ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit: Summary Report

Transcription

1 ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit: Waidner-Spahr Library, Adams Hall, Rector Science Center, Holland Union Building Summary Report Prepared by: THE STONE HOUSE GROUP 301 BROADWAY BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA TEL FAX

2 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary Energy Profile: Consumption, Cost, and Carbon at Dickinson College Energy Consumption Energy Cost Carbon Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) Energy Capital Investment Plan (ECIP) Measures Considered but Not Recommended Widely-Applicable ECMs Waidner-Spahr Library Summary of Systems Waidner/Spahr Library Energy Capital Investment Plan (ECIP) O&M Problems / Opportunities Rector Science Center James Hall Summary of Systems Rector ECIP O&M Problems / Opportunities Adams Hall Summary of Systems Adams ECIP O&M Problems / Opportunities Holland Union Building (HUB) Summary of Systems HUB ECIP O&M Problems / Opportunities Appendix A Detailed ECM Descriptions (Library) Appendix B Detailed ECM Descriptions (Rector) Appendix C Detailed ECM Descriptions (Adams) Appendix D Detailed ECM Descriptions (HUB) Appendix E Full ECIP Including Rejected ECMs Appendix F PPL E-power Incentives The Stone House Group Page 2

3 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit 1 Executive Summary Dickinson College, founded in 1773, is a highly selective, private residential liberal-arts college known for its innovative curriculum. Its mission is to offer students a useful education in the arts and sciences that will prepare them for lives as engaged citizens and leaders. The 180 acre campus of Dickinson College is located in the heart of Carlisle, PA In September 2009, Dickinson College (DC) announced a bold new Climate Change Action Plan with a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by twenty-five percent (25%) versus 2008 levels by the year By complementing that on-site reduction with the purchase of carbon offsets and grid power from renewable sources, total net carbon neutrality will be achieved. Climate Action Plan In June 2012, Dickinson College retained the services of THE STONE HOUSE GROUP (SHG) to perform an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit in support of the Climate Action Plan. The Audit was to cover five (5) buildings on campus: Spahr Library Waidner Library Rector Science Complex (James Hall) Adams Hall Holland Union Building (HUB). This report describes the findings and recommendations developed over the course of this energy audit. During the course of multiple on-site inspections, as well as a review of the drawings and automated control system for the buildings, over 100 potential energy conservation measures (ECMs) were identified. We have compiled these measures, with input from Dickinson College operations and maintenance personnel, into an energy capital investment plan (ECIP) which can be found in Section 3 of this report. This ECIP shows the estimated capital costs and savings (consumption, cost and emissions) associated with each proposed measure. The Stone House Group Page 3

4 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit In total, we estimate these measures will: Cost approximately $1.2 million to implement. Save about $330,000 on energy bills each year (at current utility rates). Pay for themselves in 3.5 years. Prevent the release of the equivalent of 1,900 metric tons of. Gas Reduction (MMBtu) Electric Reduction (MMBtu) Reduction (metric tons) Cost to Implement 10,630 7, $1,156,789 17% cut 12% cut 13% cut Cuts are vs fiscal year totals Annual $ Savings Payback Years Return on Investment $330, % The Stone House Group Page 4

5 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit 2 Energy Profile: Consumption, Cost, and Carbon at Dickinson College 2.1 Energy Consumption THE STONE HOUSE GROUP S energy study of Dickinson College revealed that the College is a relative champion of energy efficiency. On a per square foot basis, the College outperforms almost all peer institutions we have data for. Interviews with the facilities staff confirmed that the College has had a strong energy management focus for many years and has implemented many high ROI (low hanging fruit) projects on campus. They also operate their buildings very aggressively and try to closely match the HVAC systems operating hours to the intended use of the building. The College is aggressive during low use periods of campus (holiday breaks) and has a formal Curtailment Program that has been effectively used for many years to reduce temperatures and limit energy use in buildings during these times. Figure 1 shows Dickinson s energy use, during fiscal years 2010, 2011, and Data from 21 other similar institutions was used for comparison, and Dickinson College beats almost all of them in terms of energy use per gross square feet which is a great barometer of energy and environmental stewardship MBTU / sq. ft Average Figure 1: Energy use in MBtu per square foot at Dickinson (shown in red) Our analysis showed, however, that on a per student basis, the College is closer to the average of 60,000 MBtu / student. Please note that MBtu denotes Btu x10 3 (Btu is a unit of energy). Year MBtu / Student Survey Average 60,000 DC ,900 DC ,600 DC ,500 The Stone House Group Page 5

6 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit As indicated in Figure 2, the most-consumed type of energy is electricity (49% of total). Natural gas makes up a nearly equal component; less than two percent (2%) of the College s total consumption is in the form of fuel oil and on-site renewable resources. Fuel Oil, 1,683 Vegetable Oil, 1,200 Solar, 323 Natural Gas, 61,909 Electric, 62,524 Figure 2: Total Energy Use at Dickinson College, FY 2012 (MMBtu) Please note that because the numbers are larger, we have shifted to MMBtu (= Btu x10 6 ) 2.2 Energy Cost Electricity is not only the most-used; it is also the most expensive energy at Dickinson College (see Fig. 3). Electricity coming in through the main electric meter gets a better rate than the various independent meters spread around campus; but even the main meter still costs 30% more than fuel oil and three times as much as natural gas. ( $ / MMBTU ) $50.00 $45.00 $40.00 $35.00 $30.00 $25.00 $20.00 $15.00 $10.00 $5.00 $0.00 $30.33 $29.11 Main Electric $43.49 $40.40 $9.33 $9.19 $22.76 $23.33 $18.85 $20.02 Independent Natural Gas Fuel Oil Campus Electric Average FY 11 FY 12 Figure 3: Fiscal Year 2011 and 2012 Dickinson College Energy Unit Costs The Stone House Group Page 6

