German Green City Index

Transcription

1 Assessing the environmental performance of major German cities A research project conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by Siemens

2 Hamburg Bremen Berlin Hanover Essen Leipzig Contents Cologne Frankfurt Introduction: The challenges of urbanization in Germany City portraits 0 Berlin Bremen Mannheim Nuremberg Cologne 6 Results Essen 6 Frankfurt Stuttgart 9 Overall key findings 0 Hamburg Hanover Key findings from the categories Leipzig Mannheim Munich Methodology 6 Munich 60 Nuremberg 6 Stuttgart

3 The challenges of urbanization in Germany By 00, more than two-thirds of the world s population will live in cities, up from about half today, according to United Nations forecasts. The global trend is already advanced in Europe, where about % of people live in cities, and in Germany, where % are urban dwellers. The figures for both Europe as a whole and Germany are expected to rise by 0% within the next 0 years. Increasing urbanization leads to major challenges for the environment and for infrastructure, for example, in the form of increasing energy demand. The European Environment Agency (EEA) estimates that almost 0% of Europe s energy is consumed in cities. Globally this is even more apparent urban areas account for 0% of global CO emissions today. It is clear that the choices cities make, both globally and in Germany, will be key in facing global environmental challenges such as climate change. Some challenges, such as improving air quality, reducing waste through recycling or containing urban sprawl, will be more localized but no less important to residents. Against that background, the German Green City Index considers the sustainability of ma - jor German cities, examining their use of re - sources and their commitment to environmental protection. To allow a comparison with other cities in Europe, the results of the German cities are presented in the context of the European Green City Index, which was published in 009. This creates an Index containing a total of European and German cities. The purpose of the study is to provide information about the environmental performance and initiatives of the various cities to stakeholders, to support them in making choices about additional activities in the area of climate and environmental protection and to stimulate a dialog about the best solutions. The study is divided into four sections. The first section summarizes the overall key findings of the study. The second section presents key findings in the eight categories: CO emissions, energy, buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, air quality, and environmental governance. The third section discusses in detail the methodology, data collection and the construction of the Index. The fourth section presents portraits of the German cities which illustrate their particular strengths and weaknesses and highlight selected green initiatives. The city portraits offer an opportunity to discuss the actions taken by the cities and pass along valuable experience that has been gained. How the study was done: The German Green City Index is part of the international Green City Index research series conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit as an independent research partner, and sponsored by Siemens. It compares more than 00 of the world s major cities; Indexes have already been published for Europe (009), Latin America (00), and Asia (0). Every German city with a population over one million and all metropolitan regions in Germany are covered in the German Green City Index. The study differs from those done by other institutions because it did not rely on voluntary submissions from city governments, but was conducted independently instead. The methodology (see page ) was developed by the Economist Intelligence Unit in cooperation with Siemens. An independent panel of urban sustainability experts provided important insights on the methodology. Both the number and the breadth of the underlying indicators are noteworthy: The Index scores each city on 0 in - dividual quantitative and qualitative indicators for various aspects related to the environment and infrastructure, such as the city s environmental governance, its water consumption, its recycling rate, or its level of CO emissions. Publicly available data was used whenever possible and was evaluated using a uniform, transparent scoring process. Each city received points for its performance in the eight individual categories and also for its overall result. On that basis, the German cities were classified in performance bands and compared with the 0 European cities. However, numbers alone do not tell the whole story. So the results were combined into detailed individual profiles. They describe the challenges, strengths, and potential of each city, as well as innovative green ideas and projects. Projects that could inspire other cities were of particular interest.

4 6 CO Well above Above Average Below Well below Oslo Stockholm Amsterdam Berlin Brussels Copenhagen Helsinki London Madrid Nuremberg Paris Rome Vienna Zurich Bremen Cologne Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Istanbul Leipzig Ljubljana Mannheim Munich Riga Stuttgart Athens Belgrade Bratislava Bucharest Budapest Dublin Essen Lisbon Prague Tallinn Vilnius Warsaw Zagreb Kiev Sofia Well above Above Average Below Well below Copenhagen Oslo Vienna Amsterdam Brussels Leipzig Munich Rome Stockholm Stuttgart Zurich Athens Belgrade Berlin Bratislava Cologne Dublin Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Helsinki Istanbul Lisbon London Madrid Mannheim Nuremberg Paris Warsaw Zagreb Bremen Bucharest Budapest Prague Riga Vilnius Kiev Ljubljana Sofia Tallinn Results Overall results Well above Above Average Below Well below Amsterdam Berlin Bremen Brussels Copenhagen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Helsinki Leipzig Mannheim Munich Nuremberg Oslo Stockholm Stuttgart Vienna Zurich Cologne Essen London Madrid Paris Riga Rome Vilnius Warsaw Athens Bratislava Budapest Dublin Istanbul Lisbon Ljubljana Prague Tallinn Belgrade Bucharest Kiev Sofia Zagreb Well above Above Average Below Well below Amsterdam Berlin Bremen Copenhagen Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Helsinki Leipzig Mannheim Munich Nuremberg Oslo Paris Stockholm Stuttgart Vienna Zurich Brussels Cologne Lisbon London Madrid Rome Sofia Vilnius Warsaw Athens Belgrad Bratislava Bucharest Budapest Dublin Ljubljana Prague Riga Zagreb Istanbul Kiev Tallinn Well above Above Average Below Well below Stockholm Amsterdam Berlin Bremen Brussels Cologne Copenhagen Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Mannheim Munich Nuremberg Oslo Stuttgart Vienna Zurich Bratislava Budapest Helsinki Leipzig Ljubljana Madrid Riga Tallinn Athens Bucharest Istanbul Kiev Lisbon London Paris Prague Rome Sofia Vilnius Warsaw Zagreb Belgrad Dublin

5 Results Waste and land use Well above Well above Above Amsterdam Berlin Bremen Brussels Cologne Copenhagen Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Leipzig London Madrid Mannheim Munich Nuremberg Paris Stuttgart Vienna Zurich Above Amsterdam Berlin Bremen Copenhagen Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Helsinki Leipzig Munich Nuremberg Oslo Stockholm Stuttgart Vienna Zürich Average Athens Bratislava Budapest Dublin Helsinki Oslo Prague Rome Stockholm Tallinn Vilnius Average Brussels Budapest Cologne Dublin Ljubljana London Mannheim Paris Prague Rome Tallinn Vilnius Below Istanbul Kiev Lisbon Riga Warsaw Below Athens Belgrad Bratislava Istanbul Lisbon Madrid Riga Warsaw Zagreb Well below Well above Belgrad Bucharest Ljubljana Sofia Zagreb Stockholm Vilnius Well below Well above Bucharest Kiev Sofia Environmental governance Overall key findings Above Average Below Well below Berlin Bremen Copenhagen Dublin Hamburg Amsterdam Brussels Cologne Essen Frankfurt Bratislava Budapest Istanbul Lisbon Athens Belgrad Bucharest Kiev Sofia Hanover Helsinki Leipzig Mannheim Riga Ljubljana London Madrid Munich Nuremberg Zagreb Stuttgart Tallinn Oslo Paris Prague Rome Warsaw Vienna Zurich Above Average Below Well below Amsterdam Bremen Brussels Copenhagen Essen Berlin Budapest Cologne Frankfurt Hanover Athens Belgrad Bratislava Dublin Kiev Bucharest Istanbul Prague Sofia Hamburg Helsinki Mannheim Oslo Paris Leipzig Lisbon Ljubljana London Madrid Rome Zagreb Stockholm Stuttgart Warsaw Vienna Zurich Munich Nuremberg Riga Tallinn Vilnius To deepen the understanding of the environmental strengths and weaknesses of the German cities, their results are analyzed in the context of the European Green City Index, which was published in 009. Examining a few general features shows that the German cities tend to be much smaller but also more affluent than the other European cities. The city has less than one million inhabitants, while the population in the European Green City Index is about. million. Compared with the other cities in Europe, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the German cities puts them in the top income group, although per capita GDP varies widely between,00 in Berlin and 6,900 in Frankfurt. ) In contrast, industry s contribution to gross value creation is much higher in Germany than in the European cities. Three German cities, Mannheim, Essen and Stuttgart, have a higher percentage of industry (from 6% to 9%) than Istanbul, the most industrialized city in the European Green City Index, at %. These factors were taken into account when comparing and contrasting the environmental performance of German cities with the rest of Europe. The German cities Index results are very similar to each other, reflecting the federal government s efforts to simplify environmental policies in Germany, as well as the highly developed environmental awareness of the citizens. Overall, and in six out of the eight categories, German cities rank across just one or two of the five performance bands (mainly and above ) when the results are compared with all cities in the Index (see graphic on pages /). The range of results for the other European cities is much wider, regularly stretching across four, and even all five, performance bands. It can clearly be seen that German cities often do well or poorly at the same things. All German cities score well for low water consumption, for example. Regarding policies, the performance is even more consistent. For 6 out of 0 qualitative criteria in the Index, every German city had the same score (usually full marks), and for a further five criteria there were only one or two differences. Even when cities scored less well on some qualitative issues, they did so together. For example, no German city has water recycling. This homogeneity reflects, in part, the important role of the German federal government in ) In real GDP per person, based on 000 prices. 9

