1 Circle the correct answer.

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1 9 Past perfect Affirmative Full form I had passed. You had passed. He had passed. She had passed. It had passed. We had passed. You had passed. They had passed. Negative Full form I had not passed. You had not passed. He had not passed. She had not passed. It had not passed. We had not passed. You had not passed. They had not passed. Contracted form I d passed. You d passed. He d passed. She d passed. It d passed. We d passed. You d passed. They d passed. Contracted form I hadn t passed. You hadn t passed. He hadn t passed. She hadn t passed. It hadn t passed. We hadn t passed. You hadn t passed. They hadn t passed. We use the past perfect to talk about something that happened before something else in the past. Marie had left the café when we arrived. (= Marie left the café, then we arrived.) When Colin had finished his dinner, he watched TV. (= Colin finished his dinner, then he watched TV.) We can also use the past perfect to explain a situation or give a reason. I was nervous because I hadn t flown in a plane before. 1 Circle the correct answer. 1 I was / had been there for ten minutes when the police arrived. 2 They shut the road because there d been / was an accident. 3 There were / had been three pet shops in our town, but one of them is closed now. 4 I didn t go to the cinema last Saturday because I d already seen / already saw the fi lm. 5 We didn t have / hadn t had much money when I was a kid, but we always had a good time. 6 Tina wasn t / hadn t been very well last night. Past perfect: questions Questions Had I passed? Had you passed? Had he passed? Had she passed? Had it passed? Had we passed? Had you passed? Had they passed? Short answers Affirmative Yes, I had. Yes, you had. Yes, he had. Yes, she had. Yes, it had. Yes, we had. Yes, you had. Yes, they had. Answers page 116 Negative No, I hadn t. No, you hadn t. No, he hadn t. No, she hadn t. No, it hadn t. No, we hadn t. No, you hadn t. No, they hadn t. 104

2 9 Past perfect questions are used in the same situations as the affirmative and negative forms. Had you ever been to Benidorm before this summer? No, I hadn t. 2 Complete the dialogue with the correct past perfect form of the verb in brackets. A I got to know a great girl at the party on Saturday. B Really? (1) Had you met (you / meet) her before? A No, but (2) (I / see) her. B How did you get talking? A Well, (3) (the party / start) when I arrived. (4) (she / be) there for an hour but she (5) (she / not speak) to anybody. I started chatting to her. The next thing I knew, the party was over and (6) (everybody / leave). We were the last people there. Answers page 116 Reported speech Reported speech is used to repeat what another person said. Direct speech Reported speech He told me, He told me (that) I m worried. he was worried. He said, He said (that) I m worried. he was worried. When the verb introducing the reported speech (the reporting verb ) is in the past, the following changes occur: Direct speech Present simple She said, I work in London. Present continuous He said, I m completing a project. Present perfect She said, I ve broken my arm. Past simple He said, I talked to them. will + infinitive He said, I will arrive home early. We also change modal verbs: Direct speech can She said, I can speak German. must/have (got) to She said, You must leave. may He said, It may snow later. Reported speech Past simple She said (that) she worked in London. Past continuous He said (that) he was completing a project. Past perfect She said (that) she had broken her arm. Past perfect He said (that) he had talked to them. would + infinitive He said (that) he would arrive home early. Reported speech could She said (that) she could speak German. had to She said (that) I had to leave. might He said (that) it might snow later. say and tell Say and tell are the most common reporting verbs. If we use told, we must follow it with a person or an object pronoun. She told me (that) she was going away. NOT She told (that) she was going away. However, this is not the case with said. NOT She said me that 105

3 9 There are other reporting verbs that we can use apart from say and tell. These include: admit, claim, confirm, deny, insist, reveal. These verbs are like say, they can t be followed by an object pronoun. They admitted (that) they d committed the crime. NOT They admitted me (that) 3 Write the following sentences in reported speech. Use the reporting verbs in brackets. 1 I don t like coffee. (he / admit) He admitted that he didn t like coffee. 2 We ll visit soon. (they / confi rm) 3 Paul wasn t there. (she / deny) 4 Heather s getting married. (he / claim) 5 You (singular) can do it. (he / insist) 6 There s been an accident. (Eddie / tell / us) Answers page 116 weather forecast /ˈweðə ˈfɔːkɑːst/ world news /wɜːld njuːz/ Reporting verbs admit /ədˈmɪt/ claim /kleɪm/ confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ deny /dɪˈnaɪ/ insist /ɪnˈsɪst/ reveal /rɪˈviːl/ English you need Gossip Hey, you ll never guess what I heard. I heard that they ve just got engaged. You won t believe this, but Marty s got a job. A little bird told me. Newspapers caption /ˈkæpʃn/ cartoon /kɑːˈtuːn/ front page /frʌnt peɪdʒ/ headline /ˈhedlaɪn/ horoscope /ˈhɒrəskəʊp/ local news /ˈləʊkl njuːz/ sports section /spɔːts ˈsekʃn/ Have you heard about Kate and Darren? Apparently, they had a big argument. 106

