Application Layer -1- Network Tools
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1 EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications Application Layer -1- Network Tools 2015, Lecture 08 Kaan Bür
2 Previously on EITF25 Addressing above IP Ports, sockets Process-to-process delivery Transport layer protocols TCP UDP Quality of Service Transport Layer EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 2
3 Application layer Principles of digital communications From electrical signals to bits to packets Using the physical infrastructure Network access Finding your way Addressing, routing Making use of it all Applications EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 3
4 Today: Application Layer (1) Domain Name System, DNS [S24.2][F26.6] Host Configuration, DHCP [S21.5][F18.4.4] Debugging Tools, ICMP [S14.3][F19.2] World-Wide Web, HTTP [S24.3][F26.1] *[Kihl & Andersson: 7.5, 7.7, 7.9, 12.4] EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 4
5 Mapping host name to IP address Application protocols use host names TCP/IP protocol suite uses IP addresses Mapping from host name to IP addresses Domain Name System (DNS) Domain name space Domain name resolution EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 5
6 Domain Name System (DNS) Internet s telephone book: Address name One of the most important systems on the Internet EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 6
7 Domain name space Names must be unique Complete control needed EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 7
8 Domain names and labels EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 8
9 Internet domains EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 9
10 Generic domains EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 10
11 Country domains se lth eit eit.lth.se EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 11
12 Hierarchy of domain name servers 13 logical root name servers implemented by 376 physic al servers EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 12
13 Domains, subdomains, zones Domain Subtree of DNS Zone Servers control area EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 13
14 Domain name resolution Action of address mapping Client = resolver Server = DNS One server cannot have all the answers! How to ask others? What to do with the answer? Caching Remember what you ve learned! EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 14
15 Recursive resolution EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 15
16 Iterative resolution EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 16
17 Domain name to IP address (1) troll.trollnet.se magi.magicnet.se 1. magi.magicnet.se? ns.trollnet.se EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 17
18 Domain name to IP address (2) troll.trollnet.se magi.magicnet.se 2. magicnet.se? 3. Ask ns.magicnet.se ns.trollnet.se EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications x.ns.se
19 Domain name to IP address (3) troll.trollnet.se magi.magicnet.se 6. IP = magi.magicnet.se? 5. IP = ns.trollnet.se ns.magicnet.se EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications
20 Domain name to IP address (4) troll.trollnet.se magi.magicnet.se 7. IP = EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications
21 Exercise: Break this vicious cycle! DHCP IP addr. IP DNS TCP UDP EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 21
22 Obtaining an IP address Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Application layer DHCP IP address Allocation from pool or static Network mask Default gateway DNS server(s) EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 22
23 DHCP operation EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 23
24 DHCP states 75% EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 24
25 See you in 15 :) After the break Network debugging ICMP World-wide web EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 25
26 Debugging Tools Applications used for debugging Two examples Ping Traceroute EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 26
27 Ping EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 27
28 Traceroute EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 28
29 Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP Support protocol for IP Error reporting Query EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 29
30 Encapsulation ICMP messages encapsulated in IP packets EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 30
31 ICMP message formats Error reporting Query messages EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 31
32 ICMPv4 message types EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 32
33 Redirection (error reporting type) Routing update for hosts More efficient when too many hosts DEFAULT ROUTER EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 33
34 Exercise: ICMP in action Q: In what kind of network can a host never receive a redirection message? A: In a network with only one router EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 34
35 Echo request and reply (query type) Is my destination alive? Network diagnostics IP layer Debugging tools Ping Traceroute EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 35
36 Traceroute Used to trace a packet s route from source to destination Uses three ICMP messages Echo Request (query) Time Exceeded (error) Destination Unreachable (error) Manipulates TTL field in IP header Uses wrong port number EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 36
37 Traceroute Echo request EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 37
38 Application layer paradigms Client-server paradigm WWW, Online games, Web TV, Facebook Peer-to-peer paradigm BitTorrent, Voddler, Skype Some applications use both paradigms Spotify EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 38
39 Client-server paradigm EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 39
40 Peer-to-peer paradigm EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 40
41 Application: WWW The idea of the World-Wide Web (WWW) was first proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research The purpose was to allow all CERN researchers at different locations throughout Europe to access each others results The commercial Web started in EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 41
42 Components of WWW Web documents (pages) HyperTextMarkup Language (HTML) for static web pages Script languages (PHP, ASP, JSP, CGI etc.) for dynamic Universal Resource Locator (URL) Standard way to identify location of web documents HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Protocol to access documents on a web server EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 42
43 Universal Resource Locator (URL) A web document has four identifiers Protocol, Host, Port and Path. A URL is defined as protocol://host:port/path Standard HTTP port 80 is is omitted EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 43
44 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Text-based protocol Two basic types of messages Requests and Responses Sets up and uses a TCP connection EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 44
45 Document retrieval EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 45
46 Operation of HTTP 1.1 Persistent connection Only one TCP session for all requests from the same server EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 46
47 HTTP request and response format EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 47
48 HTTP methods in requests Using these methods, clients may request corresponding actions from server EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 48
49 Example request and response EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 49
50 Cookies Original WWW was stateless Each request/response treated separately No history of previous messages Cookies store information about client introduce concept of a user session Implementation (creation and storage) of cookies can be different, but same concept EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 50
51 Cookies EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 51
52 Summary: Application Layer (1) Domain Name System Mapping host names to IP addresses Host configuration Obtaining an IP address Debugging tools Ping, traceroute, ICMP Client-server vs. P2P applications www, http, cookies EITF25 Internet: Technology and Applications 52
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