Unit 5. The Scottish Highlanders of Colonial Georgia

Transcription

1 Unit 5 The Scottish Highlanders of Colonial Georgia

2 Introduction Goal of Unit: The students will explore the Scottish Highlander settlement of Darien in the 1730s and 1740s in order to gain a deeper understanding of what factors led to the establishment of colonial Georgia, and what events influenced its early cultural development. Georgia Performance Standards: 4th SS4H3 The student will explain the factors that shaped British colonial America. ELA4R3 The student understands and acquires new vocabulary and uses it correctly in reading and writing. ELA4C1 The student demonstrates understanding and control of the rules of the English language, realizing that usage involves the appropriate application of conventions and grammar in both written and spoken formats. 8 th SS8H2 ELA8R2 ELA8C1 The student will evaluate the Trustee Period of Georgia s colonial history emphasizing the role of the Highland Scots [and their settlement at Darien], the malcontents, and the Spanish threat from Florida. The student will explain the importance of James Oglethorpe and the three reasons for [Georgia s] settlement The student understands and acquires new vocabulary and uses it correctly in reading and writing. The student demonstrates understanding and control of the rules of the English language, realizing that usage involves the appropriate application of conventions and grammar in both written and spoken formats. Topics: Reasons for Scottish Highlanders settlement in colonial Georgia Early life and culture among the settlers in colonial Georgia Primary reasons for the establishment of Georgia Georgia s early economy Threats from colonial Georgia s enemies Relations with Native Americans Teacher Background Information: In this unit the students will explore various issues that led toward the settlement of Scottish Highlanders in coastal Georgia in Also, the students will explore the history of the Scottish settlement at Darien and how it fit into the goals of the Trustees. Length of Unit: 3-5 days Day One: Pre-Reading Activities, Guided Reading One Day Two: Guided Reading One and Two Day Three: Guided Reading Two Day Four: Clans of Darien(optional and may be extended) Number of Lessons: 4 1) The Clans of Scotland 2) Prediction Guide 3) Guided Reading Selection 4) The Clans of Darien 2

3 Chart of Lessons Lesson Title Hook/ Anticipation Pre- Assessment Learning Activities Post- Assessment Handouts Resources THE CLANS OF SCOTLAND PREDICTION GUIDE GUIDED READING SELECTION THE CLANS OF DARIEN WARM-UP ACTIVITY SCOTTISH HIGHLANDER PICTURE PRESENTATION SCOTTISH MUSIC NONE TEACHER OBSERVATION WARM-UP ACTIVITY WARM-UP ACTIVITY WARM-UP ACTIVITY STUDENT FEEDBACK TEACHER/STUDENT DISCUSSION GUIDED READING QUIZZES AND SELF CHECKS INTERNET AND LITERATURE RESEARCH ON SCOTTISH CLAN TEACHER OBSERVATION STUDENT PARTICIAPTION/ KWL CHART GUIDED READING QUIZZES, SELF CHECKS, UNIT TEST POWER-POINT PRESENTATION OR ILLUSTRATIVE EXHIBIT POSTER /UNIT TEST MAP OF SCOTLAND, SELF CHECK WORKSHEET PREDICTION GUIDE WORKSHEET GUIDED READING SELECTION ASSESSMENT RUBRIC INTERNET OVERHEAD PROJECTOR MAP HANDOUTS OVERHEAD/LCD PROJECTOR FOR PICTURES INTERNET ACCESS AND MEDIA CENTER RESOURCES. 3

4 Pre-Reading Strategies Lesson One The Clans of Scotland Georgia Performance Standards: 4th SS4H3 The student will explain the factors that shaped British colonial America. 8th SS8H2 The student will evaluate the Trustee Period of Georgia s colonial history emphasizing the role of the Highland Scots [and their settlement at Darien], the malcontents, and the Spanish threat from Florida. Essential Question: Who are Scottish Highlanders, where do they come from, and what is their culture like? Description: Since most students have never heard of a Highlander, this unit should begin with a brief description of the Highlands of Scotland and the people who inhabited them. The clan system should also be addressed. Materials: Paper and Pencil Computer with internet access Procedure: Display the letters below in this format on an overhead or chalkboard. H I G H L A N D E R S Next, display a map of Scotland for your students. The map can be found at Be sure to point out the lochs and which region makes up the Highlands. Explain to your students that this map shows where the various clans of Scotland have lived historically. Explain that the clan system was very much like the tribal system used by Native Americans. Make sure the students understand that clans were bonds among various families. These bonds were made for survival and protection from enemy clans. Clans could be formed around one family name, or several families could make up a clan confederation. Plenty of information about clans including maps may be found at 4

