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1 & UNHCR &, 2001 & &,. -..

2 , 2001 Copyright BACKGROUND PAPER ON REFUGEES & ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM AFGHANISTAN, Geneva April /

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5 1.,, 652,225,,, , Herat, Mazar-I-Sharif Jalalabad. -.. Pashtuns 28%, Durani Ghilzais:,. Parziwans, 25%, Hazaras 19%, 6%.. - (99%). Hazaras. - Pashto., , (Loya Jirgah),. 1978,,., (People s Democratic Party of Afghanistan - PDPA). 1985, Babrak Karmal, -, , Najibullah,,, Meli Shura ( - 1 Regional Surveys of the World, The Far East and Australasia 2001, Europa Publications, 2001, p Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report Afghanistan, 8/2000, p News Service Afghanistan Country Profile, 2000 (Internet) 5

6 ) (Sena) - (Wolasi Jirgah) ,, -, Najibullah,, (mujahedins) mujahedins Burhanuddin Rabbani mujahedins Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. 1996, -, Shura, Mohammad Omar, Kandahar. Shura ( ) - Pashtuns, Mola Mohammad Omar , Burhanuddin Rabbani. - (medresas)., Pashtuns mujahedin Pashtuns , - (Shari a) 6. -,, 4 Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, Barnett R. Rubin, The Political Economy of War and Peace in Afghanistan, Council of Foreign Relations, New York, Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p

7 7. Rabbani, -,, (United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan UIFSA), «-» Jamiat-I-Islami, Hezb-e-Wahdat, Jonbesh-I-Melli Islami, Hezb-I-Islami 8. Ahmed Shah Massoud, Panjshir - Rabbani. 1996,,., -,,, -. Rabbani. (95%),, Badakshan, Panjshir Shomali.. -, Rabbani Ahmad Shah Massoud,,.,,, Pashtuns,, Shura ), , Massoud Faryab 9. 7 Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p , Keesing s Record of World Events, Vol. 45, No. 1, 1/1999 United Nations Commission for Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan Submitted by Mr. Kamal Hossain, Special Rapporteur. E/CN.4/2000/33, 1/2000, p. 9. 7

8 ,., - Ashgabat ,., 11., , Barmian,,, Bamian, , 9 -. Bamian Hezb-e-Wahdat ( - ), 1998, -. Karim Khalili., - -.,,, , - Osama Bin Laden, , 10 Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p News Service, Afghanistan: Power Sharing Agreed in Principle, Human Rights Watch, World Report Afghanistan, (Internet) 13 Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 3 rd Quarter 1999, p News Service, Afghanistan: Opposition Forces Gain, United Nations Commission for Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan Submitted by Mr. Kamal Hossain, Special Rapporteur. E/CN.4/2000/33, 1/2000, p

9 -, Bin Laden ,, - (Parvan, Kapisa, Takhar & Badakshan). Shomali : Bagram, Parvan, Charikar Kapisa, Mahmud-e-Raqi. - Massoud, Panjshir, ,.,. Taloqan, Takhar, , Kondoz, Sher Khan Bandar, Imam Saheb, Sar-e Pol, Kunar & Laghman , Mohammad Omar Kandahar 40,., Wazir Akbar Khan.,,, Omar 20. : Ariana Afghan Airlines 21. Osama Bin Laden Osama Bin Laden -, - 23., Oxford Analitica Daily Brief, United States: Taliban Stance, Regional Surveys of The World, Europa Publications, 2001, p. 71 & News Service, Taliban Renews Summer Offensive, Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p (1999) S/RES/1267 (1999), Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p News Service, UN Imposes Sanctions on Taliban,

10 , , Mohammad Omar -,, -, Ahmad Wakil Muttawakil, -, 25.,, Lakhdar Brahimi, Fransesc Vendrell (UNSMA United Nations Special Mission to Afghanistan) , Kandahar,., -, , Kashmir, Harakatul-Mujahideen ,,, Stansted -., Ismail Khan, Herat,. -., EIU Country Report Afghanistan, 2/2000, p Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p United Nations General Assembly, 45 th session. The situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/54/791, S/2000/205, EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 2/2000, p Keesing s Record of World Events, Afghanistan: Hijack of Airliner, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2/