4 9 Don t tell anyone, though! I won t say a word. Learning tip Making cards with a new word or phrase on the front and a definition in English on the back is a good way to revise vocabulary. 1 Find words from Unit 9 to match the definitions. 1 single parent a parent who looks after a child without the help of the other parent 2 travel by asking cars to stop and take you to your destination 3 electricity that you see during storms 4 talk about other people s lives when you aren t with them 5 a section in a newspaper where you can read a prediction for the day s weather 6 let something fall out of your hand by accident 2 Write definitions for these words. 1 volunteer (n) 2 vandalize 3 rainforest 4 clue 3 Make revision cards for words on your word list. Then test your memory. Read a definition. Can you remember the word? Answers page

5 Newspapers 1 Look at the definitions for different parts of a newspaper and complete the puzzle F R O N T P A G E To see the main news story, look here. (5, 4) 2 If you want to see something funny, look at this. (7) 3 Look at this to quickly fi nd out what s in the news. (8) 4 You can fi nd out what s happening in other countries in this section. (5, 4) 5 You sometimes see one of these under photos. (7) 6 If you want to fi nd out what s happening in your area, read this. (5, 4) 7 To read a prediction for your future, read this. (9) 8 If you want to know yesterday s football results, turn to this. (5, 7) 9 If it will rain tomorrow, it tells you. (7, 8) 10 You can read about the news here. (2, 3, 5) 108

6 Past perfect 1 Complete the sentences with the past perfect and the words below. spend not read sleep not book eat not rehearse a snack the paper a table enough badly all her money 1 Jack wasn t hungry because he d eaten _ a snack. 2 Gigi didn t buy any shoes because she _ 3 The play went badly because the actors _ 4 Dan was very tired because he 5 We didn t go to a restaurant because we _ 6 Wendy didn t know the news because she _ 2 Circle the correct options. Honest teenager returns 15, year-old Chris Hemmings surprised police on Saturday when he (1) gave / d given them two bags that he (2) found / d found. The bags contained more than 15,000. When Chris first saw the bags at the bus stop on Friday evening, he (3) thought / d thought that someone (4) left / had left their rubbish there. But when he saw that they (5) didn t go / hadn t gone the next morning, he (6) decided / d decided to open them. 3 Write complete sentences with the past perfect and past simple. 1 Jim Green / go / to bed early because he / have / a tiring day Jim Green went to bed early because he d had a tiring day. 2 he / be / asleep for an hour when a loud noise / wake / him up 3 he / get up / to see what / make / the noise 4 on the fl oor there / be / a man who / fall over / in the dark 5 he / break / his leg and / ask / Jim to call an ambulance Past perfect: questions 4 Complete the questions. Then match them with the answers. 1 Greece held the Olympic Games in Had it held them before? 2 When J.K. Rowling wrote the fi rst Harry Potter book, how many books before? 3 When Pierce Brosnan stopped playing James Bond, how many times the character? 4 Kanye West won a Grammy in one before? 5 When the Americans elected Barak Obama as President, a black President before? _ None _ No, they hadn t. _ Yes, he had. _ Four 1_ Yes, it had. 109

7 Reporting verbs 1 Write the verbs. 1 say something is a fact c laim 2 say that something isn t true d 3 repeat something for emphasis i 4 say that a rumour or belief is correct c 5 confess that something is true a 6 say something that has been a secret r 2 Circle the correct option. I ve won again. I m the best! 1 2 I haven t told you before, but I ve got a pet. 3 We re sorry. It was us. We broke the window. Reported speech 1 Write what the people say in reported speech. 1 We re celebrating the end of school. 2 I don t understand 3 I ve ordered sushi. 4 5 We re hungry! We didn t have lunch. 6 I ll pour the drinks 4 I told you before, I m doing my homework. 5 I didn t eat the pie. 6 OK, you re right. We re more than good friends. 1 She claimed / revealed that she was the best. 2 She revealed / insisted that she had a pet. 3 They denied / admitted that they had broken the window. 4 He admitted / insisted that she was doing her homework. 5 He confirmed / denied that he d eaten the pie. 6 They claimed / confi rmed that they were more than good friends. 1 He told the waiter that they were celebrating the end of the school. 2 He said 3 She told him 4 They said that 5 They told her 6 She said that 110