5 The Highlanders of Colonial Georgia (Unit Five) Next, have the students see if they can use each letter to identify a clan found somewhere in Scotland. They should write the name of the clan in with the vertical letter provided. For example, clan Henderson could be used for the letter H. Note: The vertical letters do not have to be the first letter in the name of the clan. Since by now the students should have a fairly good understanding of Highlanders, they can complete their prediction guide and KWL charts. These are found below. 5

6 Lesson Two Prediction Guide Georgia Performance Standards: 4th SS4H3 The student will explain the factors that shaped British colonial America. 8th SS8H2 The student will evaluate the Trustee Period of Georgia s colonial history emphasizing the role of the Highland Scots [and their settlement at Darien], the malcontents, and the Spanish threat from Florida. Essential Questions: Based upon what I have previously learned, what predictions can I make about the Scottish settlement of Darien in colonial Georgia? Description: In this activity, the students will make various predictions about issues related to the Scottish Highlanders that settled Darien in colonial Georgia. Materials: Pencil and Paper Anticipation Guide KWL Chart Procedure: Hook em - Display the picture presentation of the Scottish Highlanders in colonial Georgia. Daily Warm-Up Name two reasons why you feel the Georgia Trustees probably wanted Scottish Highlanders to settle in Georgia. Complete daily warm-up activity while displaying the picture presentation on the overhead. Go around and discuss answers with the students. Pass out the prediction guide. Keep the pictures displayed on overhead. Read the instructions and allow the students a few minutes to complete the guide. Circulate through the room, coaching students to think critically about the subject matter. Grade based on class participation. Go over the anticipation guide by reading a statement and then taking a poll to find out who agrees and disagrees. Get feedback from both sides. Go through all the statements and use each one as a segue to a deeper discussion introducing the Highlanders. Have the students fill out the K and W section of their KWL charts. Save the L section for later, after they complete other tasks apart of the lesson plan. 6

7 Prediction Guide Prediction Guide: Scottish Highlanders in Colonial Georgia Directions: Prior to reading the guided reading selection Scottish Highlanders in Colonial Georgia, place a checkmark next to the statements with which you agree. You should be able to explain to the class or group members why you made those choices. After reading the selection, go back and see just how accurate you were Scottish Highlanders probably came to Georgia because they did not have much opportunity in their homeland back in Scotland. The Highlanders probably continued their old traditions and customs once they got here to the Georgia coast. Oglethorpe probably did not get along very well with the Scottish Highlanders. It is probable that the Highlanders were not very good at fighting in the new environment that they encountered in colonial Georgia. The Scots at Darien were probably not very used to living in such a harsh environment like the Georgia coast. I predict the following three things probably happened to the Scots after they arrived to Darien, Georgia in

8 KWL Chart In the chart below fill in K (What you already know about Scottish Highlanders. Then fill in W (What you want to know about Scottish Highlanders. Finally, complete L (what you have learned about Scottish Highlanders) once you have completed the self check questions. K (What I already Know) W (What I Want to know) L (What I actually Learned) 8

9 Guided Reading Selection and Activities Lesson Three The Highlanders of Colonial Darien Reading One: Reading Two: The Life of a Highlander New Life in a New World Georgia Performance Standards: 4th SS4H3 The student will explain the factors that shaped British colonial America. ELA4R3 The student understands and acquires new vocabulary and uses it correctly in reading and writing. ELA4C1 The student demonstrates understanding and control of the rules of the English language, realizing that usage involves the appropriate application of conventions and grammar in both written and spoken formats. 8th SS8H2 ELA8R2 ELA8C1 The student will evaluate the Trustee Period of Georgia s colonial history emphasizing the role of the Highland Scots [and their settlement at Darien], the malcontents, and the Spanish threat from Florida. The student understands and acquires new vocabulary and uses it correctly in reading and writing. The student demonstrates understanding and control of the rules of the English language, realizing that usage involves the appropriate application of conventions and grammar in both written and spoken formats. Essential Question: What factors in Scotland caused the Highlanders to want to move to colonial Georgia? How did the Scots fit into the Trustees goals in establishing Georgia? What were the economic, social, and military contributions of the Scots at Darien during the Trustee Period? Description: This activity is designed to use the Scottish Highlanders remarkable settlement of Darien as a theme toward understanding many concepts about colonial Georgia including reasons for its establishment, its economy, its cultural development, and what push and pull factors compelled European settlers to come to Georgia. Materials Pencil and paper Computer with internet access Procedure: Guide the students through the reading. Have them fill out the guided reading quiz either as you go along or once you have read it all. Have them complete all their daily warm-ups each day. Where teachers stop daily with their students in the reading will vary. Next, have them complete the self check either for class work or homework. 9

