling, waste plastic reuse - KNCPC Plastics Waste Managt. Strategy (Karanja, 2005) (Bahri, 2005) Paper recycling Waste Generation - Chandaria paper ( 8% waste paper,1100 jobs) t/day - Madhupaper ( 7% waste paper) - Pan Africa paper (60% Kenyan paper market) - 20% plastic, (Karanja, 2005) - 12% paper, Glass recycling - 8% glass/metal & - Central Glass Industries [Kenya Breweries] other (able to handle more than available - 60% organic waste glass, employs 205 pple) (Karanja, 2005) Metal recycling - Roll Mill Ltd 42% waste metal - (up to 8 other roll mills) - Jua Kali Enterprises (Karanja, 2005) Organic recycle via compost Community Based Organizations ( 5% organic waste, involves 10,300 pple) (JICA, 1998) (Bahri, 2005) (Karanja, 2005)

6 Some hindrances noted to larger scale waste reuse/recycling Waste material contamination from the lack of source segregation strategies, poor recycled product quality resulting mostly from waste contamination (esp. in organics composting and paperrecycling) recycling), inadequate marketing strategies, uncertain financial sustainability (esp. self help CBO organics composting problems related to product quality and marketing not product demand), lack of land/space /p for recycling activities and recycle technology/equipment related problems

7 Proposed direction for ISWM efforts in Nairobi : Use organic waste as a leverage point (pivot) for ISWM Reasons Organic waste reuse has the potential to lead to biggest waste reduction (up to 60% MSW) & largest direct (employment) andindirect (widereconomy) economy) socioeconomic benefit; Agriculture employs 80% population, accounts for 50% of exports Presence of prime agricultural lands on outskirts of Nairobi & urban agriculture in upto a third of all urban households (Karanja, 2005) local artificial fertiliser manufacturing gap & increasing EU & worldwide consumer pressure to grow organic ; opportunity for profitable compost better prices for Kenyan horticultural & food exports Acute energy needs only 52% lighting in Nairobi uses electricity, 75% cooking done using paraffin (CBS, 2001); opportunity for energy from biogas On the other hand, Inorganic waste reuse/recycling is more developed and importantly, has attracted sizable private interest and informal sector activity. ii If good waste separation & collection strategies can be achieved, inorganic waste contamination, economic value of inorganic waste, recycling

8 System wide (organic and inorganic) waste reductions to landfill, reuse and recycling in Nairobi s ISWM system can be achieved by: Developing a waste to resource support structure that would propel organic waste reuse and encourage inorganic recycling consisting of ; 1) knowledge ofcurrent total Nairobi waste flows, composition and future projections (all waste types) (Primary Waste Characterisation); 2) regional/zonal knowledge of the above to determine the potential for local resource ecologies for all waste types (Primary & Secondary Waste Data Collation zonaldata& GIS mapping ); in particular a pressing need to develop local/zonal & urban to peri urban organic resource ecologies further; 3) developing appropriate waste source separation and collection strategies to improve organic (and implicitly inorganic) waste quality; 4) optimising organic waste processing technology for local conditions (being looked at by Miss Gracia Munganga EPSE Group UCT); 5) developing strategies to stimulate market demand for end products;

9 Bringing the waste to resource structure together zonal total & organic waste flows & projections Local current & potential waste-to-resource to ecologies local waste generators - e.g. households, markets, restaurants, Shops etc identify & quantify local resource needs that Source separation & can be met by waste Waste collection strategies resource - e.g. local compost use, crop farms & potential market, identify local opportunities for biogas potential & thermal use waste conversion to resource for organic waste - current reuse/recycle activity - similar strategies can be used - technology choice & optimisation to investigate local inorganic composting/anaerobic digestion waste recycling possibilities etc Nairobi - technical Municipal & social Solid considerations Waste Big picture Zonal - Current waste - lessons total flows from flows global & characterisation individual characteristics knowledge - Target -- expansion setting & possibilities implications for landfill size, transfer stations etc

10 Yes, we can? Definitely Reduction in US Waste to landfill as a result of ISWM efforts (Clarke, 2005)

11 Thank you

12 References: Bahri, G Sustainable Management of Plastic Bag Waste: The Case of Nairobi, Kenya. MSc. in Environmental Management and Policy IIIEE, Lund University. Available from: projekt.se/undergrad/search.tkl?field_query1=pubid&query1= &recordformat=display [accessed 5 March 2009]. Baud, I.S.A., Post, J. & Furedy, C Solid waste management and recycling actors, partnerships and policies in Hyderabad, India and Nairobi, Kenya. Illustrated ed.springer. Central Bureau of Statistics. i Kenya Poverty Mapping Book. Kenya Central Bureau of Statisitcs. i [Online] [accessed 15 April 2009]. City data History of Nairobi.City data.com [Online]. data.com/world cities/nairobi History.html. [accessed 10 April 2009]. Clarke, M.J Introduction To Waste Prevention And Recycling. [Online] [accessed 19 May 2008]. JICA The study on solid waste management in Nairobi City in the Republic of Kenya : final report. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA); in collaboration with CTI Engineering & Environmental Technology Consultants. [Online]. Available from: [accessed 10 April 2009]. Karanja, A Solid Waste Management tin Ni Nairobi: biat Actors, Institutional larrangements and Contributions ti to Sustainable Development. PhD in Development Studies, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands. Available: KNCPC A Comprehensive Plastic Waste Management Strategy for the City of Nairobi. Nairobi: Kenya National Cleaner Production Centre. Ministry of Industrialization Fertilizer and Pesticides: Sub sector profile and opportunities for private Investment. [Online]. Available from: [accessed 20 March 2009]. Ministry of Industrialization Plastics Sub sector. Government of Kenya Ministry of Industrialization. [Online]. Available from: tradeandindustry sector plastic pdf [accessed 23 March 2009]. UNEP & UN Habitat Kenya City of Nairobi Environment Outlook. Nairobi, Kenya.: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) & United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN Habitat), Kenya. [Online]. Available from: [accessed 10 May 2009].