Authentication Applications
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1 Authentication Applications CSCI 454/554 Authentication Applications will consider authentication functions developed to support application-level authentication & digital signatures Kerberos a symmetric-key based authentication service X.509 directory authentication service 1
2 Kerberos developed from Project Athena at MIT provides centralised symmetric-key thirdparty authentication in a distributed network allows users access to services distributed through network without needing to trust all workstations rather all trust a central authentication server two versions in use: 4 & 5 Kerberos Requirements first published report identified its requirements as: security reliability transparency scalability implemented using an authentication protocol based on Needham-Schroeder 2
3 Needham-Schroeder Protocol A {Ka}, B{Kb}, and KDC {Ka, Kb, Kc, } 1. A > KDC: A, B, N1 2. KDC > A: { N1, B, Ks, {Ks, A}Kb }Ka 3. A > B: {Ks, A}Kb Ticket 4. B > A: {N2}Ks 5. A > B: {f(n2)}ks Kerberos 4 Overview Authentication Server (AS) users initially negotiate with AS to identify self AS provides a non-corruptible authentication credential ( session key and ticket-granting ticket TGT) Ticket Granting Server (TGS) users subsequently request access to other services from TGS on basis of users TGT AS &TGS play the role of KDC 3
4 Why AS&TGS, not KDC? user s master key is derived from its password it is not secure to keep master key at the user side all the time master key is used to get a session key from AS, then is discarded at the user side TGT : { session key, user name, timestamp, and TGT s expiration time}ktgs user communicates with TGS for remote services How it works Login: obtain a session key and TGT from AS Alice > AS: Alice, TGS AS creates session key Sa and {TGT}Ktgs AS > Alice: {Sa, {TGT}Ktgs, Tstamp}KA (1) Alice uses password to derive KA (2) decrypt { session key, {TGT}Ktgs }KA (3) discard KA 4
5 How it works (Con t) Remote access: Alice > TGS: {TGT}Ktgs name of server (Bob) authenticator Authenticator: {A, network address, time of day} encrypted with session key Sa TGS > Alice: {B, Ks, ticket to B, Tstamp}Sa Ticket to access server B: {Ks, A, Tstamp, Life}KB Alice > Bob: {Ks, A, Tstamp, Life}KB Authenticator Bob > Alice: {Tstamp+1}Ks {A, net-address, time of day}ks Kerberos 4 Overview 5
6 More words about tickets Ticket-granting ticket is obtained as part of login process If login session lasts longer than lifetime of TGT Run kinit to obtain a new TGT All tickets are automatically destroyed when user logs out Kerberos Realms a Kerberos environment consists of: a Kerberos server a number of clients, all registered with server application servers, sharing keys with server this is termed a realm typically a single administrative domain if have multiple realms, their Kerberos servers must share keys and trust each other 6
7 Kerberos Version 5 developed in mid 1990 s provides improvements over v4 Problems in version 4 environmental shortcomings encryption alg, network protocol, byte order, ticket lifetime, authentication forwarding, inter-realm authentication technical deficiencies double encryption, non-std mode of use, session keys, password attacks specified as Internet standard RFC
8 X.509 Authentication Service part of CCITT X.500 directory service standards distributed servers maintaining info about users defines framework for authentication services directory may store public-key certificates with public key of user signed by certification authority also defines authentication protocols uses public-key crypto & digital signatures algorithms not standardised, but RSA recommended X.509 Certificates issued by a Certification Authority (CA), containing: version (1, 2, or 3) serial number (unique within CA) identifying certificate signature algorithm identifier issuer X.500 name (CA) period of validity (from - to dates) subject X.500 name (name of owner) subject public-key info (algorithm, parameters, key) issuer unique identifier (v2+) subject unique identifier (v2+) extension fields (v3) signature (of hash of all fields in certificate) notation CA<<A>> denotes certificate for A signed by CA 8
9 X.509 Certificates 9
10 Obtaining a Certificate any user with access to CA can get any certificate from it only the CA can modify a certificate because cannot be forged, certificates can be placed in a public directory CA<<A>>: the certificate of user A issued by certification authority CA CA Hierarchy Scalability issue: a very large user group CA hierarchy (tree) A node (X) of hierarchy is a CA, its parent node is another CA (Y) each CA has forward certificate: Y<<X>> and reverse certificate X<<Y>> each user trusts parent CA s certificates enable verification of any certificate from one CA by users of all other CAs in hierarchy 10
11 CA Hierarchy Use Path of A acquiring the certificate of B: X<<W>>W<<V>>V<<Y>>Y<<Z>>Z<<B>> Certificate Revocation certificates have a period of validity may need to revoke before expiry, eg: 1. user's private key is compromised 2. user is no longer certified by this CA 3. CA's certificate is compromised CA s maintain list of revoked certificates the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) users should check certs with CA s CRL 11
12 X.509 Version 3 has been recognised that additional information is needed in a certificate /url, policy details, usage constraints rather than explicitly naming new fields defined a general extension method each extension consist of: extension identifier criticality indicator: if can be safely ignored extension value Certificate Extensions key and policy information convey additional info about subject & issuer keys, plus indicators of certificate policy certificate subject and issuer attributes support alternative names, in alternative formats for certificate subject and/or issuer certificate path constraints allow constraints on use of certificates by other CA s 12
13 Public Key Infrastructure Summary have considered: Kerberos trusted key server system X.509 authentication and certificates 13
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