10 The Highlanders of Colonial Georgia Section One The Life of a Highlander Daily Warm-Up Activity - Historians often refer to push factors when explaining why people wanted to leave Europe to settle in colonial America. Which push factors do you suppose led the Scottish Highlanders to come to Darien, Georgia? Hook em Play this Scottish jig as the students complete their daily warm-up. Terms to Know General James Oglethorpe Act of 1707 United Kingdom Gaelic clan system tenant tacksman When General James Oglethorpe established the colony of Georgia, he had a hard job to accomplish. Not only did he have to set up the colonists in Savannah, but he had to protect the frontier lands as well. Georgia was a massive spread of land stretching south from South Carolina all way down to north Florida. Figure one shows the size of this frontier region. The southern frontier was a primitive, unsettled place. Its settlement required a people who could withstand the harsh environment and the dangers Fig. 1. The 18 th century Georgia frontier covered all the coast of modern Georgia Map Skills: Which barrier island lies due east of Fort King George? Reprinted with permission from the University of Ga. Hargrett Library Rare Map Collection. that existed there. Given that the southern frontier was so close to the enemy in Spanish St. Augustine, its settlers had to be brave and fierce in battle. The people Oglethorpe chose to settle this frontier were the Scottish Highlanders. This is their story. Life in the Highlands of Scotland was always challenging. It was a rugged, mountainous land where growing food was hard to do. The weather was often cold, damp, and muggy; however, it has a beautiful landscape and offered its inhabitants a simple life of privacy much of the time. By the late 1600s and early 1700s, however, the Highlands were changing drastically. In the Act of 1707, Scotland joined England to become the United Kingdom. This was bad for Scotland, since it meant that England would have an even stronger control over Scotland. English officials took rights away from the Highlanders. They were forbidden to own weapons, to protest England s oppressive Reading Skills Break Based upon the context of its use in the sentence to the left, which word best describes the meaning of massive? A.) large B.) impressive C.) undeveloped D.) natural Language Arts Skills Break One What is the subject of sentence two in the paragraph to the right? ways, or to speak their native tongue, Gaelic. The British began efforts to modernize the Highlands; roads were built throughout the Highlands, industry was introduced, and groups were sent in to teach the Highlanders English customs. All of this worked to rob the Highlanders of their traditional way of life. 10

11 The Scottish way of life centered on the clan system. Clans were groups of families that bonded together for protection and survival. The clan system dates all the way back to the ancient times. Families started rivalries that led to a great deal of fighting. Several families formed clans to form mutual protection from enemies. They shared resources and marital bonds. It was not considered right to marry outside one s clan. The line of descendents passed through the female, rather than the male side of a family. This was the same for inheritance. Women, therefore, had greater rights in Scottish society than in most other European societies. Every clan had a supreme chief who was like a president or a king, except on a smaller level. Clans settled over large areas that covered several hundred miles. The Highlanders faced many challenges in addition to the British. Eighteenth century life in the Highlands was harsh. A typical Highlander family lived as a tenant on a plot of land that was far less than an acre. On this land they raised crops and maybe a few head of cattle. The family did not own the plot of land. Instead, a landlord, known as the tacksman, owned the land. The tenants had to pay the tacksman a rent with the crops they grew. The tenants were left to live off of what was left after rent was paid. This was often very small and barely enough to survive on. Poverty was common. The families lived in very simple structures framed from sapling poles and covered with sod. Fig. 3. Above is an example of a typical Scottish house in the eighteenth century. The roof is covered with sod (heavy clumps of grass). The sod is then held down with ropes that are weighted down at the ends with stones. The siding is entirely made of stone. Compare for a moment modern life to that of a Highlander living in the eighteenth century. Imagine living a life with such limited resources. Imagine having to live off a land that produces little. What little it does produce is mostly owed to the people who own the land. Imagine a life where basic needs are barely being met. The hardships suffered by the Highlanders were typical among many Europeans of that time. Therefore, many of them decided to relocate to a world where abundant opportunities seemed to be calling. Self Check: 1) Give two examples of what caused the Highlanders to want to leave their homeland for America. These are called push factors. 2) Why did the Scots need the clan system? 3) How were the Scots mistreated by the tacksmen? 4) True or False? Back in Scotland, the English exploited the Highlanders ruthlessly. 11

