PART FIVE Chapter 21: The Modern World:

Transcription

1 PART FIVE Chapter 21: The Modern World: Key Topics and Art Periods for this chapter include: Neoclassicism and Romanticism Realism Impressionism Post-Impressionism America in the 19 th century Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism Fantasy and Futurism Dada and Surrealism Between the Wars: Building New Societies

2 Key Terms for this chapter include: Salon, Salon des Refuses, Salon d Automne Pointillism Avant-Garde Die Brucke Der Blaue Reiter Ready-mades Poetic Object Constructivism De Stijl Bauhaus Harlem Renaissance

3 The Modern World: Driven by technological progress and rapid changes, the 19th century spawned our industrialized modern middle-class culture of mass production, mass advertising, mass consumption, and mass leisure activities such as shopping, entertainment, and visiting art museums. Art was for everyone, not dominated by church or nobility. Debates about art and wide audience caused definition of art to be questioned yielding -- isms. Art museums were developed in the 19 th century. First national museum was Louvre in Paris. Art just for royalty was placed on exhibit.

4 Neoclassicism Neoclassical style evolved during Napoleon s empire and continued on after he fell from power. It was felt that great art could only be made from great subject matter like history and the Bible. Neoclassicism is characterized by clear contours, clean colors, and precise draftsmanship. The foremost Neoclassical painters were David and Ingres. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: 21.1 Jupiter and Thetis

5 Jupiter and Thetis, Jean Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1811 Jacques Louis David (Oath of Horatii) was court painter for Napoleon and went into exile when Napoleon fell from power. David was supporter of revolution, His student, Ingres continued Neo-classic style. Known for flawless finish and clean edges. Felt greatest subject for art was history. (Classical mythology and biblical scenes). Known as academic art. Based on Homer s Illiad. Nymph Thetis pleads with ruler of gods to intervene on war on behalf of her son, Achilles. Jealous wife Juno looks on.

6 Romanticism The Romantic artists rebelled against the Age of Reason instead urging the use of emotion, intuition, individual experience, and imagination within artwork. Not so much a style but set of attitudes. These artists glorified landscapes, picturesque ruins, the struggle for liberty, and exotic cultures. The work of the artists Delacroix and Goya characterize Romanticism. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: 21.2 The Women of Algiers

7 The Women of Algiers,Eugene Closest exotic culture to Europe were Islamic lands of North Africa. Viewed the Orient as sensuous and seductive, full of barbaric splendor. Delacroix spent several months in North Africa and visited harem. Brushtrokes rich and edges broken compared to Ingres cleanedged approach. Delacroix, 1834

8 Realism Realism was a reaction against both Neoclassicism and Romanticism. Artists sought to depict the everyday and the ordinary for their subjects. First movement born in 19 th century. Artists were trying to make the point that everyday activities were fit subjects for grandscale art. Courbet was a leading Realist Insert painter. visual(s). Suggestion: 21.3 A Burial at Ornans

9 A Burial at Ornans, Gustave Courbet, , Group portrait of Ornans society. Some thought artist pushed ugly way too far. Painting was too large to be full of nobodies.

10 Manet and Impressionism In 19 th -century France the mark of an artist s success was acceptance into the annual juried Salon. In 1863, the jury rejected almost 3000 submitted works. This caused the rejected artists and their supporters to mount a second official exhibition called the Salon des Refusés. A leader of the Impressionist movement was Manet. His painting, Luncheon of the Grass, is a touchstone for modern art. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: 21.4 Le Dejeuner sur l herbe

11 Manet s 2 goals: 1. Paint modern life. 2. Update 2 Renaissance images as parody. Critics outraged Thought he has trying to gain fame by shocking people. Manet focused on low and high values making figures flat. Triangular comp, inaccurate scale. Le Dejeuner sur l herbe (Luncheon on the Grass), Edouard Manet. 1863

12 Impressionism Impressionism aimed to capture an impression ; artists did not want to portray a literal landscape but the sensation of a landscape. The new availability of portable tubed oil colors allowed artists to paint outdoors and steam engine allowed them to travel to new locations to paint. Many Impressionists concentrated on light and its transitory nature. Monet, Degas, Renoir, and Morisot are other wellknown Impressionist artists.