8 2 Write said or told in the sentences. 1 Our neighbours told us that they were going on holiday. 2 My friend she hadn t watched TV last night. 3 I the teacher that I would study hard for the test. 4 My mum that she was very tired. 5 My uncle he d been to France three times. 6 I my parents I was going to a friend s house. 3 Read the dialogue between Marc and Sandra. Then write it in reported speech. 1 Sandra said that she loved Spain. She thought it was beautiful. 2 She said she to Spain two years before. 3 But she said that she to Madrid before. 4 She said that she with some friends. 5 She said she any Spanish because she it at school. 6 Marc said that he her if she liked. 4 Read the star s words. Complete the newspaper article with reporting verbs from vocabulary exercise 1 and reported speech. Yes, the rumours are true. I ll be the star of Olivier s next fi lm. No, it isn t true. I m not doing it for the money. I m only interested in art that s a fact! I don t know when fi lming will start. I said I don t know when fi lming will start. Yes, it s true that I ve been out with Sharon a few times. No, we aren t getting married. It s been a secret before but I can tell you now, we argued all the time. A What do you think of Spain, Sandra? B I love it. I think it s beautiful. A Have you been here before? B Yes, I came here two years ago, but I haven t been to Madrid before. A Ah! And where are you staying? B With some friends. A Do you speak any Spanish? B No, I don t. I didn t study it at school. A I ll teach you if you like. In an exclusive interview, Ryan Philips (1) confirmed that he would be the star of Olivier s next film but he (2) that he was doing it for the money. He (3) that he (4) only interested in art. He (5) that he didn t know when filming (6). He (7) that he had been out with Sharon a few times but he said that they (8) married. In fact, he (9) that they (10) all the time. 111

9 1 Read the extracts from a newspaper. Match them with the sections below. TV Guide A Health and relationships Gossip column Horoscope A In tonight s re-run of the fourth series of Desperate Housewives, Carlos tells Edie that he s going away on a golfing weekend, but is really seeing his exwife, Gabrielle. Meanwhile, Gabrielle realises that her husband has hired a private detective to watch her, so she leaves home in disguise. D I was in a r estaurant on Thursday night, and imagine my surprise when politicians John Redford and Samuel Hill came in. They re political opponents, and Redford had attacked Hill earlier in the day about the gover nment s health plans. But here they were, enjoying a meal together, like two actors after a play. B If you Scorpios thought that you had solved last week s problems, prepare for a few more difficult days. There are dark clouds on the horizon, and more stormy weather is probably on its way. Keep in mind that there s generally sunshine after a storm, and that things will improve! C For this week s Satur day interview I spoke to psychologist and writer Faith Nor ton about her new book, Definitely Different. In it, she looks at the dif ferent way that men and women relate to their friends, and explains why female friendships actually help women to live longer. 2 Answer the questions. Who 1 has just published a book? Faith Norton 2 are enemies in public but friends in private? 3 meet in secret? 4 are going to have problems this week? 5 are healthier because of their friends? 6 has contracted a private detective? 3 Circle the words and expressions in the extracts. Then match them with the definitions. 1 b re-run 2 in disguise 3 stormy weather 4 keep in mind 5 actually 6 attacked a criticized b a repeat of an old programme c problems d really, in fact e dressed so that people can t recognize you f remember 112

10 1 Complete the dialogues between Boris and his friends with a word or phrase from each box. little bird won t never guess tell won t heard about say anyone believe told what 2 17 Circle the options that you think are correct. Then listen and check. 1 Boys have more / fewer friends than girls. 2 Boys and girls talk about the same / different things. 3 Girls gossip more / less than boys Listen again. Are the sentences about girls (G) or boys (B)? 1 G A You ll (1) never guess what I heard, Boris. B What? A Gloria s going to leave her band. Apparently, she doesn t think the others play well enough. B They won t be very happy. A No! Don t (2), though. B I (3) a word. 1 They talk about personal problems. 2 They do competitive activities when they meet. 3 Their behaviour produces oxytocin. 4 Their relationships help reduce stress. 5 They prefer to solve problems alone. 6 They should have more respect for gossiping Listen. Write six sentences from a dialogue. B Have you (4) Gloria? C What about her? B You (5) this, but she s leaving her group. C Well, I heard that her band s going to throw her out because she sings so badly. B Really? How do you know that? C A (6) me. 1 You ll

11 A news article 1 Read the news article. Then choose the headline. Nobody believes this excuse any mor e, but for Paul Wheeler it was true. Paul had gone out with friends after finishing a school project. When he got back home, his dog had destr oyed his USB memor y stick with the only copy of his project on it. Paul saw Buster eating something as he was walking thr ough the door. But by the time he r ealized that it was his memory stick, it was too late. Paul tried to tell his teacher what had happened. As soon as he said that the dog had eaten his homework, she started to laugh. Paul failed his project. At first he was annoyed with Buster, but now he s forgiven him. 3 They ran after the lorry it was driving away. 4 they arrived, they d driven 300 miles. 5 they were taking out the suitcases, they found her. 6 They gave him some lettuce to eat they got home. 3 Write the story for headline A or B. A B Cat travelled 300 miles in car Tortoise thrown out with rubbish C My dog ate my homework Time connectors 2 Circle as, as soon as and by the time in the article. Then write them in the sentences. Are they from story A or B? 1 By the time they realized where Fred was, the men had taken the rubbish. B 2 they were ready, they set off on their journey. 4 Translate the sentences. 1 I always read the local news. 2 Yesterday I read an article about a robbery. 3 A robber had stolen a million Euros. 4 When the police found him, he d spent it. 5 He denied that he d stolen it. 6 You won t believe this, but I know him! 114