Cosmology of Einstein s NOW

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1 Aerican Journa of Modern hysics 016; 5(4-1): 1-5 ubished onine January 1, 016 ( doi: /j.ajp.s ISSN: (rint); ISSN: (Onine) Cosoogy of Einstein s NOW Arit Sori 1, Vad Koroi, Andrei Nistreanu, Davide Fiscaetti 1 Foundations of hysics Institute, Idrija, Sovenia Institute of Appied hysics, Acadey of Sciences of Modova, Kishinev, Modova SpaceLife Institute, San Lorenzo in Capo (U), Itay Eai address: sori.arit@gai.co (A. Sori), v.koroi@gai.co (V. Koroi), nistreanu.andrei@gai.co (A. Nistreanu), spaceife.institute@gai.co (D. Fiscaetti) To cite this artice: Arit Sori, Vad Koroi, Andrei Nistreanu, Davide Fiscaetti. Cosoogy of Einstein s NOW. Aerican Journa of Modern hysics. Specia Issue: Insufficiency of Big Bang Cosoogy. Vo. 5, No. 4-1, 016, pp doi: /j.ajp.s Abstract: Bijective episteoogy resuts confir odes of space-tie and epty space have no counterpart in physica universe. Tie is a nuerica order of ateria changes, i.e. otion in universa space where tie is not its 4th diension. NASA resuts confir universa space is fat, eans it corresponds to the Eucidean geoetry. Rieann finite geoetry sees not to be an adequate ode of universa space. The ony possibe aternative is infinite Eucidean universa space which has origin in quantu vacuu where is aways NOW. Universe does not run in tie, on the contrary: tie is a nuerica order of ateria changes, i.e. otion which run in quantu vacuu. Keywords: Cosoogy, Tie, Quantu Vacuu, Bijective Episteoogy, Gravitationa Constant G 1. Introduction Our recent research on bijective episteoogy confirs tie is not a 4 th diension of space and space-tie ode has no a counterpart in physica universe. Further on bijective episteoogy denies that an epty space deprived of physica properties coud be a ediu in which run physica changes. Ter epty space has no counterpart in physica universe, exists ony as a atheatica ode [1]. These resuts require that universa space has soe ore fundaenta origin; in this paper is proposed origin of universa space is quantu vacuu of anck etrics which has variabe energy density. A given partice or assive body diinishes energy density of quantu vacuu respectivey to the aount of its energy. Resuts of our recent research confir curvature of space-tie ode in Genera Reativity is a description of energy density of quantu vacuu []. Our ode is supported by the resuts of NASA research which confir concrete universa space is not curved; it corresponds to the Eucidean geoetry []. Considering that universa space is fat ode of space curvature has counterpart in soe ontoogicay deeper physica reaity which is variabe energy density of quantu vacuu. In the theory of infinite nubers is known that if we say that cardina nuber of natura nubers is equa to the cardina nuber of rea nubers, we do not enter in contradiction. If we say that cardina nuber of rea nubers is bigger than cardina nubers of natura nubers, we aso do not enter in contradiction. This confirs that infinity is not a etric ter. Infinite distance pus 1000 k is sti infinite distance. Considering that Eucidean space corresponds to the geoetrica for of universa space we wi have difficuties to approach universe as a cose syste which has finite aount of atter and finite diaeter. It is ore reasonabe to study aws of observabe universe which hoogeneity assure that the sae aws are vaid in entire infinite universe.. Cosoogica Mode Universe in Dynaic Equiibriu UDE In quantu vacuu which is the fundaenta arena of the universe tie has erey a atheatica existence. ast, present and future are not 4 th diension of space, they have ony a atheatica existence [4]. Universe exists in what Abert Einstein use to ca NOW: there is soething essentia about the NOW which is just outside the rea of science. eope ike us, who beieve in physics, know that the distinction between the past, present and future is ony a stubborny persistent iusion [5]. Coon picture of the universe expanding in tie is not appropriate, see figure beow:

2 Arit Sori et a.: Cosoogy of Einstein s NOW partices. In singuarities eeentary are not stabe anyore and disintegrates back into fundaenta priordia energy of DQV. In intergaactic areas energy density of DQV is at the axiu. In intergaactic areas energy of DQV is continuousy transforing in cosic rays and this further in eeentary partices [9]. This circuation of energy atter DQV atter is in a peranent dynaic equiibriu. Fig. 1. Iagine of Big bang cosoogy. Universe exists in quantu vacuu (fro now on dynaic quantu vacuu DQV which is NOW. Universe is tieess in a sense that tie is not a physica diension in which universe exists. This view is aso confired by the research of Kurt Göde. By 1949, Göde had produced a rearkabe proof: In any universe