13 Autumn Effect on Argenteuil, Claude Monet, 1873 Siene River was popular painting spot for artists

14 Summer s Day, Berthe Morisot, 1879

15 Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism refers to a diversity of artists that came after Impressionism. They carried forward the Impressionist bright palette and direct painting techniques. Some of these artist include Seurat, Degas, Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Cezanne. Pointillism Technique: A form of Impressionism developed by the artist Seurat; dots and dashes of color are optically blended when viewed. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: 4.31 Evening, Honfleur

16 Post-Impressionism Some Post-Impressionists like Gauguin felt a need to escape the industrialized world, so they traveled to un-urbanized areas. He focused on expressing a spirituality in his art. Cezanne felt that what had made painting great in the past were structure and order. As a result, his work grew increasingly abstract, profoundly affecting future artists. Insert visual(s). Suggestions: 21.8 Te Aa No Areois 21.9 Mont Sainte-Victoire

17 Te Aa No Areois (The See of Aeroi), Paul Gauguin, 1892 Traveled to Tahiti to avoid disease of civilization. High-keyed colors, flattened shapes. Abandoned classic art but looked to Egypt, Islam, and Asia for renewal. Unknown gesture. Felt missionaries and colonists had already ruined Tahiti.

18 Mont Sainte-Victoire, Paul Cezanne, Appreciated Impressionists color palette and brushstrokes. Questioned their casual compositions. Wanted structure and order. Painted mountain 75 times. Used patches of colors. Paintings became more abstract. Bridge to Cubism

19 Bridging the Atlantic: America in the 19 th Century Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, and Impressionism were broad trends in America. Artists traveled both to and from Europe for study and new opportunities. The American artists Bingham, Cole, Eakins, and Cassatt represented a variety of styles. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: Fur Traders Descending the Missouri

20 Fur Traders Descending the Missouri, George Caleb Bingham, In America, Romanticism was expressed through landscape, reverence for unspoiled land. First American painter to lwork west of Mississippi River. Mysterious bear cub.

21 The Boating Party, Mary Cassatt, Shows Cassatt s artistic liberation. Bold, simplified forms and flat colors mimic Japanese prints.

22 Into the 20 th Century: The Avant-Grade Avant-Garde: A French term originally referring to the detachment of soldiers that went first into battle; for young artists it referred to the battle to advance the progress of art against the resistance of conservative forces.

23 Freeing Color: Fauvism In 1903 a group of young artists, later called Fauves, founded the Salon d Automne as a progressive alternative to the Salon. Fauves: Means the wild beasts. The artist Matisse was a leader in this movement. Fauvism: The freeing of color, using it as an independent expressive element. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: Black Lines No. 189

24 The Joy of Life, Henri Matisse, Demonstrates harmony and well-being. Color was Matisse s paradise.

25 Freeing Color: Expressionism Expressionism describes any style where the artist s subjective feelings take precedence over objective observation. It specifically refers to an art movement that developed in Germany in the early 20th century. Die Brücke ( The Bridge ): Founded in Dresden 1905; the artists wanted to build a bridge through their art to a better, more enlightened future. One of the founders was the artist Kirchner. Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider ): Organized in 1911 by the Russian painter Kandinsky. He believed that spirituality and art were linked.

26 Black Lines No. 189, Wassilly Kandinsky, 1913 Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider ) Changed profession from lawyer to artist. Idea that art and spirituality are linked. Color is the keyboard, the eyes are the hammers, the soul is the piano and with many strings.