6 tal performance doesn't have to be only a luxury good and is something to which every city can aspire. When compared with European cities of similar wealth, German cities fall short of the top tier. Eastern bloc trying to overcome the legacy of poor infrastructure and pent-up demand for western conveniences, such as automobiles. The found no indications of a gap between east and west, but it evaluated only two former East German cities Leipzig and (East) Berlin. It is notable that, in these two cities at least, the differences compared with western Germany do not show up both rank above overall. Both Berlin and Leipzig are particularly strong on infrastructure indicators, suggesting that substantial investments in recent years have overcome potential divides. In addition, there was no correlation between overall environmental performance and levels of industrialization in German cities or in the European Green City Index. Generally, these results of the German cities imply that, no matter the level of income, historical development or levels of industrialization, environmendirecting and implementing urban sustainability policies. The Ministry of, Building and Urban Affairs, for example, develops standardized, nationwide regulations for building codes and grants financial aid for groundbreaking urban development projects. It also has one of the largest budgets of any federal ministry. This is also intended to address climate-related problems for example making mobility more environmentally friendly or promoting the development of city centers. Federal influence, already strong, has generally been growing. Since 006, the federal government has begun to develop regulations on a wider range of urban environmental issues and increased its efforts to bring uniformity to environmental legislation. Another factor is Germany s history of environmental awareness. Prussia had a nature conservation department before World War I. Environmental movements developed in both the Federal Republic of Germany and the former German Democratic Republic in the 90 s and 90 s. In the east, the movement was one of the country s few independent voices, while in the west it led to the creation of Green parties. More recently, green issues have been pivotal in German local elections, putting the Green party in charge of a state government, Baden-Württemberg, for the first time. Environmental protection is not a luxury: In contrast to other European cities, neither income nor historical development was shown to affect the environmental performance of German cities. While the European Green City Index showed a strong correlation between income (as measured by GDP per person) and environmental performance, this relationship was absent in the. This is even more surprising given the wide range in income among the German cities, from GDP of,00 per person in Berlin to 6,900 in Frankfurt. ) This suggests that uniform German policies set by the federal government have helped smooth out the effects of any income differences on environmental performance. For example, lowincome European cities had far less ambitious environmental policies, while in Germany even lower-income cities do well. Indeed, the European Green City Index cited Berlin as a leading example of how cities with lower incomes can still benefit from ambitious environmental targets and policies. Another finding of the 009 European Green City Index: There was also a noticeable divide in environmental performance between eastern and western Europe, with cities in the former German cities compare very well with other European cities on environmental performance, especially regarding policies. When the overall results of the German Green City Index are compared with the 009 European Green City Index, 0 of the German cities are above, the highest ranking achieved by any European city. German cities are particularly strong on environmental strategies and policies such as energy efficiency standards for buildings or the promotion of public transport which make up about half of the indicators that were measured. If those indicators alone are measured, of the German cities are above overall. This strength is consistent across most individual categories, and no city s qualitative scores ever fell below (see graphic at the bottom of page ). The quantitative scores, which evaluate current infrastructure and consumption levels, tell a slightly different story. Here the German cities turn in less consistent performances. As shown by the graphic at the top of page, the cities have strong performances in the buildings and water categories and weaker performances in CO emissions, transport, energy, and air quality. Because environmental policies are an indication of potential future improvements, the Index suggests that, over time, the environment in these cities should get better as more advanced policies have an impact. As mentioned above, German cities perform well when compared with the 9 cities in the European Green City Index. However, the pattern is somewhat different when the comparison is limited to the German cities and the other European cities with a similar range of income, i.e., over,00 real GDP per person ) (see graphic at the bottom of page ). Most of the German cities now fall into the band, and only Berlin is above. With that rating, most of the German cities outperform European cities such as London, Madrid, Dublin and Rome, but they fall behind the greenest European leaders such as the Scandinavian capital cities, Amsterdam and Zurich. This could suggest that the strong influence of the German federal government and the environmental awareness of the citizens raise the performance of cities with lower per capita GDP but may not provide sufficient incentives for richer cities to develop and adopt more ground-breaking approaches. ) In real GDP per person, based on 000 prices. ) In real GDP per person, based on 000 prices 0

7 How the cities scored Overall results of all cities Well below Below Average Above Well above ) Quantitative indicators Well below Below Average Above Well above 6 quantitative and qualitative indicators CO quantitative indicators Such as CO emissions, energy and water consumption, recycling rate CO Waste and land use Waste and land use 9 6 German cities 9 European cities Environmental governance Overall result Upshot: German cities show some weaknesses in actual consumption levels and infrastructure Environmental governance Overall result No quantitative indicators measured Number of German cities Number of European cities Number of German cities Number of European cities 0 Scores of cities with comparable income Well below Below Average Above Well above ) Qualitative indicators Well below Below Average Above Well above German and European cities with >,00 GDP per capita CO qualitative indicators Such as promotion of clean energies, waste reduction efforts, public participation in green policies CO Berlin Bremen Cologne Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Leipzig Mannheim Munich Nuremberg Stuttgart Amsterdam Athens Brussels Copenhagen Dublin Helsinki London Madrid Oslo Paris Rome Stockholm Vienna Zurich Waste and land use Environmental governance Overall result Upshot: Environmental policies make a decisive contribution to the good results of German cities Number of German cities Number of European cities Number of German cities Number of European cities Waste and land use Environmental governance Overall result

8 Accordingly, all German cities are above in promoting energy efficiency for buildings compared with Europe. Germany s strict policies are having a positive effect on the energy consumed by residential buildings: It is far lower in the German cities, at an of 0 megajoules per square meter, compared with 9 megajoules per square meter for the other European cities. : German cities are actively pursuing sustainable transport policies but are having difficulty getting people out of their cars. Key findings from the categories In detail: Ten of the German cities have adopted all seven sustainable transport policies covered in the European Green City Index, including using bio-fuels or electricity in public transport, environmental zones, reducing the use of automobiles and promoting public awareness of green transport. Eleven of the German cities are in the above band for transport policies. Yet when it comes to quantitative indicators, including the density of the public transport system or the modal split, three are below and only one is above. This is not because of a lack of public transport. German cities offer on.6 km of public transport per square kilometer, compared with. km for the other European cities. They also have more cycling lanes per square kilometer than in Europe, at.9 km per square kilometer, compared with an of. km in the other European cities. Despite these options, almost half of the German residents drive to work, against about % in the other European cities. Even in European cities with a comparable income, the figure is still higher than in the German cities, at %. Given Germany s famously entrenched car culture, it is likely to be difficult to reduce the share of people taking their car to work. CO emissions: Compared with European cities, German cities see their poorest performance in this category, largely from the relatively high share of coal used in energy production. Proactive policies, however, could lead to future improvements. In detail: German cities emit an of 9. metric tons of CO per person annually, nearly twice as much as other European cities, ) at. metric tons. German cities do better on CO intensity (the amount of CO emissions per Euro of GDP), at 0 grams, compared with grams in other European cities. But they do worse when compared with the European cities with a similar income, at 0 grams. All of the German cities measure emissions and have set their own reduction targets separate from federal targets. The city targets are ambitious, aiming on for a % reduction by 00, twice the of the goals of the other European cities, at %. : The German cities do slightly better than other European cities on energy efficiency, although the policies of the city governments are weaker in this area. This suggests that cities may be relying on federal policy instruments, such as feed-in tariffs for renewable energy sources, rather than local initiatives. In detail: German cities consume 9 gigajoules per capita each year. Although this is higher than the of the other European cities, at gigajoules, it is comparable to the level for the European cities of similar wealth, at 9 gigajoules. Regarding energy intensity, the German cities do better than the other European cities, at. megajoules per Euro of GDP, compared with. megajoules. Although all German cities have developed green energy projects within their borders, only half fully promote the use of green energy, and none scores full marks for expanding decentralized power generation. The biggest energy challenge for the German cities is the very low proportion of renewable energy, at % of overall energy consumption. This is less than half of the overall of the other European cities, at about %. The European cities in the same income range cover % of their overall energy demand with renewable energy sources. : The German cities in this study do very well compared with the rest of Europe in this category. Advanced policies, including federally mandated building codes and other regulations at city level, are reducing energy consumption by buildings. In detail: Every city has introduced energy efficiency standards for new buildings and requires regular maintenance of heating and air conditioning systems. An energy passport must be shown when a building is rented or sold, and the cities also inform their residents about opportunities to improve energy efficiency. Eight out of cities also provide financial incentives for retrofitting to save energy. : All German cities perform extremely well in this category, given their low levels of water consumption per capita and leakages in the water supply system. In detail: Residents of the German cities consume on 9 cubic meters per inhabitant every year, which is substantially lower than the of the other European cities, at 0 cubic meters. One reason for the low consumption rate is an impressively low level of leakage in pipelines, at only %. Even the highest individual water leakage rate among the German cities, at ) A note about methodology: When evaluating category results, the s of the quantitative figures for the German cities were compared with the s of the 9 other European cities from the 009 European Green City Index (excluding Berlin). This was to better distinguish differences and similarities between German cities as a whole and cities in the rest of Europe as a whole.

9 industrialization and overall air pollution. Nor is there a correlation between the percentage of commuters who drive to work and levels of nitrogen dioxide, which is closely associated with automobile exhaust. Although German cities have ozone concentrations that are approximately equal to those of the European cities, they have measurably lower concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. %, is still substantially lower than the of the other European cities, at %. Policy choices have also had an effect: Metering is widespread and residents pay a relatively high price for water. In addition, all German cities monitor water usage and quality, promote conservation, and treat 00% of their wastewater. None of the German cities reuses water, for example for street cleaning, before treatment. Nine out of 9 cities outside of Germany have some type of reuse, including six of the that are in the same income bracket as the German cities. It is reasonable to question, though, how necessary this is in Germany given its low usage and leakage rates. Waste and land use: The German cities generate more waste than the other European cities on, but comprehensive waste reduction policies and high recycling rates improve their overall performance in this category. On land use, however, they tend to fall behind other European cities at the same level of wealth. In detail: The German cities generate on kg of waste per inhabitant each year, which is slightly above the of the European cities, at kg, but nearly the same as the for the European cities in the same income range, at kg. Waste separation and recycling are deeply entrenched in German culture, as shown by the recycling rates of the German cities: On % of the waste generated in the cities is recycled, compared to % for the European cities with the same wealth and % for all of the other European cities. Every German city gained full marks for policies on sustainable waste management and promoting waste separation and reduction. On land use, though, while every German city protects its green spaces, two have incomplete green space policies and only seven fully promote reuse of brownfield sites for development. For the European Index cities of the same wealth, all have comprehensive green space policies and all but one gain full marks for brownfield redevelopment. : The cities in the German Green City Index have comprehensive air quality plans, and this has helped keep down the levels of several key air pollutants. In detail: All German cities have air quality targets and plans. Only of the 9 other European cities have both. These policies seem to be successful at limiting the effects of air pollution across Germany, even in cities with more industry and automobiles. This is demonstrated by the lack of a correlation in the Index between each city s level of Environmental governance: German cities are generally strong on standards and environmental policies across categories, but their performance in the environmental governance category is relatively modest. This surprising result again suggests that federal involvement, while driving advanced environmental policies overall, may be superseding autonomy at the municipal level. In detail: The structures of environmental governance are uniform in the German cities. These include an integrated strategy endorsed by the city administration and the mayor, a dedicated environmental authority, support for international environmental protection initiatives, and public awareness campaigns. However, the German cities will need to improve in some areas compared with the best European cities. Only two of the German cities have defined specific targets for each environmental category, while the others are limited to selected categories. Only two German cities issue annual or biannual environmental reports on the progress of their work. The vast majority of German cities issue a report of this kind only every three to ten years. A lack of citizen involvement is another obvious weakness. Only five of cities fully involve citizens in environmental decision-making or have a central contact point for complaints. The European Green City Index shows a correlation between higher levels of citizen engagement and better environmental performance. This suggests that citizens who act responsibly and are environmentally aware make a decisive contribution to improving the environmental balance of cities. Methodology The evaluates ma jor German cities with regard to their sustainability in using resources and their commitment to environmental protection. The study covers the four German cities with populations over one million as well as a city from all metropolitan regions. To provide insights on how the German cities are doing compared with other cities in Europe, their results are presented in the context of the European Green City Index. This study investigated the environmental sustainability of 0 major European cities from 0 European countries and was published in December 009. The methodology used in the German Green City Index was developed by the Economist Intelligence Unit in cooperation with Siemens. It is identical to the methodology used in the European Green City Index to ensure the comparability of cities. An independent panel of urban sustainability experts provided important insights and feedback. Because data was collected at different times for Europe and Germany, it is not completely comparable. For that reason, the results are presented in performance bands and not as detailed rankings. This helped to smooth out minor differences. The scores cities across eight categories CO, energy, buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, air quality, and environmental governance based on 0 individual indicators. Sixteen of the 0 indicators are derived from quantitative data and aim to measure how a city is currently performing for example, its level of CO emissions, the amount of energy it consumes, how much waste it produces or levels of air pollution. The remaining indicators are qualitative assessments of cities environmental policies, aspirations or ambitions to reduce their environmental footprint. This could include their commitment to consuming more renewable energy, improving the energy efficiency of buildings, reducing congestion, or recycling and reusing waste. Data sources: A team of independent analysts at the Economic Intelligence Unit collected and evaluated data for the German Green City Index over the period from May to November 00. Publicly available data from official sources, such as European, national, or regional statistics offices, local city authorities, and city and national environmental agencies, was used whenever possible. Care was taken to use data for 00 whenever possible or, failing that, data for previous years or for 009 in order to ensure that the pool of data was as similar as possible to the European Green City Index. In the few cases where gaps in the data existed, the Economist Intelligence Unit produced estimates based on regional figures. Comparison with the European Green City Index: To better classify the results of the and place them in a broader context, the German cities were compared with the cities of the European Green City Index. This required normalizing the German results on the basis of the European Green City Index (see description of the normalization method under Indicators ) and generating a new theoretical Index of cities. Berlin, which is included in both the European and the, is shown only on the basis of the results of the German Green City Index. The final results for the German cities are shown in performance bands instead of in a detailed ranking (see Index construction on page ). Indicators: To be able to compare data points across cities, as well as to construct aggre gate scores for each city, the project team first had to make the data gathered from different sources comparable. To do so, the quantitative indicators were normalized on a scale of 0 to 0, where 0 points were assigned to the best scoring city and 0 points were assigned to the worst scoring city. In some cases, an upper benchmark or a lower benchmark was inserted to prevent outliers from skewing the distribution of points. The Economist Intelligence Unit used the same normalization for the as for the European Index. Qualitative indicators were scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts, who defined objective criteria to evaluate the environmental targets, strategies, and en - vironmental policies of a city. The qualitative 6

