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1 & UNHCR &, & &,
2 , 2000 Copyright BACKGROUND PAPER ON REFUGEES & ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM PAKISTAN, Geneva, March ,, /
3 ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) - (1999) ( ) (1/1999-1/2000)
4 1. 1 -,. - : Baluchistan, -, Punjab Sindh, -., : : Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( - ), Pakistan People s Party PPP ( ), Jammat-I-Islami, Muttahida Quami Movement MQM, Awami National Party - ANP ( Awami), Jamiat-I- Ulema-Pakistan, Tehrik-I-Insaf, Millat Party % -. 3%,, - Ahmadiyyas. Punjabis 2/3 -. Sindhis (24 32%), Pathans (13%), Mohajirs (8 18%) Baluchis (4%) ( ) 1999, , - Nawaz Sharif Nawaz Sharif Pervez Musharraf, Khawaja Ziauddin 5. - Nawaz Sharif, 200, 6. Musharraf., -,, Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1999, 5. 3 Ibid. 4 World Directory of Minorities, 1999, Minority Rights Group International, Current History, Asia, December 1999, Ibid. 4
5 Musharraf -.,. Pakistan Muslim League (PML) Nawaz Sharif.,, - Nawaz Sharif., , - (Grand Democratic Alliance) 19 Nawaz Sharif 9. Human Rights Watch 1000, : Pakistan People Party PPP, Muttahida Quami Movement MQM, Awami National Party & Pakistan Tehrik e Insaaf Party 10. Musharraf -, /,, 11. Nawaz Sharif - Musharraf, , , Nawaz Sharif,., Nawaz Sharif Nawaz Sharif - 7 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1999, Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, Ibid., EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1999, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., 2 nd Quarter 1998, 8. 5
6 . Nawaz Sharif:. Nawaz Sharif -. Nawaz Sharif 1990 (Inter- Services Intelligence ISI) Punjab 1993., -. Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) Karamat, Nawaz Sharif - Pervez Musharraf. - Nawaz Sharif Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) - Nawaz Sharif. Nawaz Sharif, 1997 Rafiq Tarar, Punjab.. -, (Pakistan Coalition Nations Movement) 17., Awami National Party - ANP ( Awami), Pathans 18. Baluch National Party BNP ( Baluch) Sindh - Kalabagh. Punjab ( Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) Sindh, EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, Ibid., Far Eastern Economic Review, Soldiering On, , EIU, Country Report, 3 rd Quarter 1998, Ibid., 16. 6
7 Sindh Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf) Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) Nawaz Sharif 3000 Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf) -. Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf),. Nawaz Sharif Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf) , Jamaat-I-Islami - (ijtima), Nawaz Sharif. Jamaat-I-Islami, o Qazi Hussain Ahmad, 21 -., Tehrik-I-Insaaf Imran Khan Millat Party Faroop Leghari, Nawaz Sharif ,. -, - Nawaz Sharif. - (Shariah). Nawaz Sharif -.,, 1998, Nawaz Sharif ,,,,,, -, EIU, Country Report, 3 rd Quarter 1998, Far Eastern Economic Review, Raise in the Crescent, , 21 EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, Far Eastern Economic Review, Raise in the Crescent, , Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, Ibid., Current History, Asia, December 1999,
8 ,, , 1998, :., ,, 29. Punjabis Pachtuns Nawaz Sharif,. «,» 30., Nawaz Sharif shariah ( ). (shariah) , Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) 2/3. -, Nawaz Sharif Nawaz Sharif, Ibid., EIU, Country Report, 3 rd Quarter 1998, Asian Survey, September / October 1999, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, State of Human Rights in 1998, EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, 16. 8
9 1999.,, , (shariah) , Nawaz Sharif - Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf), Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf) Pakistan People s Party PPP ( ) Pakistan People s Party PPP ( ), Asif Zardari, 36., Sindh, - Punjabis. Pakistan People s Party PPP ( ). Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) ( ) Nawaz Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, 37.,, Qayyum,. - Punjab Sindh,,,,, Sindh. 1997, Nawaz Sharif 1997, - MQM Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM), [ Muttahida Quami Movement Altaf Mohajir Quami Movement Haqiqi] Sindh Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM). Muttahida Quami Movement Altaf (MQM) Sindh, 32 Asian Survey, Vol. XXXIX, No. 5, September / October 1999, Asian Survey, Vol. XXXIX, No. 5, September / October 1999, Ibid., EIU, Country Profile, 3 rd Quarter 1999, Ibid., 2 nd Quarter 1999, Ibid., 14. 9