described by the Theory of Reativity, tie cannot exist [6]. Mode of the universe where tie is ony a atheatica paraeter of change, i.e. otion requires the re-reading of soe experienta data. Considering that universe exists in physica tie the interpretation that cosic icrowave background radiation (CMB) has a source years after big bang [7] akes sense because tie t is a physica diension which reates big bang (on the Figure 1 point A) with present oent (on the Figure 1 point B) in which we easure CMB; with other words tie is a transitter of CMB. Considering that universe exists in DQV which is NOW, CMB cannot have its source in soe hypothetica physica past and tie cannot be transitter of CMB. The source of CMB is present in actua universe that we observe. In this perspective aso BICE ode of gravitationa waves as rippes of space-tie which have origin in big bang is questionabe. Gravitationa waves (if they exist) shoud have origin in DQV which is NOW. In our ode gravity is a resut of fundaenta syetry between given partice or ateria object and diinished energy density of DQV. Our ode does not predict existence of hypothetica graviton and aso does not predict existence of gravitationa waves. Mass and gravity have both origin in diinished energy density of quantu vacuu caused by the presence of a given partice or assive body [8]. NASA resuts confir with 0.4% argin of error universa space is fat []. This eans observabe universa space has a for of Eucidean space. In Genera Reativity (GR) universa space is curved. Between NASA resuts and curved space in GR sees to be a discrepancy. In our ode curvature of space in GR has origin in a variabe energy density of dynaic quantu vacuu (further on DQV ). There is no discrepancy between NASA resuts and ode of curved space in GR. Stabiity of eeentary partices requires a certain energy density of DQV. In the centre of back hoes energy density of DQV is at the iniu and reaches beow required energy density which is giving stabiity to eeentary Fig.. eranent circuation of energy in the universe. In back hoes singuarities od atter is transfored into fresh fundaenta priordia energy of DQV which is not created and cannot be destroyed. Increasing of entropy of atter that we observe in the universe does not increase the entropy of entire universe which as the whoe has no entropy. Back hoes are rejuvenating universe which is ageess. According to our cosoogica ode Universe in Dynaic Equiibriu - (UDE), universe is a non-created syste. The question of the beginning and the end of the universe sees not to be right one. In the universe gaaxies, stars and panets appear and disappear; universe itsef is eterna. This ode of the universe has uch ore episteoogica stabiity than a other odes which predict beginning of the universe. Idea of the beginning coes out of huan iagination that universe exists in soe inear tie which is physica reaity. Our research confirs tie we easure with cocks has ony a atheatica existence; it is a nuerica order of changes running in quantu vacuu. ast, present and future beong to the psychoogica tie in which we experience fow of changes running in quantu vacuu where is aways NOW [5].. Cacuations of Density of DQV and Vaue of Gravitationa Constant G In intergaactic space density of DQV has a vaue of anck density ρ : ρ = (1) 96 ρ = ? kg/ In the centre of back hoe with the ass M of the Sun and radius r of 000 eters density of DQV is foowing:

3 Aerican Journa of Modern hysics 016; 5(4-1): 1-5 M ρqv = 4 () πr kg ρqv = kg/ 4 π(000 ) ρ qv = kg/ kg/ 96 ρ qv = (7 ties) kg/ The difference between density of quantu vacuu in interstear space and in the centre of the back hoe is infinitesia; however variabe density of quantu vacuu is the driving force of peranent energy circuation in the universe which is described in a chapter. Vaue of gravitationa constant G N in intergaactic space far away fro stear objects can be expressed with anck units: G N = t where is anck voue, is anck ass and t is anck tie. Forais () can aso be written: 1 = ρ t where ρ is anck density. In interstear space the vaue of gravitationa constant G N is foowing: 1 G N = Cacuations of the ipact of variabe density of quantu vacuu on the vaue of gravitationa constant in the centre of back hoe are confiring that vaue of gravitationa constant reains unchanged coparing to the vaue of gravitationa constant in intergaactic space. Beow is cacuation of gravitationa constant G N vaue in the centre of the back hoe with ass of the Sun according to the forais (5) which is vaid for a stear objects: 1 = ρ t 4 π(r+ d) where is the ass of the stear object, r is the radius,d is distance fro the centre of stear object. When d = 0 one get vaue of gravitationa constant in the centre of stear object. When d = r one get