7 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit The total energy cost, by source, is as follows (solar and vegetable oil have no associated yearly cost): Fuel Oil $39,276 2% Natural Gas $568,797 22% Electric $1,946,833 76% Figure 4: Total Energy Expenditure, Fiscal Year 2012 Unfortunately, sub-meter data was not available to provide exact numbers for every month and every fuel in the audited buildings. However, using some actual readings and some average data, we can estimate the yearly energy costs for each of the buildings. Building Estimated Energy $ per year Libraries $160,000 Rector $365,000 Adams $43,000* HUB $220,000 *From actual billing data. Average of FY10, 11, Carbon We know that the College s impact on the environment is important to Dickinson, as expressed in your 2009 Climate Change Action Plan. Figure 5 summarizes the total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions ( e) produced by campus consumption of natural gas, fuel oil, and grid electricity. These would be considered Scope I and Scope II emissions as defined in the College s Climate Action Plan. The carbon dioxide equivalent calculation takes into account that certain gases which are emitted during power production have a more potent contribution to the greenhouse effect than. For example, because methane (CH 4 ) is twenty-five times (25x) as potent a greenhouse gas as, one metric ton (MT) of emitted methane would appear in this analysis as 25 metric tons of e. The Stone House Group Page 7

8 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit Looking over the past three years, emissions from on campus energy consumption at Dickinson College have not changed dramatically, although close scrutiny reveals a slight increase over time from 2010 to ,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 FY10 FY11 FY12 CO2e (MT) Figure 5: Equivalent Emissions from On-campus Electricity, Gas, and Oil Use (Metric Tons). Emission Factors per Campus Carbon Calculator v6.8 The Stone House Group Page 8

9 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit 3 Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) 3.1 Energy Capital Investment Plan (ECIP) The ECIP incorporates all the energy conservation measures we have identified for consideration by Dickinson College. There are over 100 ECM s identified, which are detailed in the Appendices. Below is a summary of all the ECM s for the five buildings surveyed as part of this energy audit: Gas Reduction (MMBtu) Electric Reduction (MMBtu) Reduction (metric tons) Cost to Implement Annual $ Savings Payback Years Return on Investment 10,630 7,649 1,927 $1,156,789 $330, % Comparing these estimated reductions with the consumption numbers from the fiscal year, we find that they represent a significant decrease in energy use. In terms of emissions, they could account for almost half of Dickinson s target reduction. Electricity Natural Gas e Dollars 2012 Use (MMBtu) 62,524 61,909 14,519 $2,554,906 Reduction (MMBtu) 7,649 10,630 1,927 $330,881 % Savings 12.2% 17.2% 13.3% 12.9% 3.2 Measures Considered but Not Recommended There were a number of potential measures which we noted during the course of the audit but which we ultimately are unable to recommend putting into action at this time. Reasons for being cut from the list ranged from lack of economic appeal to user-unfriendliness to the College operations staff just thinking something wasn t feasible. Here we present a sample of these projects: ECM-1067, Adams Room AC Control: We initially thought it would be a good idea to outfit the student rooms in Adams with occupancy controlled air conditioners. However, due to the warm-up time required before getting cold, and potential component failure, we thought it might cause too much user dissatisfaction. ECM-1076, Adams Drain Waste Heat Recovery: We identified the shower and washing machine drainpipes as a source of heat currently wasted (from hot water) which could be captured and reused; but this would be better done in the future when the work could coincide with other renovations to save costs. ECM-1108, HUB Water-cooled Condensers: The walk-in cooler / freezers in the HUB use air-cooled condensers now, but water-cooled units could help save energy. However, we The Stone House Group Page 9

10 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit met with the College operations staff and this was one of the ECMs they had some reason(s) for not wanting to implement. ECM-1003, Waidner VAVs: The VAVs throughout are nearing the end of their useful life. Replace VAVs, providing DDC control with occupancy sensors (enclosed locations) and sensors (coverage for all locations). ECM-1018, Spahr Aerators for Sinks: Install aerators to reduce flow at the lavatories to reduce hot water heating energy and water consumption (currently 2.2 gpm). Also consider retrofit kits to reduce flow at the water closets (currently 1.6 gpf). ECM-1091, HUB E-cube sensors: Install ecube temperature sensors at the remaining coolers. These sensors simulate the temperature of frozen food instead of merely reading air temperature. ECM-1047, Rector Solar HW Heating: Investigate opportunities for solar hot water heating. Note that the existing hot water heating is in the north bar penthouse below the flat roof. ECM-1035, Rector Heat Exchanger Cleaning: Implement a process for heat exchanger cleaning. 3.3 Widely-Applicable ECMs During our time on campus, we found that the College operations staff already keeps very tight control over many of the energy-consuming systems and aggressively pursues opportunities to reduce energy consumption. We hope that our observations and recommendations can take their efforts to the next level of effectiveness. THE STONE HOUSE GROUP engineers made several visits to inspect the facilities in question. Most of the energy saving recommendations we have developed are specific to certain systems in certain buildings, and these are discussed in subsequent sections of this report. However, we also identified several measures that were common to multiple locations, and are probably applicable to other buildings on campus that were not audited. Many of these are listed in the Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Opportunities sections below. As a note of explanation, THE STONE HOUSE GROUP identifies six categories of ECMs (following six subsystems of energy management) based on our approach to providing a comprehensive energy focus for our clients. These are: Data The collection and management of energy use information. Procurement The obtaining of energy from an outside supplier or utility company. Generation The production of energy on site (renewable or not). Distribution The distribution of energy through campus or within a building. End Use The interaction between energy and the people using it. The Stone House Group Page 10