10 Nawaz Sharif Sindhis mohajirs Urdu MQM, , 720 MQM. 1997, Nawaz Sharif Sindh MQM MQM, (Basic Association of Citizens of Karachi BACK), -., MQM MQM - Altaf Nawaz Sharif:., - Pakistan People s Party PPP ( ) MQM - Altaf., MQM - Altaf. Human Rights Watch «-» Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) MQM Altaf - Sindh., MQM - Altaf -. MQM- Altaf MQM - Sindh MQM Haqiqi. 42., , Haqim Said Sindh, MQM - Altaf, MQM - Altaf MQM Ibid., 4 th Quarter 1998, EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, US Department of State (USDOS), 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan Section 1a. 41 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan Section 1a. 43 Ibid., & Amnesty International, Annual Report
11 MQM -., MQM , Punjab, , 25 -, Punjab, Sindh.., 49.,, - Zia ul-haq s, -. -, , , 1998 Punjab Far Eastern Economic Review, Soldiering On, , USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1a. 46 Amnesty International, Annual Report, Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, State of Human Rights in 1998, Modern Asian Studies, Sectarianism in Pakistan: The Radicalization of Shi a and Sunni Identities, Vol. 32, No. 3, July Ibid. 51 Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada, Pakistan: Sectarian Violence, July Ibid. 11
12 ( - ), Punjab Moltan Sindh, , , -. -, - Nawaz Sharif : - - ( ) -., «-, -» ( ) Nawaz Sharif ,,,, - 53 Ibid. 54 Europa World Report 2000, EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1999, Ibid., Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1999, Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000,
13 ., 1998 (United Front), - Inder Kumar Gujral Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). (Inter-services Intelligence Agency ISI) Atal Behari Vaipayee 61., [ - (Research and Analysis Wing RAW)], :, 1998, - 22, , -,,..,.,,, -., ,,.. - -, : 65.,, Jammu EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1998, EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1998, Ibid. 63 Ibid., 16, Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999,
14 1998 -, Nawaz Sharif Atal Behari Vaipayee , -, : i) (1948), ii) (1952), iii) (1965), - iv) Apartheid (1973), v) (1979), vi) (1989), : i) (1951). ii) (1967). iii) (1954). iv) (1961). v) (1966). vi), (1966). vii) (1966). viii) (1968). ix), - (1984). x) Apartheid (1985). xi) - (1989). 3.2 : 1997 Nawaz Sharif EIU, Country Report, 3 rd Quarter 1998, USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999, Pakistan. 69 : UNHCR, REFWORLD,
15 (Qoran & Sunnah). (Sharia), salat ( ), - zakat ( ), «-», «,,» ( 2/3) Nawaz Sharif.,,. -. «, 1980 Zia ul-haq 1991 Nawaz Sharif,» (Shariah).. - (Qoran) (Sunnah) -,., 70 -, 72.,, - Musharraf 1999., -,, EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, Ibid., Far Eastern Economic Review, Raise the Crescent, ,
16 : , - -, Sajjad Ali Shah Nawaz Sharif,. - -., ( Anti-Terrorist Act) , Nawaz Sharif -, -., (MTC Military Trial Courts), , 78. -, 73 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practice, Pakistan. 74 EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1998, Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, Ibid. 77 Human Rights Watch, Shut-Down of Military Courts in Pakistan Hailed, but Transfer of Cases to Anti-Terrorism Courts Sharply Condemned, Agence France Presse, Karachi Special Court Hands Death Penalty to Triple - Murder Accused,
17 Musharraf - ( ),,,,, Musharraf Musharraf -., , -, Musharraf ( 1999) -. Nawaz Sharif. Musharraf,. «, [ ]. - Nawaz Sharif Musharraf., , -» 83. Musharraf - -.,, Ibid. 80 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1e. 81 Ibid., Section 1 e 82 Ibid., Section 1e. 83 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1e. 84 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan. 17