10 List of categories, indicators and their weightings Category Indicator Type Weighting Description Normalisation technique CO CO emissions Quantitative % Total CO emissions, in tonnes per head. Min-max. CO intensity Quantitative % Total CO emissions, in grams per unit of real GDP Min-max; lower benchmark of,000 grams (000 base year). inserted to prevent outliers. CO reduction Qualitative % An assessment of the ambitiousness Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts strategy of CO emissions reduction strategy. on a scale of 0 to 0. consumption Quantitative % Total final energy consumption, in gigajoules per head. Min-max. intensity Quantitative % Total final energy consumption, in megajoules per unit Min-max; lower benchmark of MJ/ GDP of real GDP (in euros, base year 000). inserted to prevent outliers. Renewable energy Quantitative % The percentage of total energy derived from renewable Scored against an upper benchmark of 0% (EU target). consumption sources, as a share of the city's total energy consumption, in terajoules. Clean and efficient Qualitative % An assessment of the extensiveness of policies promoting Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts energy policies the use of clean and efficient energy. on a scale of 0 to 0. consumption Quantitative % Total final energy consumption in the residential sector, Min-max. of residential buildings per square meter of residential floor space. -efficient Qualitative % An assessment of the extensiveness of cities energy Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts buildings standards efficiency standards for buildings. on a scale of 0 to 0. -efficient Qualitative % An assessment of the extensiveness of efforts to promote Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts buildings initiatives efficiency of buildings. on a scale of 0 to 0. Use of non-car Quantitative 9% The total percentage of the working population travelling Converted to a scale of 0 to 0. transport to work on public transport, by bicycle and by foot. Size of non-car Quantitative % Length of cycling lanes and the public transport network, Min-max. Upper benchmarks of km/km and transport network in km per square meter of city area. km/km inserted to prevent outliers. Green transport Qualitative 9% An assessment of the extensiveness of efforts to increase Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts promotion the use of cleaner transport. on a scale of 0 to 0. Congestion Qualitative 9% An assessment of efforts to reduce vehicle traffic Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts reduction policies within the city. on a scale of 0 to 0. consumption Quantitative % Total annual water consumption, in cubic meters per head. Min-max. system leakages Quantitative % Percentage of water lost in the water distribution system. Scored against an upper target of %. Wastewater Quantitative % Percentage of dwellings connected to the sewage system. Scored against an upper benchmark of 00% treatment and a lower benchmark of 0%. efficiency Qualitative % An assessment of the comprehensiveness of measures Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts and treatment to improve the efficiency of water usage and the on a scale of 0 to 0. policies treatment of wastewater. Municipal waste Quantitative % Total annual municipal waste collected, in kg per head. Scored against an upper benchmark of 00 kg (EU target). production A lower benchmark of,000 kg inserted to prevent outliers. indicators were again scored on a scale of 0 to 0, with 0 points assigned to cities that met or exceeded the check-list of criteria. In the case of the CO reduction strategy indicator, for example, cities were assessed according to whether they actively and regularly monitor CO emissions, what CO reduction targets have been set and how ambitious they are, given the time period within which they are supposed to be met. Index construction: To compose the Index, a score was first calculated for each city on a scale of 0 to 0 in the eight categories. This evaluation included all quantitative and qualitative data for each infrastructure category. In general, all indicators received the same weighting. To create the overall scores, the scores of the eight categories were then aggregated according to their assigned weighting. To avoid that any category is lent greater importance than another, the Economist Intelligence Unit assigned equal weightings on each category score. This also reflects feedback from the independent experts who were involved in developing the methodology. During the final step, the cities were grouped into performance bands according to their scores. Those bands were based on (mean) scores and defined using the standard deviation, a statistical term for the area around the mean which covers 66% of all values. Definition of performance bands: Well above : Scores are more than. times the standard deviation above the mean. Above : Scores are between 0. and. times the standard deviation above the mean. Average : Scores are between 0. times the standard deviation above and 0. times the standard deviation below the mean. Below : Scores are between 0. and. times the standard deviation below the mean. Well below : Scores are more than. times the standard deviation below the mean. Cluster To analyze the effect of income, population, industrialization, and temperature on a city s score, the cities were also divided into a series of clusters, which were defined as follows: Income: Low income, with per capita GDP of less than,000; middle income of,000 to,000 and high income of more than,000 Size: Small, with a population of less than million; mid-sized, with a population of between million and million and large with a population of more than million Industrialization: Industrial, with a % or greater share of industry; service-oriented, with a share of less than % industry Temperature: Cold, with an temperature of 6- degree Celsius; temperate, with an temperature of 9- degrees Celsius and hot, with an temperature of more than degrees Celsius Waste and land use Environmental governance Waste recycling Quantitative % Percentage of municipal waste recycled. Scored against an upper benchmark of 0% (EU target). Waste reduction Qualitative % An assessment of the extensiveness of measures Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts and policies to reduce the overall production of waste, on a scale of 0 to 0. and to recycle and reuse waste. Green land use Qualitative % An assessment of the comprehensiveness of Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts policies policies to contain the urban sprawl and promote on a scale of 0 to 0. the availability of green spaces. Nitrogen dioxide Quantitative 0% Annual daily mean of NO emissions. Scored against a lower benchmark of 0 ug/m (EU target). Ozone Quantitative 0% Annual daily mean of O emissions. Scored against a lower benchmark of 0 ug/m (EU target). Particulate matter Quantitative 0% Annual daily mean of PM 0 emissions. Scored against a lower benchmark of 0 ug/m (EU target). Sulfur dioxide Quantitative 0% Annual daily mean of SO emissions. Scored against a lower benchmark of 0 ug/m (EU target). Clean air policies Qualitative 0% An assessment of the extensiveness of policies Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts to improve air quality. on a scale of 0 to 0. Green action plan Qualitative % An assessment of the ambitiousness and Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts comprehensiveness of strategies to improve and on a scale of 0 to 0. monitor environmental performance. Green management Qualitative % An assessment of the management of environmental Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts issues and commitment to achieving international on a scale of 0 to 0. environmental standards. Public participation Qualitative % An assessment of the extent to which citizens may Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts in green policy participate in environmental decision-making. on a scale of 0 to 0. 9

11 Berlin Background indicators Population. million GDP per person (PPP) in,00 Administrative area in km 9 Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C 9 Berlin is not just the capital with a population of about. million, it s also the most heavily populated city in Germany. The city was divided by the famous Wall until 99. Quite apart from the political split, this meant that the city developed differently in East and West Berlin. Reunification in 990 had a vast effect on Berlin s ecological footprint, because the shutdown of most of East Berlin s industrial operations and the modernization of a large proportion of buildings since then has cut CO and other pollutant emissions substantially. Today, Berlin s economy is profoundly shaped by the service sector, particularly media companies, creative professions, and biosciences. The metals and electronics industry also plays an important role. Berlin is a popular travel destination, and has made a name for itself as a conference city. Compared to other German cities, however, Berlin must contend with relatively high unemployment, and must manage on a relatively low gross domestic product (GDP) of,00 per capita. Overall, the results for the German capital rank above. Specifically, its performance is above in six of the eight categories CO, buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, and air quality. What is remarkable is the genuinely low CO emissions of.6 metric tons per capita. These put Berlin in the lead for Germany, and make it one of only two German cities (along with Nuremberg) that scored above compared to the rest of Europe. Also noteworthy is the low energy consumption of residential buildings compared to the 0 other European cities. In the energy and environmental governance categories, however, Berlin is. The energy score is affected by the relatively low share of renewable energy sources as part of the overall energy consumption. But as the city increasingly turns to solar and biomass energy, the score may well im - prove in this area. CO emissions: Berlin scores above in this category, and along with Nuremberg is one of only two German cities to score at this level in comparison to the other European cities. With CO emissions of.6 metric tons per capita per year, Berlin leads the German pack, and is below the European of 6. metric tons. The good score in this category is also attributable to the city s ambitious CO reduction goals: by 00 it plans to cut emissions a total of 0% from the 990 figure. Berlin has already achieved its interim goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption % by 00. This has been the result of a variety of programs, such as energy efficiency retrofits of the building stock (especially in the former East Berlin), a changeover from coal-fired to gas-fired power plants, and a sharp reduction in coal furnaces, from 00,000 in 990 to fewer than 60,000 in 00. In addition, after the Wall came down, many unprofitable industrial operations were shut down, some of which had especially high CO emissions. The city also achieves good results for CO emissions per unit of GDP, with grams compared to the European of 6 grams. Green initiatives: To achieve its CO reduction goal, the city is trying to sign up businesses to join the Berlin Climate Alliance. The Alliance is a group of Berlin businesses and associations who are making a contribution to protect the climate. The partners support the City of Berlin in implementing the goals of the state s energy program. Numerous major Berlin industrial, utility and construction companies have al - ready joined the Alliance. : Berlin scores in the energy category. It made points with relatively low energy consumption: 6 gigajoules per capita, or.0 megajoules per euro of GDP. Both figures are below the of gigajoules and. megajoules for the European cities. Berlin benefits from Western Europe s largest district heating network,00 km, with a capacity of some,00 megawatts and serving more than 600,000 of the city s nearly two million households. According to 006 figures, however, % of the city s heating energy is still generated from coal. The relatively low proportion of re new able energy sources in the energy mix is another disadvantage. So far only.6% of the city s energy consumption comes from renewable sources, while the European is 6.%. The expansion of solar energy, however, has now been assigned a higher priority in the city, so that the share of renewable sources should rise in the future. Green initiatives: In December 009, the city s energy utility and a solar specialist inaugurated a pilot solar power plant at the site of the former Mariendorf gas works, with an initial capacity of 00 kilowatts. The partners are currently studying whether the plant can be expanded into Berlin s largest solar power station, with a capacity of as much as mega - watts. Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. -saving partnerships The Berlin -Saving Partnership was founded in 996 as a joint initiative by the city and the Berlin Agency. The - Saving Partnership guarantees enhanced energy efficiency in public buildings and energy savings averaging % per year, while the partners provide both expertise and financing. Over 6% of these savings go directly to the city budget, while the rest is used to modernize and optimize buildings. In return, the partners receive all savings in excess of the guaranteed amount. The newly installed systems remain the city s property. When the individual contracts expire after about twelve years, the city alone reaps the energy savings. The retrofitting of schools, child care centers, universities, administrative buildings and swimming pools has already saved the city million in energy costs. The initiative has made Berlin a prime example of energy-saving programs in public buildings. : In the buildings category, Berlin scores above. The city stands out especially for one of the lowest energy consumptions in residential buildings: 0 megajoules per square meter. That is the second-lowest figure in both Germany and all of Europe (only Stuttgart does better). By comparison, the European was megajoules. Berlin has invested massively in modernizing buildings since 990, especially in the former East Berlin, where there was a serious need to catch up in terms of building standards and energy efficiency. Over the past 0 years, energy consumption has de creased very substantially. Better insulation, the conversion from coal fur - naces to central heating and gas furnaces, and easier access to information about energy efficiency made it possible. For example, energy efficiency retrofits reduced energy consumption by Berlin industrialized apartment blocks from 0 kwh to 0 kwh per square meter per year. Green initiatives: To lend new momentum to energy efficiency and energy saving in the building stock, Climate Protection Partners, an Berlin Other German cities Other European cities above well above 0