11 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit Community Involvement The cultivation in managers, operators, and users, of an attitude that energy is not a limitless gift but a precious resource which must be conserved and managed wisely. The Stone House Group Page 11

12 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit 4 Waidner-Spahr Library 4.1 Summary of Systems Spahr Library was built in 1967 and uses much of its original system equipment to this day; some of it is no longer used but remains in place. Renovations including the addition of Waidner in 1997 brought new equipment to that side of the building. Heating / Cooling: Three Air handling units (AHUs) in Spahr provide constant volume airflow and heating/cooling with a two pipe system that switches between modes, alternately using hot water or chilled water depending on the season. Two Waidner AHUs, located in the penthouse mechanical room, are equipped with variable frequency drives (VFDs) to allow variable airflow and a four pipe system capable of simultaneous heating and cooling. A series of hot water zone pumps located in the penthouse provide heating to various zones and systems as required. The collections area in the lower level is served by dedicated systems to maintain precise temperature and humidity limits. Chilled water is piped to the libraries directly from the College central plant. Steam from the central plant is run through a heat exchanger in HUB which provides hot water to Spahr and Waidner. Spahr distributes air through a pressurized ceiling plenum with slots in the ceiling panels that provide conditioned air to the space. Lighting: Large six-lamp fixtures covered with lenses provide over 90% of the lighting for Spahr. These appear to be original to the building. Selected stacks have supplementary lighting suspended in order to illuminate the aisles. Local lighting control is limited switches operate large numbers of lights. Domestic Hot Water: A mix of electric and gas hot water heaters serve different areas of the library. Temperatures are kept to a minimum, and some units were off at the time of inspection. Perimeter Radiation: Spahr Library uses electric perimeter baseboard radiation, though operation is limited to reduce energy costs. The Waidner Library has hot water perimeter radiation installed around the perimeter of the building. Terminal Units: Waidner is equipped with variable air volume boxes with hot water reheat and pneumatic controls. Spahr has a number of electric reheat coils installed above the plenum ceiling but these systems are not active and are rarely if ever used for heating the building. The Stone House Group Page 12

13 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit 4.2 Waidner/Spahr Library Energy Capital Investment Plan (ECIP) The Waidner/Spahr Library ECMs include these items: Please see Appendix A for details. The overall numbers for the Library total as follows: Gas Savings 872 MMBtu Electric Savings 1,862 MMBtu e Reduction 378 MT Implement Cost Annual Savings Payback $397,430 $62, years ROI 16% 4.3 O&M Problems / Opportunities One of the glycol pumps appears susceptible to cavitation (suction pressure indicates zero psig upstream of several fittings; glycol feedwater is valved shut). This opportunity also exists at the zone pumps due to circuit setter placement. Damper actuators (e.g. associated with EF-3 at penetration to mechanical room; to exterior in Spahr penthouse) do not function. Some points (i.e. enthalpy for economizer control, a Waidner AHU mixed air temperature (MAT), exterior level) per design are not displayed at the drawings. There does not appear to be any fresh air to the collections area. Increase the frequency of filter replacement at the Waidner AHUs. Provide an outlet timer (with battery backup) to reduce unit cycling and unoccupied use of the domestic hot water heater (DHWH). (Waidner electric DHWHs located at Collections and near penthouse; penthouse unit off at disconnect). The building management system (BMS used interchangeably with building automation system BAS) for Spahr AHU-3 indicated the outdoor air (OA) damper position at 100% OA while the discharge air temperature (DAT) was over 20 F above the outdoor air temperature (OAT) (inspection during winter month). Please review for proper operation. The libraries are candidates to have a separate outdoor air temperature lockout on their HVAC systems. Even if the central plant has temperature setpoints and does not usually run 24 hours a day, putting a separate lockout on each building will reduce pump power expenditure and radiation losses. We recommend installing submeters to record and track all energy use in the libraries. This information can be used to identify future performance improvement possibilities as well as confirm the impact of implemented changes. Allowing static pressure reset on Waidner AHU-1 and AHU-2 will ease unnecessary stress on downstream components and reduce the amount of power consumed by the fans. The Stone House Group Page 13