vaue of gravitationa constant on the surface of the stear object. When d one gets vaue of gravitationa constant in intergaactic space far () (4) (5) away fro stear objects center back hoe = This cacuation confirs that in cosoogy we can consider vaue of gravitationa constant G N is not changing. resence of stear objects diinishes density and energy density of quantu vacuu; however vaue of gravitationa constant G N reains unchanged. Recent pubication of Caigiuri is suggesting that vaue of gravitationa constant is changing with changing of density of quantu vacuu and is different in the centre of the Earth than on the Earth surface [10]. According to the cacuations in this paper panet Earth ass which is uch saer than back hoe ass cannot infuence vaue of gravitationa constant. Our cacuations confir that presence of assive objects in a given area of quantu vacuu do not infuence vaue of gravitationa constant. Gravitationa constant G N has been easured by severa groups in different paces on the gobe and the vaues are variabe fro 0,1% to 0,7% [11]. Resuts of ast 0 years of easureent of gravitationa constant show that there is soe easureent error or either soe strange infuence is affecting ost of G N easureent: The situation is disturbing ceary either soe strange infuence is affecting ost G easureents or, probaby ore ikey, easureents of G since 1980 have unrecognized arge systeatic errors. The need for new easureents is cear [1]. Anderson and others specuate in their artice that variabiity of coud not have origin in changing otions in the Earth's core, or perhaps soe other geophysica process: Least unikey, perhaps, are currents in the Earth s fuid core that change both its oent of inertia (affecting LOD) and the circustances in which the Earth-based experients easure G [1]. Our cacuation of vaue in the centre of back hoe confirs their specuation. Motions of Earth s core asses are uch saer than aount of asses in the back hoe and cannot infuence vaue of G N. Least unikey, perhaps, as Earth is not perfecty round one coud suppose that vaue of gravitationa constant G N depends on the distance fro the Earth centre. Here are cacuations of G N on the poe and on the equator based on forais (5): equator = poe = Foowing cacuation is about the vaue of G N in the centre of the Earth based on forais (5): 11 1 centre = Cacuations confir there is no difference between the vaues of G N on the equator, poe and in the centre. Foowing cacuation is about vaue of 0000 k

4 4 Arit Sori et a.: Cosoogy of Einstein s NOW above the Earth surface according to the forais (5): 0000k = Vaue of 0000 k above the Earth surface reains unchanged. Distance between Earth and Moon at periheion is 6104 k, at apheion distance is k. Mass of the Moon is kiogras, radius of the Moon is k. When Moon is at periheion vaue for on the Earth has according to forais (5) foowing vaue: oon periheion = G When Moon is at apheion vaue for N on the Earth has according to forais (5) foowing vaue: oon periheion = We can see that the Moon otion has no infuence on variabiity of G N on the Earth. Next cacuation is about the Sun otion infuence on variabiity of gravitationa constant G N on the Earth on the basis of equation (5). Distance between Earth and Sun at periheion is k, at apheion distance is 15,097,701 k. Mass of the Sun is kiogras, radius of the Sun is 6964 k. sun periheion = sun apheion = Cacuations confir that otion Sun does not infuence vaue of gravitationa constant on the Earth surface. Measureents of in ast 0 years have been done at different ties and on different paces. We are proposing an experient where wi be easured at the sae tie on different paces on the Earth. According to our ode vaues of shoud be the sae on a different paces. In our ode the ony factor which infuences vaue of gravitationa constant is density of dynaic quantu vacuu (DQV). Cacuations confir that aso in a centre of back hoe where we have owest density of quantu vacuu, gravitationa constant reains unchanged. If we wi get different vaues for G N in proposed experient which we pan in 016, we can than specuate that there is (beside density of dynaic quantu vacuu) soe unknown factor which infuences variabiity of G N. 4. Episteoogica Insufficiency of Infation in Big bang Cosoogy According to the Big bang cosoogica ode universe has started fro the infinitesiay sa aount of energy which has an enorous density. Then in the first period atter and space have been created continuousy. This period is caed Infation. Fro where energy of atter and energy of space has been appearing Big Bang ode does not expain. Stephen Hawking expains infation period in his book The brief History of tie with atheatics. He says that energy of atter E E is positive and energy of gravity g (which is energy of