Public Key Infrastructure
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1 UT DALLAS Erik Jonsson School of Engineering & Computer Science Public Key Infrastructure Murat Kantarcioglu
2 What is PKI How to ensure the authenticity of public keys How can Alice be sure that Bob s purported public key really is Bob s key (not Charlie s) A PKI is a secure system that is used to manage and control certificates Several aspects: The system should function without the active intervention of the user. Public key signature scheme is used No need to keep prior shared secret keys between two parties
3 Components of PKI Certificate Issuance: Most PKIs have one or more trusted authorities (certification authorities) that control the issuing of certificates. Before a certificate issued the identity of the user must be verified. A secure procedure is needed to generate and transmit the public key and private key to the user
4 Components of PKI Certificate Revocation: Revoking certificate before a normal expiration date When private key being lost or other fraudulent use of the key Similar to credit cards stolen Additional infrastructure is required to recognize revoked certificates
5 Components of PKI Key backup / recovery / update: Secure storage of users private keys by the administrator of the PKI, in case users lose or forget their private keys User has to prove its identity before being allowed to access a stored private key When a certificate is about to expire the old key can be used to transfer the new key More efficient than generating new keys and certificates from scratch
6 Components of PKI Timestamping: Certificates usually have fixed length validity periods.
7 Secure Socket Layer SSL is used to facilitate online purchases from a company s web page using a web browser Only the server is required to supply a certificate during an SSL session The client may not even have a public key or certificate
8 Setting up an SSL Session client verify PK generate MS K 1, K 2 =h(ms) I m Alice I m Bob, Inc. PK, sig CA (PK) y = e PK (MS) server MS = d PK (y) K 1, K 2 =h(ms)
9 Certificates Certificates are building blocks of PKIs A certificate binds an identity to a public key Everyone has access to an authentic copy of the public key of the CA X.509 v3 certificates contain the following fields: Version number Serial number Signature algorithm ID
10 Certificates X.509 v3 certificates contain the following fields: Issuer name Validity period Subject name (i.e. the certificate owner) The cert. owner public key Optional fields The CA s signature on all the previous fields
11 Trust Models Using certificate paths to sign a certificate Trust models: Strict hierarchy Networked PKIs Web browser model User centric model
12 1) Strict Hierarchy Model The root CA is called a trust anchor Root CA may issue certificates for lower level CAs Any CA can issue certificates for end users x y means that the entity corresponding to node x has signed a certificate for the entity corresponding to node y.
13 1) Strict Hierarchy Model (Cont.) CA root CA 1 CA 2 CA 3 CA 4 U 1 U 2 U 3 U 4 U 5 U 6
14 2) Networked PKIs Strict hierarchy may work well within a single organization. Sometimes it may be desirable to connect root CAs of two or more different PKI domains.
15 Networked PKIs The Mesh Configuration CA root1 CA root2 CA root3 Cross certification is used among multiple CAs n root CAs will require n(n-1) cross certifications
16 The Hub-and-spoke Configuration CA hub CA root1 CA root2 CA root3 n root CAs each cross-certify independently with a new hub CA. 2n cross certifications are required
17 3) The Web Browser Model Web browsers come preconfigured with a set of independent root CAs These are treated by the user of the browser as trust anchors. The provider of the browser is assumed to be trusted. Problems: No information about the preconfigured CAs Not enough expertise to edit the lists
18 3) The Web Browser Model (Cont.) Problems: No mechanism to revoke a root CA User may accept self signed certificates Expiration dates
19 4) Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) Every user is his or her own CA. A PGP certificate contains an address (ID), a public key (PK) and one or more signatures on this (ID, PK) pair. Alice s self signed certificate: Cert(Alice) : (data, signatures) where data : (ID = alice@utdallas.edu, PK = 12345) signatures : sig Alice (data )
20 4) Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) Other users might also create signatures on the data on Alice s certificate. signatures : (sig Alice (data), sig Bob (data)) The signatures on a certificate help to verify the certificate s authenticity to other users Collection of certificates: keyring Associated with each certificate in the keyring is an owner trust field (OTF) and a key legitimacy field (KLF)
21 The Future of PKI Many potential difficulties associated with large-scale deployments of PKIs Who should be responsible for development, maintenance and regulation of PKIs? Governments? Industry? What standards should be used in PKIs? Interoperability problems Different PKI needs in different environments
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