14 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit Upgrading the T8 fluorescent lighting to spectrally-enhanced lamps will allow lighting power levels to be reduced without affecting lighting levels or interfering with patrons. The current lamps seem to have a correlated color temperature (CCT) of about 3000; a change to 5000 should be investigated. We recommend eliminating constant volume airflow and replacing those units with variable flow (VAV) equipment. There may be some room for unoccupied setback in the Collections area. Methods of reducing solar heat gain through windows should be evaluated this will reduce the cooling load during sunny months. Low emissivity films or coatings may not be a good choice considering the construction of the windows, but interior shades or blinds would be effective and could be chosen to complement library décor. A program of equipment sensor calibration should be developed to ensure that readings at the front end of the building management system are accurate. A program of cleaning and inspection of strainers in the heating systems should also be implemented. The Stone House Group Page 14

15 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit 5 Rector Science Center James Hall 5.1 Summary of Systems Air: James Hall is served by five (5) large air handling units located in the North and South mechanical penthouses. Variable air volume (VAV) boxes and exhaust air dampers throughout the building provide local temperature control as well as laboratory ventilation and pressurization requirements. Heating: The central steam plant provides low pressure steam to the building for heat during the winter months and heating hot water via two parallel heat exchangers located in the basement mechanical room. The majority of the classrooms, labs and offices are heated with VAV boxes with hot water reheats, hot water radiant panels or fan coil units. Summer reheat for the lab spaces was provided by the hot water boilers in old James Hall but due to flow issues was not effective. The Rector Addition project, currently under construction, is installing two hot water condensing boilers to provide reheat capability during the summer months. Cooling: Chilled water is provided from the central chiller plant to the building during the summer months and a chiller on the rooftop of the Tome science building is available for winter/shoulder season operation if needed. Lighting: Lighting throughout meets current efficiency standards, predominantly using compact and linear fluorescent fixtures. Daylight controls are available in the labs, and may be utilized to a greater extent. Domestic Hot Water: A gas-fired water heater located in the mechanical penthouse maintains the domestic hot water loop at temperature. 5.2 Rector ECIP The Rector Science Center ECIP includes the following ECMs: Please see Appendix B for details. The overall numbers for Rector total as follows. Rector consumes the most energy out of the buildings covered in the audit, so the savings to be realized here are the greatest: The Stone House Group Page 15

16 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit Gas Savings 6,004 MMBtu Electric Savings 4,548 MMBtu e Reduction 1,129 MT Implement Cost Annual Savings Payback $392,600 $194, years ROI 50% 5.3 O&M Problems / Opportunities Shavings were observed under the HWP-2 coupling (also HWP-1 to a lesser extent). The exhaust section of AHU-V-1 does not consistently drain properly (potential piping pitch/trap review). Water has also been observed dripping onto the floor at the supply side at times. Variable frequency drive (VFD) fans of disconnected units remain on (North Bar AHU-1, 2 alternate). Include VFD filters during filter review. The steam flow shown at the hot water graphic indicated negative while it was serving the heat exchangers. SB-AHU-1 did not maintain the discharge air temperature (DAT) setpoint (or requires sensor calibration). The heating valve maintained a leaving coil temp of 60 F, although this translated to a supply air temperature of 52, well below setpoint. Note that checks at a few VAVs (with valves closed) indicate that the supply air (SA) may be greater than 52. At SB-AHU-2, heating leaving temp is 60.11, DAT is (similar to SB-AHU-1 issue). DHWH barometric damper not balanced. The north bar is unable to maintain the programmed supply or exhaust static with one unit in operation. Hoods at both building wings enter alarm during high demand, indicating that static pressure setpoints should also be reviewed. Per a check of NB-AHU-1, openings were observed (for conduit) across the fan section, allowing continuous bypass around the fan. Ensure that all internal openings are effectively sealed. Per the BMS, the preheat temperature at NB-AHU-1 was F while the unit was not in operation. Per a visual inspection, the sensor/coil was cold. Per the BMS, NB-AHU-1 indicated a flow of 2,336 cfm (cubic feet per minute) while the unit was not in operation. We recommend that leakage is examined and airflow measuring stations are calibrated. Lab 2125 indicates a GEX flow of 952 cfm with the damper fully closed. There may be an opportunity to reduce the unit heater setpoints at the penthouse, notably under the petal roof areas. The BMS indicates that point RSC :DAY.NGT has failed (second floor south). The energy wheel controller at SB-AHU-1 is in alarm. The reset knob is broken. Exterior insulation is incomplete at a portion of the wall under the North Bar petal roof, and there appears to be a small opening to the exterior. Room 1118 indicates a failed point, and displays a DAT substantially higher than the AHU discharge with the hot water valve commanded fully closed. The Stone House Group Page 16