11 Zahir Shah.. (Loya Jirga),.., Massoud 29., Fracesc Vendrell,., Vendrell, -,, -,, (Organization of Islamic Conference), , 32., Loya Jirga, - Zahir Shah 33., , , Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, p. 72 & United Nations General Assembly, 45 th session. The situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/6333, S/2000/1106, , p United Nations, Press Release, Afghanistan Talks conclude in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Agreement Reached on Prisoner Exchange, SG/SM/7288, EIU, Country Report- Afghanistan, 8/2000, p United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/6333, S/2000/1106, , p EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 2/2001, p

12 , Taloqan, Takhar Shir Khan Bandar, Kondoz, , ,, Taloqan., Massoud Herat Ismail Khan, Kandahar 39 Abdul Rashid Dostum, - (Junbeish-e-Melli-ye Islami-ye), 1991,, Pashtuns Osama Bin Laden - 35 News Service, Afghanistan : UN Workers Killings, Ibid., Afghanistan: Taliban Victory, & EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 11/2000, p United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/6333, S/2000/1106, , p UNHCR, Briefing note, Afghanistan : Heavy Fighting Uproots , O Ismail Khan 1997, - Abdul Malik. Mazar-I-Sharif, Abdul Rashid Dostum, United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/6333, S/2000/1106, , p

13 41. Osama Bin Laden Cole, 17. -, -, -, ,, Bin Laden -. Bin Laden -, Yakawlag Hazarajat, Hezb-e-Wahdat. -, , Badakshan., 2001, Takhar 2001., ,, Bamian, - Yakawlag. -, Bamian 47., - 41, -, ,. Reuters News Agency, E. Leopold, New Sanctions against Taliban Split United Nations, United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1333 (2000), S/RES/1333 (2000), EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 2/2001, p United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55.633, S/2000/1106, , p EIU Country Report Afghanistan, 2/2001, p. 33 United Nations, Press Release, Secretary General Very Concerned about Reports of Civilians Deliberately Targeted and Killed in Afghanistan, SG/SM/7865, EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 2/2001, p Human Rights Watch, Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan, , p. 2 Agence France Presse (AFP), Afghan Opposition, Taliban Clash Close to Bamian City, (Internet). 13

14 Panj,, -., Panj. -, , , 49., , Jalababad 50. Fransesc Vendrell, , Vendrell ,, ,,,. Ashgabat, , BBC Monitoring Outline, Tajik-Afghan Clashes, Growing Tension in Border Area, Refugees Flee Fighting 1 Kilometre from Tajik Afgjan Border, (Internet). 49 EIU Country Report- Afghanistan, 2/2001, p BBC Monitoring Outline, Bomb Rock Pakistani Consulate in Jalalababad, Afghan Islamic Press, (Internet). 51 :,,,, -,,. United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/633, S/2000/1106, , p Keesing s Record of World Events, Afghanistan: Imposition of UN Sanctions, Vol. 46, No. 12, 12/

15 Mohammad Omar -,, -. 2 Bamian Hezb-e-Wahdat. -, -, , - 25%, 700$.,, -., -. :,,., - 54., -, , Kenzo Oshima AFP Taliban Offer Peace Talks: Opposition Faction, (Internet). 54 Barnett R. Rubin, The Political Economy of War and Peace in Afghanistan, Council of Foreign Relations, New York, EIU, Country Report-Afghanistan, 2/2001, p United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Vulnerability and Humanitarian Impact of UN Security Council Sanctions in Afghanistan,

16 , , 65%, 30% %. 40. Action contre la Faim, 48% - 20%. (WFP) Panjshir, Massoud.,., ,, - 61.,, Panjshir Shomali , -, 57 United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary General on the Humanitarian Implications of the Measures Imposed by the Security Council Resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1333 (20000) on Afghanistan, S/2001/241, OCHA, UN Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for Afghanistan 2001, EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 2/2001, p Ibid, 8/2000, p Freedom House, Freedom in the World :Afghanistan, 2000 (Internet). 62 EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 2/

17 . 64., (fatwa). (UNDCP United Nations Drug Control Programme) %. 1/3 -. UNDCP , Abdul Wakil Muttawakil Massoud,,, , Mashad 68., ,. / Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p , 2000 : ), ), ), ) ) -. United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/633, S/2001/1106, , p EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 2/2001, p Ibid., 11/2000, p Ibid. 17