12 alliance of ten Berlin business chambers and institutions, has awarded the Climate Protection Partner of the Year prize for outstanding climate protection projects every year since 00. From among the candidates in 00, the winners included a complete retrofit of the 00-year-old tropical plant house at the Botanical Garden. consumption was reduced more than 0% with technical measures like renovating the façades and adding insulation a real challenge for materials and technology given the necessary high humidity of 0%. : Berlin scored above in the transport category. As early as 00, the capital s mobil 00 urban development plan which is currently being updated had stated the goal of making the transportation system more environmentally friendly. This includes, for example, encouraging alternative means of Biogas for the city s truck fleet The Berliner Stadtreininigung waste disposal office is currently building a fermentation plant at the Ruhleben site with a capacity of 60,000 metric tons, to be operated with waste from the composting bins. The biogas system will produce about,000 metric tons of natural gas a year. After appropriate processing, the product will be used as a diesel replacement in the office s 0 garbage trucks. That will save about. million liters of diesel fuel. The number of vehicles is gradually to be more than doubled. transportation like buses, rail and bicycles, and reducing traffic jams. The local public transport network, at.0 km per square kilometer, may not be as well developed yet as in other European cities (. km), but gaps in the road and rail network between the eastern and western parts of the city have now been filled in. Today about % of Berliners take public transportation to work; compared to the nationwide of %, this is the secondbest score, after Munich. The bike path network measures.6 km per square kilometer of city territory, and is thus already a little longer than the European (. km). According to the city s latest estimates, % of the population walk or bike to work, roughly equal to the for all European cities studied. Green initiatives: To prevent traffic jams and keep street traffic moving even during rush hours, the up-to-date traffic control center monitors traffic over more than,00 km of streets, and coordinates traffic lights at roughly,000 intersections. It also monitors warning and notice signs called traffic management systems and they are switched manually from here as needed. In the local public transportation system, the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe transportation agency supports the use of hydrogen as a fuel and has started applying this technology to its bus fleet to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Fourteen buses with hydrogen combustion engines have been in use in Charlottenburg and Spandau since 006. : Berlin is above in the water category. losses due to leakage in the pipeline network are just % the lowest value in Europe, and far below the European Index of 9%. Annual water consumption in Berlin is also quite low, at 6 cubic meters; the for the European cities is 9 cubic meters. The installation of water meters and the encouragement of water-conserving household appliances are something to be taken for granted in Berlin. These measures have had a demonstrably positive effect. Since 99, drinking water supplied and consumed has decreased significantly. Green initiatives: In 00 the Berliner Was - ser betriebe water company built a solar plant at the Tegel Works. With a collector area of about,00 square meters, this is Berlin s largest contiguous solar plant. The electricity is enough to pump drinking water for more than 6,000 Berliners out of the ground, purify it, and carry it to homes through the pipelines. Although the electricity from Tegel is fed into the general power grid, it serves primarily to cover the plant s own water delivery needs. Currently, the water company is tapping additional alternative energy sources. For example, it plans to make the Schönerlinde sewage treatment plant the first energy self-sufficient water treatment plant, starting in 0, by building three windmills with a total combined capacity of 6 mega watts. Waste and land use: Berlin scores above in waste and land use. It earned points with its recycling level, which at about 0% is well above the European of 6%. It is also remarkable that this level increased % from 00 to 00 because of a variety of measures. For example, the city provides a 0 liter composting bin, emptied weekly, for all large apartment buildings. There is a charge for emptying the bins, and their use is mandatory. The city also scores well in waste generated: at kg of waste per resident per year, the city is below the European of kg, and earned the third best score in Germany. Waste generation has decreased significantly in recent years, from. million metric tons in 99 to barely 900,000 tons in 00. In land use, Ber lin s Agenda specifies, among other requirements, that the amount of green space in heavily populated areas should be increased by at least 0% by 0. The program additionally provides that the waiting time for an allotment garden plot must be no more than one year, and that the city s own larger areas of land must be connected together with green corridors. Green initiatives: According to the 009 Berlin Area Use Plan of the Urban Development Office of the Senate Administration, strengthening the inner city as a residential and living center, with homes, jobs, culture and recreation on an equal par, is a strategic goal. The Tempelhof Field, measuring nearly 00 hectares, will become a new district with attractive apartments and many jobs, together with a park landscape that will round out the downtown range of open space and assist the city s climate for the long term. : In air quality, Berlin scores above the European. The city s air quality is carefully monitored and has greatly improved, especially because of the structural change away from industry and toward a service economy. Apart from ozone concentration, all figures included in this Index are below the European Quantitative indicators Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. The nitrogen dioxide concentration, for example, is micrograms per cubic meter in Berlin, compared to micrograms in the other European cities. The daily of annual particulate matter concentration, at micrograms, is also below the European, micrograms. But although annual particulate matter figures for 009 were within the allowable range, the tolerance limit, at days, was not maintained. Only days are allowed. As in many other cities, traffic is the main source of emissions in Berlin. It accounts for 0% of particulate matter emissions and 0% of nitrogen dioxide emissions. Green initiatives: Berlin has taken a number of steps to reduce emissions from transportation, including establishing an environmental zone in 00, intended to reduce vehicle emissions in the inner city. It has also outfitted city buses with particulate filters, and the Berlin Senate has encouraged the use of natural-gaspowered utility vehicles. Apart from reducing emissions with improved vehicle technologies, however, the city is also concentrating on traffic planning measures, such as optimizing traffic lights to ensure a more efficient traffic flow. Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Berlin Year* Source Environmental governance: Berlin scores for environmental governance. A positive factor is that the Berlin House of Delegates adopted the Local Agenda Berlin in 006, with the participation of politicians, citizens and business, thus approving an action program for sustainable urban development with the active involvement of the population. As a continuation of this program, twelve sustainability indicators were proposed in 00, on which a biennial data report reviewing the city s sustainable development is to be based on. But a negative factor is that the city has set and communicated clear goals for only a few environmental aspects. Green initiatives: Berlin is the only German city that is a member of the C0 Group. C0 is an association of 0 metropolises that have agreed to support climate protection. Through a partnership with the Clinton Climate Initiative, the C0 Group works to reduce emissions through greater energy efficiency. Additionally, since 00 Berlin has been a member of the Covenant of Mayors, a European Union initiative. This group has committed to outperform EU goals, and reduce greenhouse gases by more than the targeted 0% from 990 values by 00. Berlin plans to reduce its CO emissions 0% by 00. CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/head) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office CO reduction target by Environment Office of the Senate Administration consumption per capita (GJ/head) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office consumption of residential buildings (MJ/m ) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) City of Berlin Share of population that takes public transportation to work (%) City of Berlin Length of bike path network (km/km ) Berlin Cycling Office; Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Length of public transport network (km/km ) City of Berlin; Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Annual water consumption per capita (m /head) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office system leakages (%) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) State of Berlin Waste Balance Sheet; Berlin-Brandenburg land use Statistics Office Recycling rate (%) State of Berlin Waste Balance Sheet Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase

13 Bremen Background indicators Population,000 GDP per person (PPP) in 6,00 Administrative area in km Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C 9 Bremen is located in northwestern Germany, about 60 km south of the mouth of the Weser River. The city has a population of some 0,000, and like many other northern European cities, was a member of the historical trading Hansa League. Even today, this port city s economy remains traditionally dominated by trade, and a variety of logistics and transportation services are domiciled here. But science and industry also play a significant role; the latter contributes % of the city s gross value added. The largest local industries include aerospace, automobiles and steel. The city is also home to major breweries and coffee roasters. With an estimated gross domestic product (GDP) of 6,00 per capita, Bremen is in the medium range of the twelve German cities studied. Bremen scores above overall in the German Green City Index. It scores above in buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, air quality and environmental governance, but is in CO emissions and below aver- age in energy very largely a consequence of industry s large CO emissions and heavy energy consumption, especially in the steelmaking industry. But the city can point to a very low per capita water consumption compared to the eleven other German cities, and the thirdlongest network of bike paths. Bremen also scored well in waste, with one of the country s lowest levels of waste generated per person and the second-highest level of recycling. CO emissions: Bremen scores for CO emissions, most significantly because the city s CO emissions come to.9 metric tons per capita the highest of any of the European cities, and well above the European of 6. metric tons. CO figures per unit of GDP, at 9 grams per euro generated, are also well above the European of 6 grams. According to city government, 9% of the CO emissions come from industry (9% from the steel industry alone), % from homes, and % from transportation. On the other hand, Bremen scored points for its ambitious CO reduction goal (see green initiatives ). Green initiatives: In December 009, the Bremen city government approved the fourth version of its 00 Climate Protection and Plan, which prescribes the goals for the next few years. The primary goal is to reduce CO emissions 0% by 00 from the 990 figure. The city has adopted a number of measures to achieve the goal: promoting clean energy (especially wind power), expanding district heating, saving energy in existing residential buildings, municipal buildings and businesses, and monitoring CO emissions better. Bremen residents are also to get better information and be better advised about energy-saving and climate-protection programs. Moreover, the city has founded the Bremen Consensus climate protection agency, which is supposed to point out how to use energy more efficiently and thus cut CO emissions and energy consumption. For example, the agency promotes model projects, coordinates publicity campaigns, and provides information to specialists and consumers. : Bremen scores below in energy. One reason is its high energy consumption of gigajoules per capita per year, the highest in Europe. By comparison, the for the European cities studied was gigajoules. However, % of this energy consumption is attributable to the steel industry. If that consumption is subtracted, the energy consumption is around 9 gigajoules. If energy consumption (including the steel industry) is set relative to economic output, at.6 megajoules per unit of GDP Bremen is only slightly above the European of. megajoules. Renewables share of the energy mix is only 0.%, well below the other European cities ( 6.%). A positive factor, however, is that Bremen is actively promoting clean forms of energy, for example by increasing the use of renewable sources like wind and water power. Green initiatives: In April 00, Bremen was the first German city to sign up for the LED City Program, with the aim of expanding the use of LED lamps in the city s infrastructure. LED lamps save energy, reduce maintenance costs and offer better-quality light than conventional light sources for urban lighting. The city also recently launched a pilot project to replace compact fluorescent lamps with LED lamps. By converting to LED lamps, the city hopes to cut its lighting costs by about one-third. In its 00 action plan to reduce CO emissions, the city acknowledges the potential of district heating, and has now developed its first specific plans. The district heating network is first to be expanded further on the basis of coal-fired power plants. Then the heat collected in waste recycling will be used more extensively to generate electricity and heating energy. Further goals include better use of waste heat from the local steel industry, and a more extensive use of combined heating and power plants in industry and in large housing projects. Bremen is already looking at several possible projects that could save about 0,000 metric tons of CO a year. : Bremen comes out above in the buildings category. consumption in residential buildings, at megajoules per square meter, is below the of megajoules for the European cities. As part of its climate policy, the city offers financial incentives to improve heat insulation in existing Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. Efficient pumps at the steel mill Bremen Steelworks, in cooperation with the German Agency (DENA) and three pump manufacturers, has swapped out large numbers of electric pumps at its steel mill for energy-efficient versions. The change was made as part of the DENA s initiative to install more energy efficient pumping systems in industry and commerce, which is intended to show how energy-efficiency programs can be carried out relatively quickly and easily in businesses. While the steelworks electric power consumption is low relative to its demand for heat, the electricity savings are substantial: by using energy-efficient pumps, the steelworks saves. million kilowatt-hours a year, equivalent to the energy demand from about 60 four-person households. buildings. Since 99 it has financed more than,000 projects, and made million available (see below). The city also supports the Modernize Bremen initiative, which provides citizens with information about improving building efficiency. Green initiatives: Bremen has recognized that buildings have great energy-saving potential. For that reason, the fourth version of the Bremen Other German cities Other European cities above well above

14 Climate Protection and Program for 00 calls for improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings. In 00 the city s Senate approved a program for energy-efficient building rehabilitation in public facilities and made. million available for the purpose. New public buildings are normally to be built to the passive house standard. Even more, to encourage energy-awareness, the city set up the voluntary /plus program for schools, with the aim of influencing user habits and reducing energy and water consumption in buildings. Caretakers ensure that building systems are operating at their best, and teachers teach students energy-aware behavior within and in cooperation with their school. The program has been a success: a total of 00 schools in Bremen and nearby Bremerhaven are in - volved in the project, and their substantial cuts in energy and water consumption reduced CO emissions from more than 6,000 metric tons in 9 to about,00 tons in 009. A massive expansion of wind power Bremen is planning on assuming a leading position in promoting renewable energy sources in Northern Germany. One emphasis is on wind power. The city current operates eight wind farms, and plans to add six more by 00. Since 009, Bremen has supported the new Fraunhofer Institute for Wind and Systems Technology in Bremerhaven to advance wind power research. Another emphasis is generating energy from water power. By the end of 0 Bremen plans to complete a 0 million, 0 megawatt hydroelectric plant on the Weser River, which is expected to generate million kilowatt-hours of ecologically sound electricity per year, and to supply,000 homes. : Bremen scores above on transport. The city is making an effort to make biking and local public transport more attractive in various ways. The network of bike paths, at. km per square kilometer, is already significantly more extensive than the -city European (. km). However, the local public transport network, at. km per square kilometer, is a bit shorter than in many other European cities studied (. km). Onequarter of the Bremen population walks or bikes to work, and another % use public transportation. For comparison, the European is % pe destrians or bikers and % users of the bus or rail. Bremen is also making an effort to reduce traffic congestion, and has installed an electronic traffic monitoring system that allows it to control traffic flexibly. Depending on the level of traffic, different speed limits are signaled to drivers by way of electronic switchboards. In other places, signal boards in the parking control system steer drivers toward available parking spaces. Green initiatives: To relieve downtown traffic congestion, Bremen has set up what it calls mobile point stations. Short-term rental cars are available at these stations, which are near bus and streetcar stops or taxi stands. Customers of this car-sharing initiative can park their rental car there and board other forms of transportation directly. The city reports that the initiative is a great success. A study of the first two mobile point stations showed that 0 new car sharing customers were enlisted for the ten car sharing cars at the two stations, at the same time eliminating 90 private cars. By now the initiative has recruited some,00 private and business customers. Another innovative car sharing initiative, e-carall, is currently being tested in Bremen by the Personal Mobility Center, the project center for the Bremen-Oldenburg Electromobility Model Region. Private individuals can apply to be the caretaker or user of an electric car. The cars are distributed among residential areas, charged up by the caretakers, and made available to users for short trips. : In the water category, Bremen scores above. The annual per capita water consumption of cubic meters, as for the eleven other German cities, is well below the European of about 9 cubic meters. The share of water lost to system leakage is % in Bremen, likewise well below the for the European cities studied (9%). Green initiatives: Since January 0, Bremen has had separate sewage fees for household sewage and rainwater. This makes it possible for the city to encourage handling precipitation water ecologically, letting it percolate into the ground naturally instead of channeling it into the sewer system. Additionally, the city encourages rainwater collection, and provides grants of up to,000 per household to install rainwater collection tanks. The only requirement is that the water must be used for flushing toilets and at least one other application, such as watering gardens. Waste and land use: Bremen scores above in waste and land use, and is one of the best German and European cities, with a relatively low waste accumulation and one of the highest recycling rates. The city produces 0 kg of waste per capita less than the for European cities ( kg). This is also the second-lowest waste generation of the eleven other German cities, following Leipzig. The recycling rate, at %, is the second highest in Germany and the third highest in Europe. The European here is only 6%. Green initiatives: The Bremen city government encourages infill on unbuilt land in areas that have already been built up a significantly more environmentally-friendly alternative to building in green space, and also a brake on urban sprawl. Another advantage: unlike newly built areas, where entirely new infrastructures must be installed, infill buildings can tie into existing infrastructure. More than,000 apart - ments have been built in this way since the initiative was launched in 990 about half the new apartments built in the city since that date. Some,000 infill spaces are still available inside and outside town. : Bremen scores above in the air quality category. Except for ozone, the figures for all air pollutants that the study looked at are below the Index. Bremen s nitrogen dioxide concentration is micrograms per cubic meter; the for the European cities is micrograms. Particulate values, at 0 micrograms per cubic meter, are likewise below the European of micrograms. The figures for sulfur dioxide are similar: at an of. micrograms per cubic meter per year, they too are below the European of 6. micrograms. Ozone, however, at mi cro grams, is slightly higher in Bremen than in the other European cities (0 micrograms ). Quantitative indicators Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate Green initiatives: As in many other German cities, street traffic makes a significant contribution to air pollution in Bremen. For that reason, the city is concentrating its air quality improvement efforts on this area. In 009 Bremen introduced an environmental zone that can be entered only by cars and trucks that comply with a certain exhaust standard. Vehicles that emit high levels of pollutants are prohibited. This mainly applies to diesel vehicles and gasoline-engine cars without an adjusted catalytic converter. Bremen also encourages buying natural-gas-powered vehicles, which emit 0% less nitrogen dioxide than vehicles under the Euro IV standard. Bremen residents receive up to 00 to retrofit a conventional car for natural gas. Environmental governance: Bremen scores above in environmental governance. The city published an up-to-date environmental status report in 0 that includes a comprehensive stocktaking of the environmental situation. It will be updated every four years. A drawback is that apart from CO reduction, no clear goals for other areas of the environment have been defined. But a positive factor is an innovative city service online as a place for citizens to consult on environmental matters. Current ideas or complaints are published on the Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Bremen Year* Source city s website, and citizens can track the status of their complaints using a traffic-light system. Green initiatives: The Hansa city s Office for the Environment, Construction, Traffic and Europe has been implementing the European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) since 00. EMAS is subdivided into several phases: adopting an environmental guideline, performing an eco-audit, and determining an effective environmental management system. The Office has not only established the EMAS system s principles within its own sphere, but also encourages the introduction of EMAS and other environmental management systems at local companies and organizations. CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/head) Bremen State Statistics Office CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) Bremen State Statistics Office CO reduction target by City of Bremen consumption per capita (GJ/head) Bremen State Statistics Office consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) Bremen State Statistics Office Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) Bremen State Statistics Office consumption of residential buildings (MJ/m ) e 006 EIU Estimate, based on the following data: Bremen State Statistics Office; Eurostat Urban Audit; Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office; Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein Statistics Office Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Share of population that takes public transportation to work (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Length of bike path network (km/km ) Senator for Environment, Construction, Traffic and Europe; Bremen State Statistics Office Length of public transport network (km/km ) Bremer Strassenbahn AG; Bremen State Statistics Office Annual water consumption per capita (m /head) Bremen State Statistics Office system leakages (%) SWB (utility company) Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Bremen State Statistics Office Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) Senator for Environment, Construction, Traffic and Europe land use Waste Balance Sheet; Bremen State Statistics Office Recycling rate (%) Senator for Environment, Construction, Traffic and Europe Waste Balance Sheet Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase 6