27 Shattering Form: Cubism Cubism fragmented the figures and other elements into flat planes. With Cubism, the sum of all viewpoints could be painted. The leading Cubists were Picasso and Braque. As the movement progressed artists incorporated other elements such as newspaper, wallpaper, and fabric into their artwork thus merging the real with the not real. Insert visual(s). Suggestions: Les Desmoiselles d Avignon Le Portugais

28 Les Desmoiselles d Avignon,Picasso, Le Portugais ( The Emigrant), Georges Braque,

29 Fantasy and Futurism New artistic innovators believed that art would only move forward through exploring new subjects. Futurists decided that motion itself was the new glory of the 20 th century, and sought to depict it in their art. Boccioni was one of the futurist artists. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

30 The Disquieting Muses, Giorgio de Chirico,1916. Resembles motionless dream. Fantasy art Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, Umberto Boccioni, 1913, Futurist art, machine reference.

31 World War I and After: Dada Dada was a protest art movement that literally meant anti. It started in protest against WWI and the aftermath of society. Some of the most controversial works to come out of the Dada period were the ready-mades. Ready-mades: Invented by the artist Du Champ; artwork that he did not create but designated as works of art. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: Fountain

32 Fountain, Marcel Duchamp, 1917, Ready-made is object not made but designated and returned to life after exhibit. Dada was protest movement. Anti movement. Yes movement to creativity, life, spontaneity. Refused to be pinned down or defined. Entered under pseudonym R. Mutt.

33 World War I and After: Surrealism Surrealism was inspired by Sigmund Freud. Surrealists appreciated the logic of dreams, the mystery of the unconscious, the bizarre, the irrational, the incongruous, and the marvelous. Dali, Magritte, and Miro were well-known artists of this era. Poetic Object: An object that juxtaposed incongruous elements to provoke a strangeness or disorientation. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: The Persistence of Memory

34 Object (Luncheon in Fur), Meret Oppenheim, 1936 Poetic Object (eating vessel made of fur). Inspired by 2 ladies drinking tea in fur coats. Surrealist works have erotic overtones (RE: Freud)

35 The Persistence of Memory, Salvador Dali, 1931

36 Carnival of the Harlequin, Joan Miro, , Surrealist interpretation of famous Spanish painting Las Meninas. Lighthearted erotic play.

37 Between the Wars: Building New Societies After the trauma of WWI artists wanted to transform the world so nothing of the sort would happen again. Many artists believed that only the most revolutionary art could bring about a new world. Constructivism: The idea that art should be put to practiced through architecture, graphic design, theatrical productions, textiles and other visual forms; lead by the artist Tatlin. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: Model for the Monument to the Third International

38 Model for Monument to the Third International, Vladmir Tatlin, 1919 Constructivism

39 Between the Wars: Building New Societies De Stijl: Sought to create harmony between individuals and modern industry/technology. The artist Mondrian was a leader in this movement. He believed that vertical and horizontal elements and primary colors created rational beauty and balance in the world. Bauhaus: A design school founded by the architect Gropius; intended to teach artists a variety of disciplines and eliminate divisions between all art disciplines.

40 Square, Piet Mondrian, De Stijl, Intellectual beauty. Shroeder House, Gerrit Rietveld, 1924

41 Between the Wars: Building New Societies Harlem Renaissance: The merging of 3 American experiences: African heritage, the legacy of slavery, and the realities of modern urban life. The artist Douglas is representative of this era. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: Aspects of Negro Life

42 From Slavery through Reconstruction, Aaron Douglas, 1934 Rejoicing at reading of Emancipation Proclamation Harlem Renaissance

43 The Modern World: : SUMMARY Key Topics, Terms and Art Periods covered: Neoclassicism and Romanticism Realism Impressionism: Salon and Salon des Refuses Post-Impressionism: Pointillism America in the 19 th century: Avant-Garde Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism: Salon d Automne, Die Brucke, Der Blaue Reiter Fantasy and Futurism: Poetic Object Dada and Surrealism: Ready-mades Between the Wars: Constructivism, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Harlem Renaissance