12 Section Two New Life in a New World Daily Warm-up Historians often refer to pull factors when explaining why Europeans wanted to leave their homeland to live in colonial America. What pull factors may have made the Scottish Highlanders want to come over to settle in Darien, Georgia? Hook em Play this Scottish jig as the students complete their daily warm-up. Terms to Know immigrate Darien Fort Darien Lieutenant John Mohr Captain Hugh Mackay Trustees Mackintosh King s Road malcontents The Battle of Fort Mosa Battle of Bloody Marsh During the 1600s and 1700s many Europeans decided to pursue a new life in the Americas. The New World seemed a place of endless possibility, with plenty of land, and where life could begin anew. This is why General Oglethorpe had no problem finding plenty of Highlanders in Scotland who were eager to immigrate to his new colony of Georgia. In January 1736, the Highlanders moved sixty miles south of Savannah and settled Darien, where they built fort Darien on the Altamaha River. Under the effective leadership of Lieutenant John Mohr Mackintosh and Captain Hugh Mackay, the community became a valuable asset to the colony. The Trustees, British officials responsible for Georgia s Fig. 4. The Highlanders were permitted to wear their traditional fashions in Georgia. These Highlanders are dressed in kilts with sporrans on the front Property of DNR, FKGHS. settlement, had three primary goals in mind for Georgia s settlement. One goal of the Trustees was to use Georgia to help the British Empire s economy. The Highlanders at Darien did much to help them accomplish this goal. Settlers began furiously harvesting cypress and yellow pine for timber. Reading Skills Break Based upon the context of its use in the sentence to the left, which best describes the meaning of industrious? A.) successful B.) productive C.) wealthy D.) healty Much of the colony of Georgia was built using timber cut around the Darien area. Cattle was raised in the pastures outside Darien and used to furnish dairy products for the colony. Several Highlanders were involved in cutting a new road that connected Darien to Savannah. This road, known as King s Road, was one of Georgia s first overland transportation routes. The road was essential to the development of a great deal of economic activity in the colony. Finally, many Scots were active in and helped to promote the deerskin trade. A second goal of the Trustees was for Georgia to become a defensive buffer for the British colonies against the Spanish in Florida. Highlanders were known to be fierce warriors, especially in hand-to-hand combat, the type often used in frontier warfare. The town of Darien and Fort Darien 12