15 Cologne Background indicators Population.0 million GDP per person (PPP) in,00 Administrative area in km 0 Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C 0 With a population of just over one million, Cologne is Germany s fourth-largest city and the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia. Cologne s five Rhine harbors make it Germany s second-largest river port as well as an important trade center and transshipment point for rail and barge traffic. The local economy is dominated by the service sector above all banking and insurance, research and development, trade fairs, tourism, and media enterprises. Industry, on the other hand primarily the food, chemical, and automotive industries contribute only % to Cologne s gross value added, the lowest percentage among all the German cities studied. Cologne s per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of,00 puts it in the middle of the pack among the German cities. Cologne s overall ranking in the German Green City Index is. The city earns a mark of above in the categories of transport and water, posting for example the second-highest share of the population that commutes to work using environmentally friendly modes of transport on foot or by bicycle. Cologne ranks in the other categories. Cologne lagged behind other German cities in embracing cli- mate protection. It wasn t until February 00 that Cologne presented a Sustainable Action Plan to meet the climate protection commitments of the Climate Alliance and the European Union s Covenant of Mayors. CO emissions: Cologne ranks in the category of CO emissions. The city emits 0.0 metric tons of CO per capita each year, well above the of 6. metric tons among the European cities. To turn this situation around, Cologne has committed to the CO reduction targets put forward by the Climate Alliance and the European Union s Covenant of Mayors. Cities in the Climate Alliance seek to lower their CO emissions by 0% every five years. The Sustainable Action Plan reports CO reductions of nearly 0% in the period from 990 to 00, achieved primarily by replacing the energy sources of coal and fuel oil with natural gas. Cologne scores relatively well when CO emissions are examined relative to economic output: at 6 grams per euro of GDP, it lies below the of 6 grams in the European cities. Green initiatives: The local utility company has a pilot project underway to examine the potential of using wood chips for energy production. In its very own energy forest, the company is planting fast-growing poplars that can be cut down and processed into wood chips after just three years. These wood chips are then used as fuel. The process is regarded as carbon-neutral, since the volume of carbon dioxide emitted during combustion is equal to the volume absorbed by the trees during their growth. : Cologne scores in the category of energy. At gigajoules per capita, the city consumes much more energy than the in the European cities ( gigajoules). But Cologne has acknowledged the need for action, and in 00, it presented its Sustainable Action Plan to reduce energy consumption. The plan begins by presenting a rough comparison of energy consumption and CO emissions in 990 and 00. A concrete plan of action will then be developed over the next two years. Cologne s energy consumption relative to its economic output at. megajoules per euro of GDP is far below the European of. megajoules. Green initiatives: The local utility company has allocated 0 million to expand district heating capacity by another 0 megawatts a year until 00 as part of the & Climate 00 environmental initiative. This is equivalent to heating some,000 single-family homes or,000 households. Currently, some 0,000 house holds in Cologne get district heating through a 0-kilometer network. : Cologne ranks in the buildings category. The energy consumption of Cologne s residential building stock is relatively high at,6 megajoules per square meter. The residential building in the European cities uses just megajoules. Cologne s figure is actually the highest in Germany. The city of Cologne tightened its energy guidelines in 00 after the latest energy report found a consistent upward trend in the overall energy costs of municipal institutions since 00. The resolution calls for the application of the energy-saving passive house standard to all new municipal construction projects. Although the city does not subsidize climate protection measures in new construction and renovation projects, it does provide information on funding options from the federal and state government and other sources. Green initiatives: Cologne s largest municipal housing association completely renovated units in Cologne-Ossendorf as part of a modernization project. A total of million was invested in the houses, which were built in 96. The units have now been completely heat-insulated to meet low-energy standards. Photovoltaic systems installed on the roofs generate energy that is fed into the grid. The old electrical heating system has been replaced by wood pellet heating supported by a solar installation to provide heat. The energy overhaul reduced the heating costs from nearly per square meter of living space to some 0.0. Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. Climate model In October 009, Cologne joined the envi - ronmental agency of North Rhine-Westphalia and the German Weather Service in launching a project to develop a new mathematical climate model for the city. The idea was to simulate the consequences of climate change for Cologne. Experts predict that the city will experience both higher tem - peratures and higher levels of precipitation in the future, for example. The computer model is designed to give policymakers a basis for taking action against the effects of climate change such as an increased risk of flooding and its consequences for the drainage and sewer system. : Cologne ranks above in the transport category. The city has an expansive network of bike paths with.0 km per square kilometer, much longer than the in the European cities (. km). And it is heavily used: % of the population of Cologne walks or bicycles to work the second-highest figure in Germany and much higher than the European of %. The share of residents who commute using public transport is relatively low at %, however, compared to the European of %. But the public transport network of.9 km per square kilometer is also shorter than the European (. km). Cologne scores points for its efforts to Cologne Other German cities Other European cities above well above 9

16 0 Ecoprofit Cologne The Ecoprofit Cologne initiative seeks to motivate local businesses to adopt resourceand energy-saving programs. A total of businesses took part in the first round of the initiative in 00, which focused on saving water and energy and reducing waste and emissions. Businesses received advice and support from the city and academic experts. The city hopes that the initiative will lead to more efficient business workflows and a closer relationship between the city and local businesses when it comes to promoting sustainable energies. reduce traffic congestion for its city park & ride system, for example, or the widespread use of traffic control systems. The latter is particularly important, since several federal highways in and around Cologne produce high traffic volumes. Green initiatives: Some 0,000 people commute into the city each day, while about 90,000 commute out of the city. To deal with the commuter volume more efficiently, the city of Cologne joined the Commuter Network in 00. Commuters go to the Commuter Network portal to look for other commuters or join existing carpools. Essen is also making use of this online service. The city is also receiving support from the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment, and in developing further programs designed to make transportation more climate-friendly. As with the Sustainable Action Plan, the first step is to draw up an energy and CO balance sheet for transportation. : Cologne scores above in the water category. Cologne s per capita annual water consumption of 66 cubic meters is much lower than the of the European cities (9 cubic meters). The water loss of % from leakage in the supply system is also below the European of 9%. In Germany, however, Cologne had the second-highest rate of loss only Leipzig was higher. Cologne intends to upgrade old pipelines to further reduce losses and improve the water supply system. Green initiatives: The local utility company is installing smart meters in 00 to 00 households in four Cologne neighborhoods. Smart meters measure electricity, gas, and water usage in the households and show the total costs of the resources on a digital display. The hope is that this real-time data will motivate consumers to curb their usage. The pilot project is supposed to help determine whether it makes sense to install the smart meters throughout the city starting this year. Waste and land use: Cologne scores aver age in the waste and land use category. The city produces some 6 kg of waste per capita each year; the in the European cities is kg. The recycling rate of % is higher than the European of 6% but below the of % among the twelve German cities studied. The city s ambitions regarding land use and above all green space are noteworthy. Cologne has abundant natural areas some 0 square kilometers covering % of the ur - ban area. Much of this is in the form of a greenbelt surrounding the city. Cologne is working to protect this greenbelt through measures such as building restrictions on the city s perimeter. Green initiatives: The city partnered with local businesses to launch the Forest Laboratory reforestation project in March 00. The purpose of the lab is to study which trees can best withstand the effects of climate change. The partners seek insight into what tomorrow s forests will look like and how they can best be maintained and managed. : Cologne ranks in the air quality category. The measured levels of air pollutants are all moderate. This can be attributed primarily to Cologne s economic structure, which is based largely on the service sector. The city needs to pay close attention to its levels of nitrogen dioxide, however: measurements in 00 showed a concentration that regularly exceeded the thresholds allowed in Germany and the EU. Cologne s daily of annual nitrogen dioxide is micrograms per cubic meter, above the of micrograms in the European cities. The sulfur dioxide concentrations of. micrograms per cubic meter per day are also slightly above the European of 6. micrograms. Annual particulate matter levels of micrograms per cubic meter, on the other hand, remain below the European of micrograms. The same is true of ozone concentrations, which at micrograms are below the European Index of 0 micrograms. Green initiatives: The city s comprehensive clean air plan is currently focused on automobile traffic for two reasons: First, traffic is regarded as the largest source of air pollution. And second, it is the easiest source to fight. Measures include a ban on high-emission vehicles in the city center ( environmental zone ) and a smart traffic control system that manages traffic lights to reduce congestion and gridlock. There are also plans to redirect vehicles onto less-traveled Quantitative indicators transit corridors. The current measures ran through the end of 00. If the findings show no definitive improvement in air quality, other measures will follow. Residents are also encouraged to use public transportation more often or carpool. Other plans include expanding the park & ride program, shifting heavy transport loads to rail, and improving traffic flow. Environmental governance: Cologne ranks in the environmental governance category. Many aspects of the city s environmental governance leave room for improvement. Cologne is the only city in the German Index, for example, that does not publish an environmental report with a comprehensive assessment of the environmental situation. Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Cologne Year* Source CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/resident) City of Cologne CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) City of Cologne CO reduction target by City of Cologne Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. ) Current CO reduction target is 0% by 00. ) Estimate based on energy consumption of City of Cologne. ) Figure for the state of North Rhine Westphalia. ) Figure represents the of one measurement station in a central urban location close to traffic and two measurement stations in non-central urban locations. ) Figure is the of two measurement stations in non-central urban locations. Moreover, there was no evidence of a comprehensive strategy covering all key aspects of environmental policy. At the beginning of 00, however, the city did announce plans to develop an integrated climate protection plan over a period of two years. Green initiatives: For over 0 years, the city of Cologne has regularly offered an environmental protection award to encourage citizens to share their creative ideas for the environment. The objective is to sensitize the population to environmental concerns. The award honors achievements in various areas of environmental protection: projects to preserve the countryside, ideas to reduce waste, or new environmental technologies. consumption per capita (GJ/resident) e 00 EIU estimate based on Rheinergie data consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP)...9 e 00 EIU estimate based on Rheinergie data Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) e 00 ITNRW consumption by residential buildings (MJ/m ) ,66. e 00 ITNRW Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) City of Cologne Share of population that takes public transport to work (%) City of Cologne Length of bike path network (km/km ) Eurostat Urban Audit Length public transport network (km/km ) KVB; Cologne Statistical Almanac Annual water consumption per capita (m /resident) Cologne Wastewater Office; Cologne Statistical Almanac system leakages(%)..6.9 e 00 NRW Information and Technology Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Cologne Wastewater Office Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) NRW State Office of the Environment land use Recycling rate (%) NRW State Office of the Environment Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase

17 Green initiatives: The 60-Point Plan that Essen introduced in 009 includes a wider use of renewable energy sources in municipal buildings, and an improvement of energy efficiency at businesses. The city government has also begun taking climate protection factors into account when it invests in goods or equipment. One example is the replacement of conventional traffic lights with LED systems. Private households are also being encouraged to adopt more environmentally friendly habits: in 00 alone, conversions of households from coal, oil or electric heating to natural gas saved more than,000 metric tons of CO. : Essen scores in energy. consumption per capita, at 0 gigajoules, is above the gigajoule for the European metropolises. In terms of energy consumption, at. megajoules consumed per euro of GDP, Essen is well below the European of. megajoules, but above the Ger- space to interested citizens who wish to invest in building solar installations. They can pay into a fund that finances the installation of solar collectors, for example on school roofs. According to the city, over a 0-year term, investors can expect a yield of to % per year. The first three solar projects were implemented in 009, and solar collectors were built on the roofs of more schools in 00. : Essen scores above in buildings. consumption in residential buildings (6 megajoules per square meter) is a bit higher than the European ( megajoules). But the energy efficiency standards, similarly to the eleven other German cities, are relatively high compared to the other European metropolises, with a positive impact on the overall result. However, the city offers few financial incentives to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings. Yet it is making efforts to raise residents awareness of conserving energy in buildings. Prize for ecological improvements The city has announced a prize of 0,000 for the best citizen environmental initiative. The award will go to the concept that makes an especially sustainable contribution toward protecting the environment in Essen. The prize money is provided by the Essen Disposal Companies, which are responsible for the city s waste disposal. Small businesses, organizations and private individuals are eligible to participate. There are no limits on the suggestions all ideas are welcome, from reducing energy consumption, to reducing waste, to making use of rainwater. Essen Background indicators Population 0,000 GDP per person (PPP) in,00 Administrative area in km 0 Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C 0 The city of Essen has a population of about 0,000 and is located in what is probably Germany s most important industrial region, the Ruhr area. This metropolitan region of cities and other municipalities and a population of about. million is the most densely populated conurbation in Europe. The largest cities in Essen s immediate vicinity include Mülheim, Oberhausen, Duisburg and Dortmund, with a total population of about two million. Coal was first mined in Essen in 0; the city later developed into an important center of the steel industry. In, the Krupp family founded Germany s first steel casting mill here. Structural change has greatly decreased the importance of coal and steel, but industry still ac counts for % of gross value added the second highest of any of the twelve German cities in the study. Service companies, the healthcare industry, and major utility companies, with their administrative centers, are other important employers. With a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of,00, Essen is below the of 0,900 for German cities. Industry has a significant influence on the environmental performance of Essen and its region. Essen ranks overall in the Index; it is below in CO emissions, and above in buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, and environmental governance. Essen also has the second highest share of renewable energy among German cities, and has the country s third longest public transport network. CO emissions: In CO emissions, Essen ranks below, particularly because of the high level of emissions from industry. Per capita CO emissions are 0. metric tons, above the of 9. tons for the twelve German cities, and far above the 6. tons per capita for the European cities. The city emits grams of CO per euro generated, and is thus slightly above the European of 6 grams. Essen s accession to the European Climate Alliance, Europe s largest network of cities for climate protection, is praiseworthy. As a member, the city has set ambitious CO reduction goals. Emissions are to be cut 0% every five years, per capita emissions are to be cut in half from 990 levels by 00, and over the long term, emissions are to be reduced to. metric tons per resident. This is all to be possible through extensive energy efficiency measures and a wider use of renewable energy sources. A first step in this direction is a 60-Point Plan, which Essen presented in 009 as part of the Integrated and Climate Concept, and intends to implement by 0. man of. megajoules. The city is making an effort to promote clean, efficient energy sources. And it s working: the share of renewable energy sources is.%, above the European (6.%). In fact, this is the second highest figure among the twelve German cities. Combined heating and power generation is also being encouraged. For example, at the waste incineration facility in Essen-Karnap, the city uses waste to generate energy. The plant generates heat and power simultaneously, which is significantly more efficient. The generated heat is then fed into the Ruhr district heating system. Green initiatives: To increase the share of renewable energies, the city offers its own roof Green initiatives: In the special Thermography campaign in the winter of 006/00, the city of Essen offered residents a chance to get low-cost thermographic snapshots of their buildings exteriors, made with a thermal camera. Several hundred residents took up the offer to get a better idea of their houses weak points a first step toward an energy rehabilitation of the buildings. In addition, since 00 the Environmental Office of the City of Essen has been working with the North Rhine-Westphalian Ministry of the Economy to acknowledge buildings that conserve energy especially well. Owners receive a plaque that can be applied conspicuously to the façade to point up the building s especially good energy quality. By Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. now, dozens of buildings in several categories have won awards, for example for especially low heating energy demand (a passive house, three liter house, rehabilitated building), or for using renewable energy sources (photovoltaic, solar collectors, heat pumps, biomass). : Essen scores above in the transport category. The city encourages the use of bicycles, buses and rail with a well-developed network of local public transportation and bike paths. With. km per square kilometer, Essen has substantially more bike paths than the for all European cities (. km). The bus and rail network, at. km, is likewise longer than in most of the other European cities Essen Other German cities Other European cities above well above

18 studied (. km). In fact, it is the third best among the German cities. Nevertheless, 69% of the population drives to work a high figure compared to the rest of Europe. Here, however, it must also be taken into account that as a traffic node in the Ruhr region, Essen has one of the densest networks of freeways and other highways in Germany, which encourages car use. Another % of the population walks or bikes to work (European %), and 0% of the residents use public transport (European %). For these reasons, the city intends to make using local public transportation, as well as walking and biking, more attractive (see green initiatives ). Green initiatives: As a part of its integrated energy and climate concept, the city is paying special attention to expanding more environmentally-friendly means of transportation. It has decided that encouraging biking is especially important: by improving the bicycle infrastructure, and with public relations work, the city intends to create an incentive for residents to use cars less. One Essen city initiative along this line is expanding walking and biking paths on former railroad right-of-ways. Only recently it opened a new km bike path from the university to the city limits. This is part of a regional bike path that is expected to extend as far as Duisburg and elsewhere. Another initiative to reduce commuter vehicles is the free Commuter Network Web portal ( which is run by a private company. Drivers in work traffic especially tend to drive alone or with very few passengers. To change that, anyone interested can Heat Vision 00 Essen is currently working out its Heat Vision 00. The document is first intended to record the current energy consumption and current CO emissions from buildings, and then to prepare projections for the year 00. The Vision will help support city government in deciding on the right measures to improve energy efficiency and conserve energy. Examples include optimized heat insulation or a variety of technical innovations. Essen is developing Heat Vision 00 jointly with power utilities, consumers and environmental groups. look on the portal for rides or passengers to share the commute. : Essen scores above in water. Similarly to the other German cities, per capita water consumption, at 6 cubic meters per year, is a third lower than the of 9 cu bic meters for the European cities studied. lost to leakage in the distribution system, at %, is also well below the European of 9%. Green initiatives: Allbau AG, located in Essen, owns more than,000 residential buildings all around the city. It s now planning to install rainwater cisterns in its buildings. The collected rainwater will be used to flush toilets and for washing machines. If precipitation is heavy, the water will be diverted to surrounding gardens, not into the city s sewer system. That not only saves fresh water, but lowers energy consumption for water purification. Tenants in turn benefit from lower water charges thanks to the use of rainwater. Waste and land use: Essen scores above in waste and land use. Although the city generates more waste, at kg per capita, than the -city European of kg, it recycles % of its total and has extensive measures to reduce waste. By comparison, the European recycling rate is only 6%. The city s green land use policies are also exemplary, including both improvements of existing green space and opening up new areas. For example, Essen is planning a network of green spaces and waterways. Green initiatives: The 0-hectare Krupp Belt near Essen s center was closed off to the public for 00 years. The center of town and the Altendorf district were separated by an industrial zone. Now the site is open to everyone. The city government and ThyssenKrupp Real Estate have created a new neighborhood out of the formerly idle land. Extensive green spaces have also been installed in the area, including a park measuring 0,000 square meters, landscaped hills, and a 9,00-square-meter lake fed by rainwater. Additional offices and a hotel are planned as the next construction projects. : Essen scores in air quality. Mean ozone and nitrogen dioxide concentrations are slightly above the s for all the German and European cities in the study, particularly because of two factors. First, the economy of Essen and its environs is heavily influenced by industry. And second, there is heavy traffic be cause of the dense network of freeways and other highways. Essen has an especially high sulfur dioxide concentration the highest German value, at.0 micrograms per cubic meter, and far above the European of 6. micrograms per cubic meter. Green initiatives: To improve air quality, the city government has launched a More Green, More Climate initiative. It has the goal of protecting green space in and around Essen by making residents more aware of the importance of such areas. The campaign especially promotes the attractions and ecological importance of forests, fields and water bodies, which according to Essen government make up about half of the city s territory. Quantitative indicators Environmental governance: Essen comes in above in environmental governance. An especially positive factor is that the city fully involves its residents in political decisions on the environment. For example, public opinion was extensively consulted in the redesign of the Krupp Belt. Also in 009, the Our City, Our Climate campaign was launched to raise environmental awareness among the population. However, the city does less well in green city management. It gathers only some statistical data on its environmental performance. There are also no regular publications on the extent to which environmental programs have been implemented. Green initiatives: To make clear the importance of programs to combat climate change, Essen is training interested residents as climate ambassadors. Their job is to raise their fellow residents awareness of environmental issues, for example by informing them about rehabilitating buildings, using more renewable forms of energy, or saving energy and protecting the environment at work. Some climate ambassadors were specially trained at the Essen People s University to explain the importance of climate protection to school children. They or - ganize small environmental projects at schools, for example, where children can become actively involved and learn to think and act with an awareness of the environment. Like other cities, Essen has also introduced an Ecological Project for Integrated Environmental Technology (known as Ecoprofit for short) a cooperative project among environmental agencies and groups and local private businesses. The project finances workshops and encourages the exchange of specialized knowledge about matters of the environment and costs. The 0 participating businesses have identified and assessed about 0 specific measures to im prove protection of the environment. Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Essen Year* Source CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/head) e 00 Unsere Stadt. Unser Klima.de (Our City, Our Climate); NRW State Database CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) e 00 Unsere Stadt. Unser Klima.de (Our City, Our Climate); Bremen Statistics; EIU CO reduction target by Unsere Stadt. Unser Klima.de (Our City, Our Climate) consumption per capita (GJ/head) City of Essen CO Balance Sheet; NRW State Database consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) City of Essen CO Balance Sheet; Bremen Statistics Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) City of Essen CO Balance Sheet consumption of residential buildings (MJ/m ) City of Essen CO Balance Sheet; NRW State Database Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Share of population that takes public transportation to work (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Length of bike path network (km/km ) City of Essen, Office of Urban Planning and Construction Code; NRW State Database Length of public transport network (km/km ) Eurostat Urban Audit; NRW State Database Annual water consumption per capita (m /head) Office of Elections, Statistics and Urban Research of the City of Essen; NRW State Database system leakages (%)..6.9 e 00 Information und Technik NRW Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) NRW State Database Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) City of Essen, Environmental Office land use Recycling rate (%) City of Essen, Environmental Office Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) NRW State Office for Nature, the Environment and Consumer Protection Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate, ) Calculation of CO emissions is based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. This approach is more extensive than the measurement method for other cities, and includes all emissions from the upstream chains of energy production. ) Current CO reduction target is 0% every years. ) Estimate for the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. ) Measurement station is located in the urban background.