17 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit RSC.STAIR1.6 indicates a failed sensor. Per visual inspection, the display is not shown at one of the two sensors at the lower level lobby area. Room 1109 indicates a discharge air temperature of 93 F while the hot water valve command remains fully closed. The space was found to be well above setpoint. Room 1107 indicates a failed point at the BMS. Fume hood monitor (RSC.118.FHM) indicates face velocity but not airflow (cfm) or sash position (both are required to calculate face velocity). There is some question whether this hood is drawing excessive air, potentially if the sash width is not input correctly. The vivarium maintains a low space humidity with the humidifier commanded 100% open. It is possible that cycling of the steam plant reduces humidity further at night. Building design appears to require continuous steam for building reheats (after Hx) and AHU steam. Exhaust fan EF06 was observed commanded on with no current draw or status. One of the exhaust VAVs in room 2117 indicates an exhaust airflow of zero although the setpoint is 900 cfm. Another exhaust VAV serving this space exhausts only 132 cfm (setpoint remains 900 cfm). Associated snorkels appear to be taped shut. The supply air VAV in 1206 provides 48 cfm (less than setpoint) with the damper commanded fully open. This also applies to the exhaust air VAV in 1202 The supply air VAV in 1202 maintains a high discharge air temperature (81 F) with the valve commanded shut. This also applies to a supply VAV in 1121 and Increase the frequency of AHU filter replacement for outside air applications. At the time of the site visit, filter loading (i.e. dirt and debris) was excessive due to outside air pulled from the adjacent construction site. Insulate the hot water air separator. Close the shot feeder valves when not in use. This will decrease hot water bypass and reduce heat loss through uninsulated piping. The graphics indicated the hot water perimeter loop with a temperature drop of 0.1 F while the pump maintained 66% with the bypass closed. Investigate sensors and review opportunities for a differential pressure reset. Install programmable thermostats (alternate DDC control) for the stair fan coil units (FCUs). Reduce temperature setpoints as applicable based on curtailment program. A program of equipment sensor calibration should be developed to ensure that readings at the front end of the building management system are accurate. A program of cleaning and inspection of strainers in the heating systems should also be implemented. We noted that it seems that only one of the heat exchangers is connected to steam. Enabling steam flow to both heat exchangers will increase the heat transfer area and allow pumps to be run at a lower speed. We recommend installing submeters to record and track all energy use in the science center. This information can be used to identify future performance improvement possibilities as well as confirm the impact of implemented changes. The Stone House Group Page 17

18 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit 6 Adams Hall 6.1 Summary of Systems Air: Dorm rooms are provided with operable windows to allow natural ventilation to the spaces. Building exhaust fans are restricted to toilets and temperature control of unoccupied spaces. Heating: Adams Hall is not connected to the central plant two dedicated boilers provide hot water for the radiant heaters in the building, and maintain redundant capacity. The boilers are provided with dual-fuel capability to take advantage of low, interruptible gas rates. Zone pumps located in the basement currently operate based on outdoor air conditions. However, BAS control is being provided to allow scheduled setback as well as improved system monitoring. Cooling: Student rooms are equipped with local air conditioners during the warmer months. Air conditioners are owned and maintained by the College. Lighting: Lighting throughout has not been upgraded with advances in lighting technology, and with most lighting power consumed by T12 fixtures. Occupancy sensors are not utilized at dorm rooms or circulation areas, and present some opportunity for savings in addition to fixture modernization. Domestic Hot Water: Two gas-fired water heaters located in the basement mechanical room distribute hot water throughout the building. Capacity is available to maintain peak hot water flows to restroom fixtures, which present some opportunity for flow reduction. A hot water recirculation pump maintains the loop temperature during periods of low use. Adjustment is available through an existing aquastat to allow energy savings through controlled setback. The Stone House Group Page 18

19 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit 6.2 Adams ECIP We recommend considering these ECMs for Adams Hall: Please see Appendix C for details. The overall numbers for Adams total as follows: Gas Savings 446 MMBtu Electric Savings 226 MMBtu e Reduction 64 MT Implement Cost Annual Savings Payback $109,066 $11, years ROI 10% 6.3 O&M Problems / Opportunities Review boiler combustion efficiency reports. Operate boiler with increased efficiency rather than regular switchover. Adjust airflow to the mechanical room as needed to optimize boiler efficiency. Implement program for recording efficiencies and age of building appliances (student refrigerators, microwaves and air conditioners) to optimize with replacement schedule and payback opportunities. Install a thermal mixing valve to reduce water distribution temperature (serves lavatories and washing machines). There may be an opportunity to reduce tank temperature. Note that some standards recommend tank temperatures higher than distributions temperatures to prevent Legionella. Install thermostatic valves in the dorm rooms to cut down on excessive runtime of heating. A review of piping configuration is required to ensure this is viable. Clean radiators (conditions vary) and exhaust ductwork. Cap openings to the exterior at the 4th floor fan room. Dual-flush valves can be retrofitted onto existing water closets to provide a low-flow option. The Stone House Group Page 19

20 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit 7 Holland Union Building (HUB) 7.1 Summary of Systems Air: With a large variety of room types and usage schedules, air handling in HUB is a mixand-match affair with 21 different units serving various areas throughout the building. The basement public areas are served primarily by AHU-1, which conditions air before dumping it into the plenum (the space between ceiling panels and floor above). Similar to Spahr Library, diffusers in the ceiling allow the air to enter spaces. Heating: Steam is provided by the central plant to a hot water heat exchanger which serves HUB. A separate boiler in the basement produces steam for dining services use during the summer when the central plant is shut down. Cooling: Chilled water is provided via the central chiller plant on campus during the summer months. There are a number of smaller AHUs with minimum outdoor air rates that require cooling during the shoulder season and winter months. A chiller in the penthouse (picture to left) above the dining area provides chilled water for use in these select air handling units. Lighting: HUB lighting has been replaced using a phased approach. Lighting is predominantly linear fluorescent, with T12 fixtures remaining in portions of the lower level. Lighting control is primarily under manual control, and given the extended building schedule, lighting in some areas operates continuously. Refrigeration: Dedicated air-cooled condensers provide refrigeration for the walk-in coolers and freezers. The units are being relocated to the roof during replacement periods to allow reprogramming of the interior space. The majority of units remain in use throughout the year. Domestic Hot Water: A domestic hot water storage tank in the lower level mechanical room serves the building, with temperature maintained through the use of hot water circulation through the building loop. The tank is heated with steam from the central plant during the winter months and a local steam boiler during the summer months. Building Automation System: There is a Siemens Building Automation System (Apogee) for the building. The system was installed a few years ago but provides basic / rudimentary control of the AHUs for heating, cooling, damper control and fan start/stop, etc. There are a The Stone House Group Page 20