18 ,.,, -, - 69., , , , Shamshatoo ( ) Jalozai ( ) - Peshawar:, -., - 73., , - Abdul Sattar , United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Commission of Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, A/55/346, , p. 10 Amnesty International, Annual Report, Afghanistan, UNHCR, Refugee Daily, Ibid., Briefing Note, Pakistan: Afghan Border Reported Closed, US Committee for Refugees, Afghan in Crisis, , p , Takhar Parvan,. Pashtuns,. Pashtuns, Pashtuns. US Committee for Refugees, Afghans in Crisis, Kathy Gannon, UN Chief Sees Grim Plight of Afghan Refugees, Associated Press,

19 ,,. -, Herat , 76. Mazar-I-Sharif,, Takhar Badakshan, 77. / ,, -. Massoud, Mohammad Habeel, -. Habeel Badakshan , $, , -, -,., Erick de Mul US Committee for Refugees, Afghans in Crisis, , p EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 2/2001, p. 34, US Committee for Refugees, Afghans in Crisis, 2/2/2001, p.4 Kathy Gannon, UN Chief Sees Grim Plight of Afghan Refugees, Associated Press, UNHCR, Refugee Daily, News Service, Afghanistan: Refugee Deaths, United Nations, Press Release, Secretary-General, 2/

20 ,., -,, , ,,,. ( -,, ) -., ,, -, 84.,,, -.,. - -,,,, AFP, 500 Children Starve in Afghanistan: Taliban, (Internet). 82 European Platform for Conflict Prevention and Transformation, Afghanistan: Endless War in a Fragmented Society, 1/1999 (Internet). 83 Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p Ibid. 20

21 85., (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IMU),, - «,» 87. -,, , , ,,, -,, -, -, -., European Platform for Conflict Prevention and Transformation, Afghanistan: Endless War in a Fragmented Society, 1/1999 (Internet). 86 United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/633, S/2000/1106, , p International Crisis Group (ICG), Recent Violence in Central Asia: Causes and Consequences, Central Asia/Brussels, Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p. 73.,,, - Uighur. Reuters News Agency, Evelyn Leopold, New Sanctions Against Taliban Split United Nations, EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 2/

22 , -.,,, 90., -,,,. -.,. Osama bin Laden bin Laden 91. -,., , , Mazar-I-Sharif, -.., - 94., , Mohammed Omar -, - Jalalabad Herat , - 90 EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 11/2000, p Oxford Analytica Daily Brief, United States: Taliban Stance, Ibid. 93 Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p Ibid. 95 Ibid EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 11/2000, p

23 .,, Mohammad Nawaz Sharif., ,, Abdur Razzaq -,, -. 18, $ (Meeting on Interactive and Trust Measures in Asia MITMA ),.,, -,,,,, -, , Kamal Hossein 1999., , Rakhika Coomaraswamy. 2000, Sadako Ogata Herat , 96 United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/633, S/2000/1106, , p EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 5/

24 - 98., -., 1214 (1998), ,, -.,, -,, shuras ( ).,, -,,,, : - (1948) - (1965) (1966) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) (1966) (1984) (1989) : UNHCR/CDR - REFWORLD, : 98 UNHCR, UN Refugee Chief to Raise Human Rights Issues with Afghanistan s Taliban, United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1214 (1998), United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/633, S/2000/1106, , p

25 , (1954), (1961), Apartheid (1973), (1999), -, (2000). 3.2, , -, Shari a. ( ). -, Shura, Kandahar Mohammad Omar. Shura,, :. -,, Sunnah Hanfi 103. :. - Pashtuns. -., -, -,., UNHCR / CDR Refworld Database, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/2001/43, 2/2001 Amnesty International, Annual Report Afghanistan, 1/6/2000 USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 Afghanistan, 26/2/2001 (Internet). 103 Amnesty International, Annual Report Afghanistan, (Internet). 25

26 , -..,,, , , -.,,. 106.,, , -, ,, -. -.,, ,. -,,,, -, Freedom House, Freedom in the World : Afghanistan, 2000 (Internet). 105 Amnesty International, Executions in Panhshir, (Internet). 106 European Platform for Conflict Prevention and Transformation, Afghanistan: Endless War in a Fragmented Society, 1/1999 (Internet). 107 United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/633, S/2000/1106, , p Amnesty International, Annual Report Afghanistan, (Internet). 26

27 ( 2001) «. -, -, [ ]. -,, -,,,» ,, Pashtuns,, Pashtuns -,, ,,... purdah Mohammad Omar 113., , United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Resolution on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/RES/1999/9, ibid. E/CN.4/RES/2000/18, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/2001/43, 2/ Abbas Faiz. Amnesty International, Regional Surveys of the World, Europa Publications, 2001, p EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 2/2001, p Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet) 27