19 Frankfurt Background indicators Population 6,000 GDP per person (PPP) in 66,00 Administrative area in km Share of industry / gross value added in % 6 Average temperature in C 0 Statistically, Frankfurt ranks fifth in population among all German cities. Its roughly 60,000 residents generate a real per capita gross domestic product of about 66,00 the highest of any German city in the German Green City Index. Frankfurt is an economic agglomeration with more than,000 businesses and almost 90,000 jobs. About 0,000 additional workers commute into town daily, far more than in any other German city. Because of its location in the center of Central Europe, Frankfurt has become a transportation and logistics hub for Germany and the entire continent. Air, rail and highway traffic come together here overall, ideal conditions for a highly international economy in industry, commerce and services. For example, Frankfurt is the headquarters of the European Central Bank, and is now considered one of Europe s most important financial centers. In the overall rating and four of the eight individual categories buildings, transport, water, and waste and land use Frankfurt scores above. It scores in CO, energy, air quality and environmental governance. What is especially noteworthy is the extensive use of alternative forms of transportation: there is no other city in Germany where so many residents (6%) do without cars to get to work, and rely instead on public transport, bicycle or just walking. Frankfurt is also the German leader in using renewable forms of energy. Yet the city s CO emissions are still well above the European also a consequence of its lively economic activity and the associated heavy traffic. CO emissions: Frankfurt scores on CO emissions. The main reason is that at. metric tons per resident, the city s CO emissions are almost twice as high as the -city European (6. tons). But when CO is referred to gross domestic product, the city comes off comparatively well. A 00 measurement found emissions of grams (CO and CO -equivalent) per euro of GDP the third-best showing nationwide. In its latest climate report, the city has stated the goal of reducing CO emissions 0% by 00, by cutting them back 0% every five years between 00 and 00. Green initiatives: In the early 990s, Frankfurt helped found the Climate Alliance, and at the time set higher climate protection goals for 00 than other cities. The city government plans to achieve the goals with what it calls a balanced package of measures: reducing heat and electricity demands in residential, office and industrial buildings, stricter standards for energy-efficient construction, and a heavier use of combined heat and power generation and renewable sources of energy, especially biomass. The projects can also be studied graphically: outstanding climate protection projects in Frankfurt such as a combined heat and power generating plant, biomass plant, or passive buildings can be located on an interactive Climate Protection Town Map, and anyone interested can find out about individual projects and their estimated CO prevention. : In energy, Frankfurt scores. The city s energy consumption is relatively high gigajoules per capita. The European cities consume an of gigajoules. But relative to economic output, the figure is. megajoules per real unit of GDP, well below the European of. megajoules. The extensive use of combined heating and power plants was a positive factor. Since the waste heat from power generation is also used for heating, these power plants make a key contribution toward saving energy. Moreover, Frankfurt is the German leader in using renewable energy sources. Their share is.9%, and thus also above the of 6.% for the European cities. Green initiatives: Since 99, the city has supported construction of combined heating and power plants and local power generation in new construction areas. Today it has a closemeshed network of these efficient power plants. Frankfurt has three rather large combined heating and power plants, as well as about 0 smaller and medium-sized ones, providing a total of,000 kw of energy for large areas of the city, including for office buildings, schools, hospitals and fire stations. To make the population more familiar with the topic of combined heat and power generation, the city has also set up a no-charge consulting and information service for owners of commercial and residential buildings. In some newly constructed zones, using combined heat and power plants or district heating has actually been made obligatory. : Frankfurt scores above in the buildings category. consumption in residential buildings, at 69 megajoules per square meter, is well below the European of megajoules not least of all a consequence of buildings high energy efficiency standards. But Frankfurt does not explicitly promote the energy rehabilitation of buildings. According to the city, the economic advantages have been well enough communicated, and energy efficiency factors have now been taken into account anyway in many construction projects. Such projects usually pay for themselves by way of the energy costs they save. The city will perform the cost-effectiveness calculations on request. Green initiatives: Frankfurt has Europe s largest count of buildings built to the passive house standard, including,000 residences, schools, child care centers, gymnasiums and office buildings. A city resolution requires the passive house approach for the construction of all new municipal facilities. In terms of sustainability, Frankfurt can point to a remarkable construction: the Sophienhof residential and office complex, completed in 006, is currently Germany s largest passive-building residential settlement. It has 9 apartments, as well as shops and commercial space. A successor project has already been launched: this year, construction will start on Europe s first passivebuilding clinic, in the Höchst district of town. : Frankfurt also scores above in transport. In spite of the large numbers of commuters, there is no other city in Germany Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. The Green Building Frankfurt architecture prize Every two years, the city of Frankfurt honors owners and planners with the Green Building Frankfurt architectural prize for especially innovative, sustainable residential and nonresidential buildings. The prize assesses rehabilitation projects and new construction. In 009, eight buildings ranging from residential buildings to an office high-rise received the award. Among them was the Tevesstrasse project for the successful rehabilitation of state-subsidized apartment housing to the passive building standard. Another winner was the new building for the Reconstruction Loan Corporation (KfW), which was recognized as an especially energysaving design for its annual primary energy demand of less than 00 kwh/m and the potential for covering the remaining energy demand with renewable forms of energy. where more residents (6%) do without cars to get to work, and rely instead on public transport, bicycles or just walking. Thirty-two percent of all Frankfurt residents take public transportation to work. A well-developed local public transport network of buses, streetcars, subways, commuter trains and regional trains makes it possible. The Frankfurt local public transport network covers. km per square kilometer; the for all European cities is Frankfurt Other German cities Other European cities above well above 6

20 only. km. Another % of Frankfurt residents bike or walk to work the third-highest figure in Germany, even though the bike path network, at.0 km per square kilometer of city territory, is actually somewhat shorter than the European (. km). On the other hand, the number of residents who drive to work is still relatively high; more than one-third prefer their car. Green initiatives: In March 0, a new integrated general traffic control center was opened in Frankfurt. Now employees at the Biking in Frankfurt and Bike+Business Frankfurt is working on a number of programs to wean its residents away from cars and onto bicycles. In 00 the City Council resolved to increase the share of bike traffic from only 6% in 99 to % by 0. At %, they ve already come very close to the target. The city has built bike paths, remedied gaps and dangerous intersections, redesigned traffic light circuits and right-of-way rules with a clearer eye to bike traffic, and provided a number of bike parking opportunities. Just a year before the resolution, the Hesse General German Bicycle Club and the Frankfurt/Rhine- Main Urban Regional Planning Association had established the Bike+Business project with the goal of strengthening the image of the bicycle as a means of transportation with equal rights, and thus encouraging the population to change over. Sixteen major-name employers and eleven cooperating cities in the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main region have joined Bike+Business. The Corporation for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), for example, has been a part of the project since 00, and by now about % of its staff bikes to work. city s traffic office can watch and control all the city s traffic control systems from a -squaremeter monitor including the parking guidance system, information boards, the control system for the Frankfurt Messe fairgrounds, and traffic monitoring cameras. By modernizing traffic management, the city plans to enhance the performance of the transport network, and to get drivers faster and more smoothly to where they re going. : Frankfurt also scores above in water. consumption in Frankfurt, at 6 cubic meters per resident, is significantly lower than the of 9 cubic meters for the European cities. Another welcome finding is that relatively little water is lost to pipeline leaks in Frankfurt. With only %, Frankfurt is well below the for the studied European cities (9%). Green initiatives: The Frankfurt Messe has announced a number of programs to reduce water consumption. To take just two among many examples: rainwater or reprocessed wa - ter will be used to flush toilets, to water plants and to fill ornamental fountains. All toilets in the restaurants and exhibition halls have now been outfitted with water-saving flush mechanisms. The effects of these steps will be especially evident during major exhibitions like the Frankfurt Book Fair, which draws more than 00,000 visitors and more than,000 exhibi - tors each year. Waste and land use: Frankfurt scores above in waste and land use. Its low waste generation is the main contributor to the good score. The city generates 6 kg of waste per capita, less than the European of kg. According to the city, the volume of household waste steadily declined by a total of 6.% between 00 and 00. Frankfurt also recycles % of its waste, substantially more than the European cities (6%). The city also comes out quite well in its green land use policies, which aim both to preserve green space and contain urban sprawl. Green initiatives: A new green route is to be set up between Ostpark and Mainufer in the eastern part of town. Today the route is still rather wearisome on foot or by bike, because a wide major traffic artery separates the two areas. But the new green connection is expected to close up this gap in the landscape within the next few years. A disused rail right-of-way will also be tied in. : Frankfurt s air quality rates as. An important reason is the high nitrogen dioxide concentration: at 6 micrograms per cubic meter, it is above the European of micrograms. The main culprit is truck traffic, but industry and air traffic also make a significant contribution. Ozone values, on the other hand, at 9 micrograms per cubic meter, are slightly below the European of 0 micrograms. Particulate matter concentration in Frankfurt, at an of 0 micrograms per cubic meter, is actually well below the European cities of micrograms. The situation with sulfur dioxide is similar. Green initiatives: In 00, the state of Hesse adopted an air purification plan. As the state s largest city, Frankfurt adopted long-term measures to implement the plan and improve air quality in areas with especially severe air pollution. The first action plan took effect in October 00, and was replaced by a new one in 00. The result: an environmental zone in the center of Frankfurt, where the city s particulate matter concentration is to be reduced. As of January, 00, only vehicles with a yellow or green sticker can enter the zone, and a green sticker will become mandatory as of 0. Environmental governance: Frankfurt comes out in environmental governance. The city s most recent environmental report was published in 00. But the city lost points because the goals in the various environmental areas were worded vaguely, except for the reduction of CO emissions. A positive factor is that the city is actively encouraging its residents to change their habits for example with the Frankfurt Saves Electricity initiative to lower private households power consumption still further. Residents have also been involved in policy decisions about environmental matters (see initiatives). Green initiatives: A current example of residents involvement in planning decisions is the reconfiguration of the Heinrich-Lübke-Siedlung, a public-housing hot spot in the northwestern part of town. A package of measures is to transform the housing project into a very livable, sustainable residential area that residents Quantitative indicators Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Frankfurt Year* Source Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. ) Also includes CO-equivalents. ) Estimate by the City of Frankfurt am Main. ) Estimate by the Frankfurt Street Traffic Office and Environmental Office. can identify with. The residents desires will be listened to in a number of neighborhood meetings. One goal is to set up a curb-free network of walkways, bike paths and traffic-calmed streets, as well as attractive green areas. Existing buildings will be rehabilitated under the current Savings Regulation; new buildings will be built to the passive house standard. So that environmental problems can be approached communally, the city is also informing residents about necessary changes in habits. There are examples for this too: the Frankfurt Saves Electricity program encourages private households to change over to energy-saving light bulbs, and the Cariteam Saving Service founded by Caritas Frankfurt is training recipients of one category of un - employment benefits to be electricity-savings assistants. Low-income households receive a no-cost electricity-saving consultation from Cariteam, and a package of energy-saving items. By now the project has expanded to 60 German cities. CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/head) e 00 ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00; Current Frankfurt Statistics CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) e 00 ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00; Frankfurt am Main Statistics Annual CO reduction target by City of Frankfurt am Main, Environmental Office consumption per capita (GJ/head) ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00; Current Frankfurt Statistics consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00; Frankfurt am Main Statistics Annual Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) e 00 City of Frankfurt am Main; ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00 consumption of residential buildings (MJ/m ) ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00; Eurostat Urban Audit Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) Frankfurt am Main Dept. of Mobility and Traffic Planning Share of population that takes public transportation to work (%) Frankfurt am Main Dept. of Mobility and Traffic Planning Length of bike path network (km/km ) e 00 Frankfurt Street Traffic Office and Environmental Office; Current Frankfurt Statistics Length of public transport network (km/km ) Frankfurt am Main Dept. of Mobility and Traffic Planning; Current Frankfurt Statistics Annual water consumption per capita (m /head) Frankfurt am Main Statistics Annual; Current Frankfurt Statistics system leakages (%) Frankfurt am Main Statistics Annual Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Frankfurt am Main Statistics Annual Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) City of Frankfurt am Main, Environmental Office; land use Current Frankfurt Statistics Recycling rate (%) City of Frankfurt am Main, Environmental Office Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase 9