13 became the first line of defense against a possible Spanish invasion from the south. The Spanish were in St. Augustine, only a few hundred miles away. A third goal of the Trustees was to provide philanthropy, or charity, to many of Great Britain s people in need of help. The Trustees wanted to help poor debtors back in Great Britain escape the punishment of prison for all the money they owed but could not pay. Although this plan ultimately did not work out with debtors, the philanthrophy. The Trustees offered the Highlanders many incentives to come to Darien. Each family was given fifty acres of land to plant crops and raise cattle. They were also given tools to farm with and cattle to tend. Scottish men were allowed to own weapons again. Furthermore, the Highlanders were free from the overbearing rule of the English who had taken over much of their land in Scotland. Many of these opportunities were ones the Highlanders had never expected to have. However, hardships soon fell upon Darien. Harsh weather brought droughts to the community in 1737 and Hardly anything would grow. Many citizens had to slaughter most of their cattle just to have food. Furthermore, the community was constantly on edge and nervous due to the possibility of an enemy attack. General Oglethorpe often used the Highlanders to man other forts along the coast. This took men away from Darien and caused more work for those left behind. Since they had no public store in Darien, many Highlanders went deep into debt with merchants back in Savannah. The Scots were having a hard time paying these debts and making a living with the drought damaging crops and cattle. This also greatly affected their productivity in the timber industry as well. Oglethorpe was no fool. He knew how valuable the Darien Scots were to his system of defense and Georgia s economy. Therefore, he compromised with them by giving them a public store of their own in Darien, more cattle, and debt relief. Although some Scots decided to leave Darien in 1738 for South Carolina because of the hardships, many decided to stay as a result of Oglethorpe s support. In exchange for his support, Oglethorpe got great loyalty from the Highlanders. In 1738, when a group of men in Savannah started complaining about the hardships there, the Highlanders came to Oglethorpe s aid. These malcontents wanted slavery in the colony in order to relieve them of the hard labor. Oglethorpe was against the use of slaves. In January of 1739, the Darien Scots wrote Fig. 5. Armed probably with flint lock muskets, the Highlanders at Darien fought bravely at the Battle of Bloody Marsh in July of Property of DNR, FKGHS. Language Arts Skills Break As used in the sentence to the right, what part of speech is the word from? A.) Adverb B.) Adjective C.) Noun D.) Preposition an official petition to the Trustees. In it, they protested the introduction of slavery to the colony. They believed that it would threaten the security of Darien, and the signers declared that slavery was shocking to human nature, and morally wrong. With the aid of the Highlanders, Oglethorpe was able to prevent slavery from coming to Georgia. In the late spring of 1740, another hardship hit the town. This one was almost too much to bear. General Oglethorpe decided to attack the Spanish at St. Augustine. A large group of Scottish soldiers from Darien were defeated at the Battle of Fort Mosa in north Florida. Over thirty Scots were killed. The battle cost Darien many valuable men. Darien s leader, John Mohr Mackintosh and many other Scottish soldiers were captured and held prisoner by the Spanish. 13

14 The town of Darien was devastated. In the aftermath of Mosa, many settlers left Darien for South Carolina. The town was in near ruin. However, several new recruits were sent into Darien in 1741, and the town was once again revived. In July of 1742, the Spanish invaded Georgia. With a force of over two thousand soldiers and nearly sixty ships, the Spanish first point of attack was Saint Simons Island, just a few miles south of Darien. The Spanish aimed to drive the British colonists out of Georgia entirely. It was the Scots turn to avenge those lost at Mosa. On July 7 th, the Battle of Bloody Marsh was fought on the island. Though vastly outnumbered by the Spanish, the Scots fought bravely in this battle. During a charge by the Spaniards, the Scots held their counter position, even though a group of British troops retreated in fear. Through the Scots efforts that day, the British defeated the Spanish. The Spaniards were forced to retreat in great shame and never again posed a serious threat to the security of Georgia. Today, over 300 various families in Darien can trace their roots back to the original Scots that settled Darien in the 1730s. Amazingly, Darien has survived over the past two centuries through many challenging periods. It is one of the few towns that developed in colonial Georgia that still survives to this day. Much of this is owed to the economic and military contributions of Darien s Scottish settlers. Self Check: 1) Explain two reasons why the Scots wanted to come to colonial Georgia. These are called pull factors.. 2) Explain how the Highlanders helped serve the Trustees economic goals 3) Explain how the Highlanders helped serve the Trustees military goals. 4) Explain how the Highlanders fit into the Trustees ideas about philanthropy in settling Georgia. 5) List two hardships that the Darien Highlanders suffered at Darien? 6) How did the Highlanders differ from the malcontents? 7) How did the Highlanders help Oglethorpe rid Georgia of its military enemies? Guide Reading Quizzes: Section One: Life of A Highlander 1. True or False? The southern frontier of Georgia was a dangerous place to settle. 2. True of False? Most Scots lived fairly wealthy lives back home in the Highlands of Scotland. 3. True or False? The clan system was a way for the Scots to modernize the Highlands. 4. True or False? The Highlanders had limited land and resources back home in Scotland. 5. True or False? The British government dominated the Scottish Highlanders. Section Two: Life in a New World 1. True or False? One of the reasons Oglethorpe wanted Scots to come to Georgia was so they could defend the southern frontier of colonial Georgia from the Spanish. 2. True or False? The Highlanders of Darien served all three of the Trustees primary goals in establishing Georgia. 3. True or False? The malcontents lived in Darien and were opposed to Oglethorpe s use of slaves in the colony. 3. True or False? Many Scots were defeated and killed at the Battle of Fort Mosa. 4. True or False? The Scots were important in helping Oglethorpe defeat the Spanish when they invaded Georgia. 5. True or False? The Spanish won the Battle of Bloody Marsh fought on St. Simons Island, Georgia. 14

