A magnetic Rotor to convert vacuum-energy into mechanical energy

Transcription

1 A agnetic Rotor to convert vacuu-energy into echanical energy Claus W. Turtur, University of Applied Sciences Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel Abstract Wolfenbüttel, Mai In previous work it was deonstrated, how vacuu-energy can be ade anifest in the laboratory and how it can be practically converted into echanical energy with the use of electrostatic forces driving a rotor using the energy of an electrostatic field. In analogy to this electrostatic principle, the energy of a agnetic field allows an alternative ethod to convert vacuu-energy into echanical energy. A design of an experient to realize this conversion is conceived here. The calculation of the forces and torques of an exeplary rotor leads to the expectation that a agnetically driven rotor can be built of the oveent should be observable. Article body Physical background In [1] the author deonstrated that electrostatic charge peranently eits electric field of which the energy density and thus the energy can be calculated fro the eitted field strength. This is the case, even if the charge is in contact with nothing else but only the epty space, naely the vacuu. This eans that the charge as a source of the field is peranently supplied with energy fro the space. The connection of this phenoenon with the conservation of energy can be recognized by tracing the field during its propagation through the space. Thereby it was found, that the space itself re-absorbs soe of the energy fro the field during its propagation. In order to prove the existence of this perpetual cycle of energy through the vacuu, an experient was conceived in [2] and perfored successfully, which interacts with this energy cycle, extracts energy fro this cycle and converts it into echanical energy in order to ake it visible in the laboratory. The fact that this experiental conversion of energy was successful, deonstrates the suitability of the conceptual understanding of the said cycle of energy in the vacuu. In [3] it was found by theoretical calculation that the energy cycle of the eission of energy in the field source and the re-absorption of energy by the space (the vacuu) during the propagation of the field, does not only appear with the electrostatic field but also with the agnetic field. Consequently it should be expected, that in analogy to the electrostatic rotor converting vacuu-energy into echanical energy via electrostatic energy, the developent of a agnetic rotor should be also possible, which converts vacuu-energy via the energy of a agnetic field into echanical energy. How such an experient can be planned is subject of the further course of this article here. Theoretical basics The rotation of the electrostatic rotor had been explained by considering the forces acting onto the rotor-blades ade of electrically conducting aterial with the use of the iage-charge

2 2 von 5 ethod [4]. One central fundaent for the applicability of this ethod is the fact, that the electric flux coing fro outside onto the surface of the aterial rearranges the electrical charge distribution on the surface in such a way, that the flux-lines are always exactly perpendicular to the conducting surface [5]. The force between the charge and the iagecharge explains the rotation of the rotor-blades and thus it proves the cycle of energy between electrostatic energy and vacuu-energy. If this principle of energy conversion shall be adopted to the energy cycle between agnetic energy and vacuu-energy, a rotor driven by agnetic forces should be possible, which can be understood in analogy to the rotor driven by electrostatic forces. This analogon is to be found in the Meissner-Ochsenfeld-effect occurring on the surface of a superconductor in a agnetic field [6]. Siilar as the iage-charge ethod is based on the appearance of electrostatic charges on the surface, the Meissner-Ochsenfeld-effect is based on the appearance of superconducting currents on the surface of a superconductor in a agnetic field. These currents evoke agnetic fields, which exactly copensate the external agnetic field, so that in the inside of the superconductor the total agnetic field is zero. In this sense, superconductor displays ideal diaagnetic behavior with χ = 1 (see [7]). In order to calculate the forces which superconducting rotor-blades take up in a agnetic field, the field strength at each point on the surface of the rotor-blades have to be taken into account and their interaction with the field strength of the sae absolute value but of the opposite orientation has to be deterined. An exeplary setup of an iaginable rotor is show in fig.1 with a peranent agnet in the above part of the sketch and a rotor consisting of four superconducting blades in the botto part of the sketch. The physical diensions noted there serve as input paraeters of an exeplary calculation which has the purpose to give a feeling of concretely achievable forces and torques. The forces are repulsive (not attractive), because the flux-lines can not penetrate into the ideal diaagnetic aterial. This is generally known fro the Meissner-Ochsenfeld-effect, and it is independent fro the polarity of the flat peranent agnet above the rotor. Thus the direction of the rotation of the rotor in fig.1 is counterclockwise (other than the electrostatic rotor in [2]). Fig.1: Graphical visualization of a superconducting rotor, which is ounted on an axis below a flat peranent agnet. Calculation of a nuerical exaple For the sake of siplicity of a nuerical exaple, the external agnetic field driving the rotor shall be preised to be hoogeneous (with a nuerical value of H = 1 A ), and it shall be orientated along the z-axis. Thus the vector of the agnetic field is the sae on all positions on the surface of the rotor-blades. Consequently the agnetic field produced by the Meissner- Ochsenfeld-effect (which copensates the external field) is orientated exactly into the H = 1 A negative z-axis for all positions of the rotor-blades (and has the absolute value of ). But the position-vectors fro all individual points of the field source to all individual points on the surface of the rotor-blades are going into individually different directions. And each rotorblade is not syetric with regard to the z-axis. Consequently the total force acting onto each