21 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit number of smaller independent systems that have not been connected to the BAS and would be candidates to control automatically in the future as the College expands the use of the system in the building. 7.2 HUB ECIP We recommend the following ECMs for implementation at the HUB: Please see Appendix D for details. The overall numbers for HUB total as follows: Gas Savings 2,529 MMBtu Electric Savings 944 MMBtu e Reduction 340 MT Implement Cost Annual Savings Payback $233,493 $50, years ROI 22% 7.3 O&M Problems / Opportunities Close gate valves serving the heat exchangers during the summer months. A motorized damper at the data room appears to remain open to separate zones. A condensate tank is leaking. Cap the draw-through humidifier at AHU-16 (abandoned) The chiller evaporator bypass was found open. Substantial air is leaking from the AH-3 supply air flex connections. No setback is available at the vestibule heater at Union Station, and the conditioned space is open to the plenum (no intended airflow is evident). Review opportunities to close the plenum opening, and consider setback control. All dining area T8 fixtures remain on while doors are locked and the space receives limited or no use. Reduce space lighting when the dining hall is not in service. Provide added control for the remaining AHUs in the BAS to provide monitoring and setpoint optimization. Outside air damper control may also be beneficial depending on intended operation. Combined heat and power generation (CHP / cogeneration) should be considered. A previous CHP project in HUB was unsuccessful, but improvements in technology may have re-opened the door to this possibility. Demand control ventilation, using sensors to determine how much outdoor air is supplied to the building spaces, should be considered. This type of control can significantly reduce heating and cooling load when lightly occupied. The Stone House Group Page 21

22 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit Office areas in the basement should be isolated to ensure that heating and cooling loads are not affected by these spaces when they are unoccupied. Relief ducts for AHU-7 and AHU-8 should have dampers installed. Currently outside air is free to come in and conditioned air is free to leave. The Stone House Group Page 22

23 Dickinson College ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit Appendix A Detailed ECM Descriptions (Library) Appendix B Detailed ECM Descriptions (Rector) Appendix C Detailed ECM Descriptions (Adams) Appendix D Detailed ECM Descriptions (HUB) Appendix E Full ECIP Including Rejected ECMs Appendix F PPL E-power Incentives See also The Stone House Group Page 23

24 Appendix A Detailed ECM Descriptions (Library)

25 ECM-1002: Control of exhaust fans Description: Currently the building exhaust fans are controlled inefficiently. Instead of having them run constantly, we recommend that you control their operation with time clocks (or BAS) so that they run only while buildings are open, or with occupancy sensors which would turn them on only when the space is in use. During our inspections and interviews, it appeared that some exhaust fans run constantly, some perhaps not at all. We could not determine what areas some fans served. Although DC clearly make great efforts to avoid wasting heating and cooling energy if some exhaust fans are being controlled improperly, treated air is being wasted. Recapturing those savings is simple if time or occupancy control is instituted. Applicable Equipment / Buildings: Spahr, Waidner exhaust fans. O&M Impact: Oversight of control setting / programming will be required. Expected Life of ECM: Control equipment has an average life cycle of fifteen (15) years. Staff Training Requirements: None. Recommended M&V Method: Provide trend logs on BAS to monitor performance of fan systems. If time clocks are used then manually testing will be required. Rebates / Incentives Available: None. ECM-1002 Exhaust Fan Control Electricity Gas Chilled Hot Water (kwh) (MBTU) Water (BTU) (BTU) Oil (gal) (mtons) $ Dollars 5,489 81, ,254 $ $ Installed Cost Simple Payback ROI $1,254 $ years 25%

26 ECM-1008: Replace electric heat with HW heat Description: Local electric heaters are a relatively inefficient way to provide heat. Replacing these units with hot water radiators (baseboard radiator units or radiant panels) or fanpowered variable air volume (VAV) boxes will have positive effects on user comfort as well as energy consumption. The Spahr staff area is the area in question. Even though the heaters are only on when personnel require it; you would save energy by switching to a different technology for the times when the system is actually running. The hot water radiator option will allow an energy saving strategy further detailed in ECM Applicable Equipment / Buildings: Spahr staff area. O&M Impact: None. Expected Life of ECM: VAVs have an average life expectancy of twenty (20) years. Hot water radiators have a slightly longer lifespan, averaging twenty-five (25) years. Staff Training Requirements: None. Recommended M&V Method: Periodic testing of HVAC system for proper operation. Rebates / Incentives Available: None. ECM-1008 Replace Electric Heat Electricity Gas Chilled Hot Water (kwh) (MBTU) Water (BTU) (BTU) Oil (gal) (mtons) $ Dollars 21,336 (91,000) ,445 $ $ Installed Cost Simple Payback ROI $1,445 $17, years 8%