28 ,,,,,, , -, -, -., -. -, «-», ,, -, ,, -,, -,, 120., , 1998 Mazar-I- 115 USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet). 116 Amnesty International, Iran: Are Returning Afghan Refugees Properly Protected? (Internet). 117 United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/393, S/2000/ , p Amnesty International, Iran : Are Returning Afghan Refugees Properly Protected?, (Internet). 119 UNHCR, UN Refugee Chief to Raise Human Rights Issues with Afghanistan s Taliban, Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet). 28

29 Sharif 121. Mazar-I-Sharif, , ,, ,., 123. Barmian, - Hezb-e-Wahdat,, Hezb-e-Wahdat, -,, , 200 Shiber Barmian , Hezb-e-Wahdat 30 Barmian Shomali, Massoud, -., -,, , , Taloqan, Charikar, Nahreen Jabal-as Saraf,, , K fi Annan 121 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Resolution on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/RES/1999/9, EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 4 th Quarter Ibid., 2/ Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet). 125 Amnesty International, Annual Report Afghanistan, (Internet). 126 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/2000/33, , p Freedom House, Freedom in the World : Afghanistan, 2000 (Internet). 128 USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet). 29

30 Yakawlang ,,. -. -,. -, Panjshir, Massoud, , Abdullah Jan Wahedi, Hezb-e Islami Massoud. -., -, ,, -, -.,. Massoud , Mohammad Omar, United Nations Press Release, Secretary General Very Concerned About Reports of Civilians Deliberately Targeted and Killed in Afghanistan, SG/SM/7865, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/2001/43, 2/2001, pp Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, 1994 Dostum Rabbani, Massoud. 132 Amnesty International, Execution in Panjshir, (Internet). 133 Amnesty International, Annual Report Afghanistan, (Internet). 134 Amnesty International, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, , (Internet). 30

31 , ,,,, ,, , -., , -,,, -.. -, ,, ,, , Herat, Ismail Khan, United Nations General Assembly, 55 th session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/633, S/2000/1106, , p USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet). 137 Human Rights Watch, Massacres of Hazzaras in Afghanistan, , p USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet). 139 Freedom House, Freedom in the World : Afghanistan, 2000 (Internet) Amnesty International, Iran: Are Returning Afghan Refugees Properly Protected? (Internet) 140 Amnesty International, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment of Punishment, (Internet). 141 Freedom House, Freedom in the World : Afghanistan, 2000 (Internet). 31

32 Kandahar : Massoud 143..,. -., Kandahar, Herat, Kabul, Jalalabad, Mazar-I-Sharif, Pul-I-Khumri, Shibarghan, Qala-e-Zaini Maimana Panjshir Faizabad. Badakhshan Kandahar Massoud, ,. -, -. Taloqan :. - -,, 142 United Nations General Assembly, Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, A/55/346, , p USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet). 144 Amnesty International, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, (Internet). 145 USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet) 32

33 Shomali 1999 Taloqan , 146., % ,.., 50%. -. (Shari a),, , , Mohammad Omar USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet) 147 Ibid. 148 Freedom House, Freedom in the World : Afghanistan, 2000 (Internet) 149 USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet) 150 Human Rights Watch World Report 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet) 151 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/2001/43, 2/2001, p

34 4.6. -,,. - Voice of Shariat, , , -, , , , BBC, BBC Feyzabad Freedom House, Freedom in the World : Afghanistan, 2000 (Internet) 153 Reports Without Borders, Afghanistan: The Taliban and the Media, 9/ United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/2001/43, 2/2001, p USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet) 156 United Nations General Assembly, Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, A/55/346, , p BBC Monitoring Online, Russian TV Reports Closure of BBC Office in Afghanistan, (Internet). 158 Freedom House, Freedom in the World : Afghanistan, 2000 (Internet) 34

35 ,. -, , -.,, ,, ,, Kenzo Oshima,,, «- [ ] -». 5., - -,., 159 Ibid. 160 USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet). 161 United Nations General Assembly, 55 th Session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/633, S/2000/1106, , p

36 Pashtuns,, Pashtuns,,,,,, Human Rights Watch Abdul Ahad Karzai, Peshawar Peshawar Arif Khan, Kondoz. -. Arif Khan, mujahidin ( ) Massoud Mohammad Bashir Baghlani, Baghlan Abdullah Jan Wahidi, - Laghman, Abbas Faiz,, United Nations General Assembly, 55 th Session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/633, S/2000/1106, , p Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet) 165 Amnesty International, Human Rights Defenders in Afghanistan: Civil Society Destroyed, (Internet) 166 Freedom House, Freedom in the World : Afghanistan, 2000 (Internet) 167 Middle East International, Trouble for the Taliban,