18 1998 -,., Faroq Legahari. -,,., -,. 86. : ,. - -., -, ,, ,, Amnesty International, Fundamental Rights Must Be Restored Immediately, Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan. 88 Ibid., Section 1a. 89 Amnesty International, Annual Report,
19 : Nawaz Sharif Lashkar-I-Jhangvi, , -., , -.,., : «,, -, 50». - diyat 95,, , - Sindh 97, - 100,,. 90 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Bacre Waly Ndiaye, on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, E/CN.4/1998/68/Add.1, USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1a. 92 Ibid. 93 Ibid. 94 Ibid., Section 1b. 95 Diyat:, -,. 96 Amnesty International, Annual Report
20 Muttahida Quami Movement Altaf 98. : Hudood, (zina),,, , ,, 101. : -. : ,, -. 14, , -. - (Federal Administered Tribal Areas - FATA),,» USDOS, 1998 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1c. 99 Amnesty International, Annual Report, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Bacre Waly Ndiaye, on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, E/CN.4/1998/68/Add.1, EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1999, USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1d. 103 Ibid. 20
21 Musharraf ,, - Nawaz Sharif. : -. :. - Human Rights Watch , 22 Sahiwal Punjab , 105. : 96% -.., 20% 25%.., Parsees ,, Ahmadi Faisalabad, Sahiwal Punjab, Ayub Masih. Punjab, : Ahmadiyya 106. Masih,., o Khalid Anwar -, «,, - -» Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1c. 106 EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1998, Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999,
22 Ahmadiyya , 108. : , ,., 110. Nawaz Sharif - - :,,, -, 111., -, Jang Group Newspapers, Jang The News , Nawaz Sharif , Jang Newsline, The Muslim, Friday Time Musharraf -. Musharraf : «-, -».,, Amnesty International, Annual Report, Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 2a. 111 Far Eastern Economic Review, Taxing Tactics: Sharif s Government Leans on Press Critics, Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, Far Eastern Economic Review, Taxing Tactics: Sharif s Government Leans on Press Critics, USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan. 22
23 115.. Musharraf.... Punjab , 116., , - Punjab Musharraf. Musharraf Punjab 118. :.,., -.,. -, ,. - Musharraf.. Nawaz Sharif. Musharraf : ,, USDOS, 1998 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 2b. 116 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, Ibid., USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 2d. 120 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000,
24 121., -.,. -, 122.,, - Hudood., Peshawar Mardan. - 80% Hudood 123., Radhika Coomaraswamy, » Sindh Punjab $ Shirkat Gah, -, :. : -,. -, , 121 Ibid., Amnesty International, Annual Report, USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1c. 124 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, E/CN.4/1998/ Ibid. 126 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, Ibid. 24
25 ( 90%),,, , , , -, ,. -., 1994 Hezb-e-Islami Jamiat-e-Islami , Jalalabad Kabul , Kabul. 1998, Mazar-I-Sahrif Hazaras - - Baluchistan : (prima facie refugees) 90%., , , 128 UNHCR, 1999 Country Report Pakistan Ibid. 130 Ibid. 131 UNHCR, 1999 Country Report Pakistan, USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 2d. 25
26 , Hazaras Quetta, -, , :,, -. Pashtoons ,.. -,, -, -,,., / ,, Human Rights Watch - (Commissioner for Afghan Refugees CAR), ,. -. (CAR) UNHCR, 1999 Country Report Pakistan, Ibid. 135 Ibid. 136 UNHCR, 1999 Country Report Pakistan, USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 2d. 138 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999,
27 : 2.400, -,,, Rawalpindi , , 27, ( ). - /.,.,. 4.1 ( ) : , , 20% 1998 (6.430) ( 1999). [ 1]., (4.510) ( ) %. (23%), (10%), (7,6%) (7%) : 33%. 21% 9%. [ 2]. : , , - 79% - (2.850) (210) 139 UNHCR, 1999 Country Report Pakistan,
28 1998 (210) , %. [ 3]., 30-40% -., ( 50% ) : , , 11%. [ 4] % -. 16,5% 15,1% (1.975 ), (1.610), (1.520), (965) (810).,, 40% 10% -. 1% , 1998 ( ) (2.615 ), (2.340), (1.730), (1.310) (740)
29 35,00% (1999) 30,00% 25,00% 20,00% 15,00% 10,00% 5,00% 0,00%.. 29
30 ( ) 80,00% 60,00% 40,00% 20,00% 0,00%
31 ( )
32 (1/1999-1/2000)
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