27 ECM-1009: Convert pumps to variable flow Description: Currently the pumps send a constant volume of water through the system; whether demand is high or low this amount is always the same. Controlling pumps with a variable frequency drive (VFD) will slow the speed at which the motor must run when demand is light, resulting in a drop in electricity consumption. In support of this measure, the piping for the AHU unit coils served should be converted to twoway control with electronic actuation. Applicable Equipment / Buildings: Spahr pumps P-4, P-14, P-15. O&M Impact: A Preventative Maintenance schedule should be added for periodic calibration of sensors and inspecting / testing of the VFD. Expected Life of ECM: With proper maintenance and periodic inspection, the VFD should have a life expectancy of fifteen (15) years. Pump life cycle should also be increased because the VFD will prevent tangential forces on the pump shaft that decrease bearing and seal life. Staff Training Requirements: Training on VFD operation and maintenance. Recommended M&V Method: Pre- and post-installation measurement of power should be performed to verify savings impact. Rebates / Incentives Available: PPL s E-power Program offers an incentive of $30 per HP for qualifying projects. ECM-1009 Pump VFD Electricity Gas Chilled Hot Water (kwh) (MBTU) Water (BTU) (BTU) Oil (gal) (mtons) $ Dollars 28, ,958 $ $ Installed Cost Simple Payback ROI $2,958 $12, years 24%

28 ECM-1010: Convert chilled water pumps to variable flow Description: Currently the chilled water (CHW) pumps serving Waidner Library AHUs pump a constant volume of water through the CHW system regardless of the demand experienced at the equipment. Controlling these pumps with a variable frequency drive (VFD) will allow the system to adjust the amount of water flowing to meet but not exceed the requirements at any given time. This will result in less wear and tear on the pumps and reduced electricity consumption. The chilled water pumps for both Spahr and Waidner would all benefit from this upgrade. Applicable Equipment / Buildings: Waidner CHW pumps - P-16, P-17. O&M Impact: A Preventative Maintenance schedule should be added for periodic calibration of sensors and inspecting / testing of the VFD. Expected Life of ECM: With proper maintenance and periodic inspection, the inverter should have a life expectancy of fifteen (15) years. Pump life cycle should also be increased because the VFD will prevent tangential forces on the pump shaft that decrease bearing and seal life. Staff Training Requirements: Training on VFD operation and maintenance. Recommended M&V Method: Pre- and post-installation measurement of power should be performed to verify savings impact. Rebates / Incentives Available: PPL s E-power Program offers an incentive of $30 per HP for qualifying projects. ECM-1010 CHW Pump VFD Electricity Gas Chilled Hot Water (kwh) (MBTU) Water (BTU) (BTU) Oil (gal) (mtons) $ Dollars 29, ,052 $ $ Installed Cost Simple Payback ROI $3,052 $9, years 34%

29 ECM-1011: Convert heating hot water pumps to variable flow Description: Currently the heating hot water (HW) pumps serving Waidner pump a constant volume of water to equipment regardless of the demand. Controlling these pumps with a variable frequency drive (VFD) will allow them to reduce their run speed when not heavily loaded. This will result in less use of electricity. We noted that many of the distribution pumps (both HW and CHW) are installed with balancing valves that are set to block significant amounts of flow. Installing VFDs on the motors to control the amount of flow, while opening the balance valves all the way to maximize benefit of the VFD will eliminate the wastefulness of pumping at full power while throttling back the flow in the current manner. Applicable Equipment / Buildings: Waidner HW pumps - P-11, P-12. O&M Impact: A Preventative Maintenance schedule should be added for periodic calibration of sensors and inspecting / testing of the VFD. Expected Life of ECM: With proper maintenance and periodic inspection, the VFD should have a life expectancy of fifteen (15) years. Pump life cycle should also be increased because the VFD will prevent tangential forces on the pump shaft that decrease bearing and seal life. Staff Training Requirements: Training on VFD operation and maintenance. Recommended M&V Method: Pre- and post-installation measurement of power should be performed to verify savings impact. Rebates / Incentives Available: PPL s E-power Program offers an incentive of $30 per HP for qualifying projects. ECM-1011 HW Pump VFD Electricity Gas Chilled Hot Water (kwh) (MBTU) Water (BTU) (BTU) Oil (gal) (mtons) $ Dollars 10, ,109 $ $ Installed Cost Simple Payback ROI $1,109 $8, years 13%

