Ca : methods for determining DRIs. Adults. 4average requirement, meta-analyzed balance studies by FAO/WHO :

Transcription

1 Minerals Categories of Ds for Minerals - Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg - Mineral Ca RDA P Ca ; 서울대학교 이연숙 Na P ; 국민대학교 김선희 Na, Cl ; 동의대학교 임화재 K ; 국민대학교 장문정 Mg ; 인하대학교 천종희 Cl K Mg Indicators for Estimating Ds Ca : methods for determining Ds Mineral Ca P Na Cl K Mg Balance, factorial method, Ca accretion, bone mineral density, bone loss Balance, serum Pi, P accretion Suggested amounts for prevention of chronic disease Same molar weight of Na Indicator for prevention of disease by bad dietary habits Balance, accretion of fat-free mass 4average requirement, meta-analyzed balance studies by FAO/WHO : 520 mg 4 insensible loss, kg body weight 0.75 x 1mg : 20 mg 4 absorption, 30% : 67 mg (20/0.3) 4 : 587 mg (520+67) 4, +2SD : 704 mg mg Ca : methods for determining Ds Ca : methods for determining Ds 4 mean human milk intake : 750 ml 4 Ca concentration in human milk : 266 mg/l 4 mean Ca intake ( ) : mg mg 4 mean human milk intake : 600 ml 4 Ca concentration in human milk : 240 mg/l 4 mean Ca intake ( ) : 144 mg 4 solid foods : 140 mg 4 ( ) : 288 mg mg Children 4 Ca accretion : 120 mg/d 4 urinary loss: 60 mg 4 sweat loss : 40 mg total = 220 mg 4 absorption, 40% : mg 4 : mg 4, +2SD : 660 mg mg Adolescents 4 Adopted same methods as children 4 : men mg, women 750 mg 4 : men mg, women 900 mg

2 Ca : methods for determining Ds Ca : s > 50 years 4 for men : mg same as adult men 4 for women : mg considered bone loss after menopause 4 : additional mg 44 : additional 400 mg 4 LOAEL(Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level) : 5 g 4 uncertainty factor : 2 4 (Tolerable Upper Intake Level) : 5 g / 2 = 2.5 g (Ca: mg) 200 P : methods for determining Ds 500 Male : mg to yield lower end of normal adult Pi level, 2.7mg/dl absorption 60 70% 4, +2SD : mg Female P : methods for determining Ds P : methods for determining Ds 4 mean human milk intake : 750 ml 4 P concentration in human milk : 130 mg/l 4 mean P intake ( ) : 97.5 mg mg 4 mean human milk intake : 600 ml 4 P concentration in human milk : 124 mg/l 4 mean P intake ( ) : 75 mg 4 solid foods : mg 4 : mg mg Children, adolescents - in case of 1-2 yrs - 4 P accretion/d : 52 mg ( )/365 change in weight 1 g/y change in lean tissue 1225 g/y (body fat 21%) lean tissue P 2.82 g (lean tissue x 0.23%) bone mineral 85 g bone P 16.2 g (bone mineral x 19%) 4 urinary loss : 190 mg 4, absorption 70% : 346 mg (190+52)/0.7 4, +2SD : 415 mg 500 mg

3 P : methods for determining Ds P : s > 50 years 4 for men & women : mg same as adults & 4 : no addition 4 NOAEL : 3.5 g 4 uncertainty factor : 1 4 : 3.5 g except for ages 1-8 yrs : 3.0 g account for smaller body size for ages > 75 yrs : 3.0 g account for impaired renal function (P: mg) 100 Na, Cl : methods for determining Ds 500 Male Female suggested because of inadequate dose-response data Ds for Na and Cl are of the same molar weight Adult 4 based on adults work moderate activity in warm weather 4 intakes to satisfy with of major nutrients 4 : 1.5 g Na, Cl : methods for determining Ds Na,Cl : methods for determining Ds 4 mean human milk intake : 750 ml 4 Na concentration in human milk : 0.16 g/l 4 = 0.12 g 4 mean human milk intake : 600 ml 4 Na concentration in human milk : 0.16 g/l 4 solid foods : 0.29 g 4 : = 0.37 g Children 4extrapolated from adult by using relative energy intake Adolescents 4 Same as adult The elderly 4extrapolated from adult by using integrated means of energy median & 4 no addition

4 (Na: g) Na : & Guided Intake GI * 4 difficult to establish typical adverse effect of sodium is to increase blood pressure but linear dose-response increase of blood pressure is shown without threshold. difficult to determine LOARL few data of Koreans 4 present guided intake suggest the guided intake of 2 g Na (5 g NaCl) to prevent chronic diet-related diseases by WHO/FAO Male Female * Guided intake Male Female (Cl: g) K : methods for determining Ds suggested Risk of hypertension is high for Koreans by excess intake of salt consider K intake not to maintain good health but to prevent hypertension 4 blood pressure decreased when a normal person consumed g of Na and 3.1- g of K 4 g of K decreased significantly blood pressure in Na-induced hypertension groups was low risk of nephrolithiasis decreased urinary excretion of Ca K : methods for determining Ds K : methods for determining Ds 4 of g Infants month : 0.4 g from human milk month : 0.3 g from human milk.4 g from solid foods = 0.7 g Children & adolescents 4extrapolated from adult by using medians of energy consumption The elderly 4same as adult because of risk of hypertension while energy intake is lower than adults 4no addition 4additional 0.4 g by considering secretion through milk

5 K : 4 : not determined 4 Healthy persons can regulate K homeostasis by increasing urinary excretion in case of consuming larger amounts than K Male Female (K: g) Mg : methods for determining Ds - in case of men yrs - 4 : 285 mg 4.3 mg/kg x 65.8 kg(reference weight) = mg 4, +2SD : 340 mg 285 x = 342 mg 340 mg 4 Mg concentration in human milk : 34 mg/l 4, 34 x 0.75= 30 mg 4 : 55 mg Mg : methods for determining Ds Children 4 same methods as adults Adolescents 4 considered accretion during growth spurt The elderly 4 same as adults & 4 considered increase of fat-free mass during pregnancy additional 40 mg 4 no addition for lactating women Mg : 4 LOAEL : 360 mg 4 uncertainty factor : x 1=360: mg 4 is applied for Mg source except foods Male Female (Mg: mg)

6 참여한 위원들 제정위원 김선희 (국민대학교) 이연숙 (서울대학교) 임화재 (동의대학교) 장문정 (국민대학교) 천종희 (인하대학교) 정효지 (서울대학교) 검토위원 김선효 (공주대학교) 김정선 (세명대학교) 모자 안홍석 (성신여자대학 교) 상한섭취 최영선 (대구대학교)