15 Post Reading Assessment Activities Lesson Four The Clans of Darien Georgia Performance Standards: SS4H3 The student will explain the factors that shaped British colonial America. SS8H2 The student will evaluate the Trustee Period of Georgia s colonial history emphasizing the role of the Highland Scots [and their settlement at Darien], the malcontents, and the Spanish threat from Florida. Essential Questions: What are Scottish clans and how did their social system work? How did Scottish clans originate? Where were particular clans located? How did Scottish clans survive? What type of material culture did particular clans have? Description: In this activity the students will do research on one of the many clans that settled Darien in the 1730s and 1740s. The entire list of family names is found in the book, Scots of McIntosh. Once the students have identified a clan to study, they must use the internet and research documents in order to identify and explain some history and culture of the clan. Materials: Pencil and paper Computer with internet access Poster board Coloring pencils Glue Other miscellaneous art supplies Scots of McIntosh book Computer with internet access and Power Point Procedure: Daily Warm-Up - List two push factors that made Highlanders decide to come to Georgia. Then, list two pull factors that made the Highlanders want to come. Introduce your students to the book Scots of McIntosh. Go over a few of the Scottish names such as Mackintosh, McBean, McDonald etc. Do a poll to find out how many of the names the students may recognize from someone they actually know. Go over the directions with the students. You may want to do a brief tutorial on how to use Power Point in case they choose to do that type of presentation. Also, point out that the website is a great place to get started on their research. Allow the students two days to research their clan and to put their presentation together. 15

16 Research Rubric About Clan Directions: Pick a clan that settled in colonial Darien. This information can be found in the book Scots of McIntosh. Use the information below to guide you in your research about your clan. This information will be used either to develop a Power Point presentation to the class, or to make a creative visual poster. The number of points you will be awarded for providing the information is provided to the right. You must earn a total of 12 points. Therefore, you only have to pick four main questions to focus on. 1. What is a clan and how does the clan system work in the Highlands? 3 points 2. How did your clan originate? 3 points What ancient tribes did your clan come from? Where did your clan get its name? 3. Where was your clan located in the Highlands? 3 points What geographic region do they come from? How did their geographic region look? 4. How did your clan survive? 3 points What did they do for a living? What resources or items did they use in order to survive? 5. What type of material culture did your clan have? 3 points How were their houses made? What type of weapons did they use? What kind of clothes did they wear? What type of items did they use in their day-to-day existence? 3 points (for example: eating utensils, furniture, toys, etc. Total Points 18 points 16

17 Scoring Rubric for Poster Project and Power Point Presentation Information number one Information number two Information number three Information number four Information number five 3 points 2 points 1 points 0 The clan system is The clan system is The clan system is Information is illustrated or illustrated or not adequately entirely missing described in a described with at described or or is manner that is least 75% of the illustrated clearly. plagiarized. 100% accurate, information Visual Appeal is easy to understand, accurate and easy to lacking and it looks and visually understand. The like it was hastily appealing. There is visual appeal is or carelessly done. absolutely no O.K. but shows a plagiarism. lack to some effort. There is no The origins and clan name are clearly illustrated and/or described with 100% accuracy and no plagiarism. Clan geographic region is illustrated and described with 100% accuracy and no plagiarism Clan survival and tools are illustrated and described 100% accurately and in a manner that is visually appealing without plagiarism. The material culture is superbly described and illustrated through pictures or drawings. plagiarism. The origins and clan name are basically illustrated and/or described with a few errors, but with no plagiarism Clan geographic region is illustrated and described with some accuracy but with a few mistakes. No plagiarism. Clan survival and tools are illustrated and described fairly accurately but with a few mistakes, or without a lot of visual appeal. Only some effort is put into visual appeal. No plagiarism. The material culture is adequately displayed and described. Clan origins and name are poorly illustrated and/or described with many errors but with no plagiarism. Clan geographic region is illustrated and described in a very poor manner. No Plagiarism Clan survival and tools are poorly illustrated and described. There is little or no attention to visual appeal. No plagiarism. The material culture is poorly displayed and described. Information is entirely missing or is plagiarized. Information is entirely missing or is plagiarized. Information is entirely missing or is plagiarized. The material culture is not displayed or is not described. Both must be present. 17

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