30 ECM-1012: Daylighting control for lighting Description: Why use electricity to produce light when there s plenty of it right outside being provided by the sun? By installing controls sensitive to the amount of daylight coming into the area, you can reduce reliance on bulbs and fixtures and cut energy use. This control senses the amount of sunlight present and ramps down the power output of the electric lights to the minimum level that will maintain the desired light levels in the area, or can switch them off entirely. There are many windows around the perimeter of the libraries; during our inspection on a bright, sunny day there was more than sufficient light coming from the sun alone yet the fixtures were all on. We understand that there is little or no localized lighting control, especially in Spahr: a small number of switches each turn on vast number of fixtures over broad areas. The inability to turn off lights in the vicinity of windows gives this ECM even more potential to provide savings. Applicable Equipment / Buildings: Spahr, Waidner light fixtures near perimeter windows. O&M Impact: Reducing the running hours of lighting or their power output will extend bulb life, making replacements less frequent. Expected Life of ECM: This type of control equipment has an average life cycle of fifteen (15) years. Staff Training Requirements: Operation and maintenance of sensors. Recommended M&V Method: None. Rebates / Incentives Available: Rebates are available through PPL E-power Program. ECM-1012 Daylighting Control Electricity Gas Chilled Hot Water (kwh) (MBTU) Water (BTU) (BTU) Oil (gal) (mtons) $ Dollars 5,127 (6,719) $ $ Installed Cost Simple Payback ROI $474 $6, years 8%

31 ECM-1013: Upgrade lighting fixtures Description: There is still some outdated lighting remaining in the building. We recommend the replacement of these with newer, more efficient models which use substantially less energy. The main culprit in these cases is usually the T-12 type fluorescent lamp. This was the industry standard in the recent past, but has been superseded by better technology today particularly T-8 and T-5 fluorescents. These offer improved efficiency without the increase in price to cutting-edge lighting such as LEDs. Thanks to recent renovations, this is by no means a widespread issue in the libraries. However, a few straggler T-12 fluorescent bulbs were found. These should be replaced with T-8 or better. Applicable Equipment / Buildings: Spahr, near elevator on bottom floor. O&M Impact: Reduced re-lamping. Expected Life of ECM: Lighting fixtures have an average life cycle of twenty (20) years. Staff Training Requirements: Lighting efficacy and spectrally enhanced lighting opportunities. Recommended M&V Method: Test with light sensor the footcandle reading before retrofit and after to ensure adequate light. Measure reduction in amp draw to fixtures as well. Rebates / Incentives Available: PPL E-power Program incentives at $6 per lamp are available. ECM-1013 Lighting Upgrade Electricity Gas Chilled Hot Water (kwh) (MBTU) Water (BTU) (BTU) Oil (gal) (mtons) $ Dollars $ $ Installed Cost Simple Payback ROI $34 $ years 23%

32 ECM-1014: Use extended surface area filters in air handling units (AHUs) Description: When air handling units bring in outside air, they bring with it all manner of dirt, debris, and other unwanted matter. All AHUs have filters, but some filters are more effective than others. We recommend installing a filter with an extended surface area which will allow it to trap more foreign matter. Instead of being flat, ridges and valleys effectively broaden the surface in contact with the airstream. This additional area also adds significantly to the useful life of the filter, making replacement less frequent. By increasing the area of the filters, an AHU fan won t have to work as hard to push (or pull) air into the system; so it consumes less energy. Although they have a higher initial cost, extended surface air filters require a smaller pressure drop to pass air through them and consequently decrease the power needed by the fan motor. Applicable Equipment / Buildings: Waidner AHU-1, AHU-2. O&M Impact: Longer life of the new filters should mean that they need to be inspected less often. Inspections notwithstanding, they will also need to be changed less often. Expected Life of ECM: Filter life depends primarily on the amount of material in the local air and the numbers of hours the equipment is run. Staff Training Requirements: None. Recommended M&V Method: Static pressure measurements can confirm the expected reduction in drop across the filter. Rebates / Incentives Available: None. ECM-1014 Extended Surface Area Filters Electricity Gas Chilled Hot Water (kwh) (MBTU) Water (BTU) (BTU) Oil (gal) (mtons) $ Dollars 18, $ $ Installed Cost Simple Payback ROI $744 $2, years 37%

33 ECM-1015: Occupancy / vacancy sensors for stack lighting Description: An ordinary light switch puts all responsibility for energy use on the users in a room, and takes away the power of your O&M staff to regulate electricity consumption there. Turning the lights on when you come in and turning them off again when going out is the best way to ensure that not a single watt too many is used; but it s far too easy to forget to flip the switch when you leave. Installing sensors to turn on the lights on when people are in a space (occupancy sensor) or to turn off the lights after no one is left (vacancy sensor) is the best way to bridge the gap between total user control (or lack thereof) and micromanagement by staff. Some of the book stack areas have lighting units suspended above aisles of books; these appear to remain on constantly, even if no one enters a given aisle during the course of an entire day. Putting sensors in these locations to turn on the lights only when in use will reduce electricity consumption. Applicable Equipment / Buildings: Spahr and Waidner: stack areas. O&M Impact: Reducing the running hours of lighting or their power output will extend bulb life, making replacements less frequent. Expected Life of ECM: Sensor life is estimated to be ten (10) years, but should lead to increased lamp life of the fixtures. Staff Training Requirements: Sensor inspection and testing training. Recommended M&V Method: Post-installation testing of sensor efficiency. Rebates/Incentives Available: PPL E-power Program incentive of $45 per sensor (not to exceed cost) is available. ECM-1015 Stack Lighting Occupancy Sensors Electricity Gas Chilled Hot Water (kwh) (MBTU) Water (BTU) (BTU) Oil (gal) (mtons) $ Dollars 6,147 (5,666) $ $ Installed Cost Simple Payback ROI $589 $2, years 21%