3 3 von 5 rotor-blade, which is the su of all forces acting onto each individual part of the rotor-blade contains a tangential coponent which is not orientated into the z-direction. This consideration iplies a subdivision of the field source and the rotor-blade into finite eleents. For the calculation of this force, Biot-Savart s law (regarding the field of the field source, index no.1) is dissolved to the agnetic field as well as the Lorentz force onto a oving charge (index no.2) within the field of the charge no.1. By this eans the force of the interaction of two field strengths ( H 1 and H 2 ) can be calculated according to the equation 2 F12 = 4 πµ 0 r12 ( e12 H1) H2, with µ 7 0 4π 10 Vs =, r12 = vector fro the field source to the rotor blade A e12 = unit vector fro the field source to the rotor blade. Because the field strength has been chosen to be hoogeneous in our exaple ( H1= H2 = 1 A ), the total force onto a rotor-blade can be deterined by a rather siple integration over the surfaces of the field source and the blade. For the given exaple, this was carried out by a subdivision of the blade as well as the field source into finite eleents. The result on the basis 8 of the given nuerical paraeters is FR = N for the radial coponent of the force and 10 FT = N for the tangential coponent of the force per each single rotor blade. The radial coponent of the force is copensated by the echanical axis of the rotor, whereas the tangential coponent of the force akes the rotor spin. A rotor consisting of four blades takes 9 up four ties the tangential force, this is FT = N. The torque onto the rotor was calculated by suing up the torque of each finite eleent of the rotor with its individual radius of rotation, which leads to the result of M = N. This value is too sall for an experiental verification, but the field strength can be enhanced rearkably and with it, the forces and the torque increase quadratically, according to the proportionality of the absolute values M H2 H1. The liit of the field strength is given by the critical field strength Bc of the Meissner-Ochsenfeld-effect, which depends on the teperature. For instance Pb has Bc = 0.080T and Al has Bc = 0.01T (with teperature extrapolated T 0K), which are exaples of superconductors type 1. In order to have soe safety distance fro the critical field, and in order to respect the fact the teperature in a real experient is different fro zero, we can allow a agnetic induction of few illi Tesla, 3 corresponding with a field strength of about H1 10 A. This lets us expect a the tangential coponent of the force in the order of agnitude of FT N 10 N, providing a torque of about M 510 5N. This should be sufficient for a easureent. If cooling should be ade as easy as possible by using liquid nitrogen, it could be interesting to work with a high-teperature superconductor, as for instance YBa2Cu3O 7, which is known to be a superconductor type 2. It only behaves ideal diaagnetic as long as the Shubnikovphase is avoided. Nevertheless the field strength and with it the axiu reachable forces and the torque should be expected to be larger than with the superconductor type 1 as entioned above. Continuative rearks regarding an experient Another question is, whether the practical perforance of the experient really needs ideal diaagnetic rotor-blades ade fro superconductor aterial. Also conventional dia-, para-, and ferro- agnetic aterials experience forces when they are exposed to agnetic fields. If a rotor would be ade fro diaagnetic etal (at roo teperature), for instance such as 5 4 copper ( χ = 110 ) or bisuth ( χ = ) (see [8]), it would be H2= χ H1. With the