space) is negative. The su of these two energies in the universe is aways zero [14]: E + Eg = 0 (6) Hawking suggests that in infation phase this two energies are utipying siiary as we can utipy natura nubers and their su reains aways zero: 1 + ( 1) = 0 + ( ) = 0 n + ( n) = 0 (7) Vaidity of equation (7) does not ean that energy of atter and gravitationa energy can utipy out of nothing. This expanation of infation phase is against first aw of therodynaics has no coon sense. According to bijective episteoogy atheatics can describe universe and cannot expain it. Einstein use to say: As far as the aws of atheatics refer to reaity, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reaity [15]. Idea that universe is expanding akes sense ony if we propose universe is finite. Ony a finite syste can expand. NASA resuts confir universa space correspond Eucidean geoetry and is infinite []. Infinite syste cannot expand and cannot contact. Expansion of observabe universe is questionabe because red shift can aso be interpreted as a consequence of ight puing fro the strong gravity [16]. This so caed gravitationa red shift is a basis for tired ight hypothesis of Swiss astronoer Fritz Zwicky. He proposed that the reddening effect was not due to otions of the gaaxy, but to an unknown phenoenon that caused photons to ose energy as they traveed through space. He considered the ost ikey candidate process to be a drag effect in which photons transfer oentu to surrounding asses through gravitationa interactions; and proposed that an attept be ade to put this effect on a sound theoretica footing with genera reativity. He aso considered and rejected expanations invoving interactions with free eectrons, or the expansion of space [17]. Considering that red shift has gravitationa origin, expansion of observabe universe is not certain any ore. 5. Concusions Bijective episteoogy based on bijective function of set theory fufis Einstein s vision about copeteness of a given scientific ode which requires that each eeent of a ode has exacty one counterpart in the universe. Appication of bijective episteoogy in cosoogy suggests that universe is a non-created syste in a peranent dynaic equiibriu.

5 Aerican Journa of Modern hysics 016; 5(4-1): Man is born and he dies. He thinks the sae about universe. Our paper shows this birth-death approach is not appicabe on the universe. Universe is a non created syste in a peranent dynaic equiibriu, where tie is erey a atheatica paraeter of ateria changes. References [1] Fiscaetti, D. and Sori, A.: "Bijective Episteoogy and Space-Tie", Foundations of Science, Springer, Voue 0, Issue 4, pp (015). [] Fiscaetti, D. and Sori, A.: Space-tie curvature of genera reativity and energy density of a three-diensiona quantu vacuu, Annaes UMCS Sectio AAA: hysicalxix, (014). [] NASA, (01). [4] Fiscaetti, D. and Sori, A.: erspectives of the Nuerica Order of Materia Changes in Tieess Approaches in hysics", Foundations of hysics 45,, (015). [5] A. Sori, The hysics of NOW, Aazon, (014). [6] A. Sori, D. Fiscaetti, T. Greg: New Insights into Göde's Universe without Tie, Voue 6, Nu 1, pp , hysics Essays (01). [7] Wison, R. W.; enzias, A. A. "Isotropy of Cosic Background Radiation at 4080 Megahertz". Science 156 (778): doi: /science (1967). [8] Luigi Maxiian Caigiuri, Arit Sori, Gravity Originates fro Variabe Energy Density of Quantu Vacuu, Aerican Journa of Modern hysics. Vo., No., 014, pp doi: /j.ajp [9] M. W. Friedander, A Thin Cosic Rain: artices fro Outer Space, Harvard University ress, Harvard. (00). [10] Luigi Maxiian Caigiuri, Gravitationa Constant G as a Function of Quantu Vacuu Energy Density and its Dependence on the Distance fro Mass, Internationa Journa of Astrophysics and Space Science. Specia Issue: Quantu Vacuu, Fundaenta Arena of the Universe: Modes, Appications and erspectives. Vo., No. 6-1, 014, pp doi: /j.ijass.s [11] Gundach, J. H. Adeberger, E. G., Hecke, B. R. and Swanson, H. E.: New technique for easuring Newton s constant G, hysica Review D 54, 156R (1996). [1] S. Schainger, J.H. Gundach, R.D. Newan, Recent easureents of the gravitationa constant as a function of tie, hys. Rev. D 91, (015), arxiv: [1] J. D. Anderson, G. Schubert, V. Tribe and M. R. Fedan. "Measureents of Newton's gravitationa constant and the ength of day." EL 110 (015) 1000, doi: / /110/1000. [14] Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Tie, Routege&Kega au, (1988). [15] Abert Einstein, Sideights on Reativity, Dover ubications (198). [16] ound, R.V. "Weighing hotons". Cassica and Quantu Gravity 17: doi: / /17/1/01 (000). [17] Zwicky, F. "On the Red Shift of Spectra Lines through Interstear Space", roceedings of the Nationa Acadey of Sciences 15 (10): , Bibcode: 199NAS Z, doi: /pnas , MC 5555, MID (199).