37 . - Bamian, Maulawi Islam (National Islamic Council of Afghan People for Peace), Peshawar, mujahidin» , - - ( Panjshir, Massoud Faryab), Pashtuns, - Pashtun. 1999, -, ,, - Sarsashi Jalalabad, Panjshir United Nations General Assembly, 55 th Session, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary General, A/55/633, S/2000/1106, , p EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 11/2000, p European Platform for Conflict Prevention and Transformation, Afghanistan: Endless War in a Fragmented Society, 1/1999 (Internet) 171 Human Rights Watch, Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan, , p

38 1999, 172., Kamal Hussain, 2000 Dadallah Samangan.. -, , , Takhar & Parvan,. Pashtuns,. «-» Pashtuns, Pashtuns ,, Pashtuns Herat , Hazarajat. Mazar-I-Sharif. -, Ali, -,. -., 172 Amnesty International, Annual Report Afghanistan, (Internet) Human Rights Watch, World Report Afghanistan, (Internet) 173 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/2001, 2/2001, p Amnesty International, Annual Report Afghanistan, (Internet) 175 US Committee for Refugees, Afghans in Crisis, United Nations General Assembly, Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, A/55/346, , p

39 , ,,., , -, Hezb-e-Wahdat, -. Hazarajat, Hezb-e-Wahdat. Hazarajat, Yakawlanfg Hazarajat. Hezb-e-Wahdat, , -, Hezb-e-Wahdat Human Rights Watch , 2000, Robatak, Baghlan Samangan, Hazara Mazari.,,. Baghlan Human Rights Watch, Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan, , p.3. - Sayyids, 5% Hazarajat. Sayyids,..Chris Johnson, Hazarajat Baseline Stury: Interim Report, 3/2000, pp Amnesty International, Summary Execution of Civilians in Yakawlang, (Internet) 179 United Nations, Press Release, Secretary General Very Concerned about Reports of Civilians Deliberately Targeted and Killed in Afghanistan, SG/SM/7865, Amnesty International, Summary Execution of Civilians in Yakawlang, (Internet). 181 Human Rights Watch, Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan, , pp

40 182. Yakawlang - -. Mohammad Omar -. Human Rights Watch Hazarajat Hezb-e-Wahdat Karim Khalili,, Harakat-e-Islami ( ) :, -, ,, ( - burqa ) (mahram) 186., - purdah,, ,, -.,., Ibid. 183 O Shahzad Kandahari Khinjan, Baghlan Khinjan Pul-I-Khumri Robatak. Shahzad Human Rights Watch, Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan, , p United Nations Commission on The Status of Women, Follow-up and Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, The Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, Report of the Secretary General, E/CN.6/2001/2/Add.1, Amnesty International, Annual Report Afghanistan, (Internet). 186 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000 Afghanistan, (Internet) 40

41 ,,, : , Dushanbe «-»., - Taloqan., Peshawar , , Mohammad Omar EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 8/2000, p United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/2001/43, 2/2001, pp EIU, Country Report Afghanistan, 8/2000, pp Freedom House, Freedom in the World : Afghanistan, 2000 (Internet) 191 United Nations General Assembly, Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, A/55/346, , p Freedom House, Freedom in the World : Afghanistan, 2000 (Internet). 41

42 ,., -, , «-,,» ,, Rakhika Coomaraswamy - «-». -,, ,, , -,, 193 United Nations General Assembly, Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, A/55/346, , p United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Resolution on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/RES/1999/9, ibid., E/CN.4/RES/2000/18, United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Resolution 1999/14 on the Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/14, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, E/CN.4/2000/68/ Add United Nations Security Council, Statement by the President of the Security Council, S/PRST/2000/12, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Resolution 2000/9,

43 . -,,,, , Mary MacMakin, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Support for Afghanistan, -,. MacMakin (People s Democratic Party of Afghanistan - PDPA)., -, -, -, Mohammad Omar , , , (.,,, ), - -,, 199 United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, 45 th Session, Resolution on Discrimination of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, News Service, Afghanistan: Taliban Arrests, Frees US Aid Worker, Amnesty International, Annual Report Afghanistan, (Internet). 43