4 4 von 5 sae strength of the external field, the forces and the torque would be about 4 or 5 orders of agnitude saller copared to a superconducting rotor, but the field strength could be enhanced perhaps to 1 Tesla of even ore rather easily, so that finally the torque ight be enhanced to a value even a bit larger than with a superconducting rotor. Instead of using a diaagnetic rotor, it ight be discussed to build up a paraagnetic rotor, 6 4 for instance of platinu ( χ = ) or aluiniu ( χ = ) (see [9]). The forces will be attractive in this case so that the rotor spins with opposite direction than a diaagnetic rotor, but the absolute values of the torque should be of the sae order of agnitude as those of diaagnetic rotor. Large forces ight be expected fro a ferroagnetic rotor. If it would be sensible to ascribe a susceptibility to ferroagnetic aterials, this would lead to values several orders of agnitude larger the susceptibility of dia- or paraagnetic aterials. But ferroagnetic aterials produce a agnetization because of a regularity of the electron spins, which depends on the previous history of the aterial [10]. Thus it is very doubtful whether it is allowed to carry forward our theoretical considerations to ferroagnetic aterials. The iage-charge ethod had been applied to the electrostatic rotor, and its analogon was developed for an ideal diaagnetic surface. Consequently it is not clear, whether these considerations are sufficient for dia-, para, or ferroagnetic aterials. All the ore we face this question regarding ferroagnetic rotor-blades because ferroagnetic doains should be generated and kept in the aterial because of the Barkhausen-effect. This arises serious doubts, whether the spins and agnetic oents can follow an external agnetic field as it is required for a rotor which converts vacuu-energy into agnetic and echanical energy. Furtherore, for the practical construction of a agnetic rotor, it should be kept in ind, that the above calculation cae to the result, that the tangential coponent of the force (causing the rotation) is about two orders of agnitude larger than the radial coponent of the force (disturbing the rotation). Thus it is essential to build up the echanical arrangeent of the coponents with extreely high precision in order to avoid that the radial forces will prevent the rotation. Deviations fro the ideal exact oveent of the rotor have to be kept such sall, that the rotor will not find a iniu of energy at soe position, which stops its rotation. Forces keeping the rotor in the position of an energy iniu because of tolerances in the echanical setup have to be saller than the driving radial forces. This proble of a rotor being stopped in a iniu of energy regarding the tangential force was already practically experienced by the author, and this is why he does not clai that the agnetic rotor was already rotating in an experient. One or two revolutions with probles in reproducibility have been observed, and this is not a successful rotation. The experient still has to be done. The spinning of the electrostatic rotor is already experientally verified. Fro tie to tie, there was an occasional discussion of electrohydrodynaic effects disturbing rotation of the electrostatic rotor. This proble can not occur at the agnetic rotor by principle, because up to now agnetohydrodynaic effects are not known at all. Fro this point of view, it would be desirable to get the agnetic conversion of vacuu-energy experientally confired. Resuée The considerations of this article arise the expectation, that it should be possible to convert vacuu-energy not only via electrostatic energy but also via agnetic energy into echanical energy. The experient is a serious challenge, but the theoretical expectations are forulated in the preceding article, and they give hope, that this conversion of vacuu-energy ight

5 5 von 5 really work. Besides, a net gain of energy would be rather easy within reach for the agnetic rotor, because the agnetic field source can be a peranent agnet. By the way, the author tried to supply the electric field for an electrostatic rotor with a reanent polarized electret, but this was not sufficient to ake the electrostatic rotor rotate, probably because the surface charge density of the electret was too inhoogeneous to give rise to proper spinning of the rotor. Only two or three revolutions have been axially observed, which is not enough to clai, that electrostatic rotor was already driven experientally with the electric field of an electret. References [1] Two Paradoxes of the Existence of electric Charge (Okt.2007) Claus W. Turtur, arxiv:physics/ v1 [2] Conversion of vacuu-energy into echanical energy: Successful experiental Verification Claus W. Turtur, PHILICA.COM, ISSN , Article nuber 124, (2. April 2008) [3] Two Paradoxes of the Existence of agnetic Fields Claus W. Turtur, PHILICA.COM, ISSN , Article nuber 113, (Dec. 2007) [4] Theorie der Elektrizität, R. Becker and F. Sauter (1973). Teubner-Verlag, ISBN [5] Klassische Elektrodynaik (1981) John David Jackson, Walter de Gruyter Verlag, ISBN X [6] Moderne Physik, P. A. Tipler and R. A. Llewellyn (2003) Oldenbourg Verlag, ISBN [7] Bergann-Schäfer Lehrbuch der Experientalphysik, Band 6, Festkörper (2005) Rainer Kassing et. al., Walter de Gruyter Verlag,, ISBN [8] Taschenbuch der Physik, H. Stöcker et. al. (2007) Verlag Harri Deutsch, ISBN [9] Gerthsen Physik, H. Vogel (1995) Springer Verlag, ISBN [10] Ferroagnetisus, E. Kneller (1962) Springer Verlag, Library of Congress Catalog Card Nuber Adress of the author Prof. Dr. Claus W. Turtur University of Applied Sciences Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel Salzdahluer Strasse 46 / 48 Gerany Wolfenbuettel The article has been published at: Eail: c-w.turtur@fh-wolfenbuettel.de PHILICA.COM, ISSN Tel.: (++49) 5331 / Article nuber 130