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1 009 BirdLife International Juan de Dios Martínez Mera N-76 y Av. Portugal Casilla Quito, Ecuador. Tel: Fax: americas@birdlife.org BirdLife International is a UK-registered charity No. 0 ISBN: Recommended citation: DEVENISH, C., DÍAZ FERNÁNDEZ, D. F., CLAY, R. P., DAVIDSON, I. & YÉPEZ ZABALA, I.EDS. (009) Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for biodiversity conservation. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 6). To cite this chapter: ANGULO PRATOLONGO, F. (009) Peru. Pp 07 6 in C. Devenish, D. F. Díaz Fernández, R. P. Clay, I. Davidson & I. Yépez Zabala Eds. Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for biodiversity conservation. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 6). The purpose of the information contained in this book is to support conservation initiatives in the Americas, for which it may be reproduced. Using this information for commercial purposes is not permitted. If part or all of this information is used or included in any other publication, BirdLife International must be cited as copyright holder. Those who provided illustrations or photographs in this book have copyright over them and these are not permitted to be reproduced separately to the texts accompanying them. The presentation of material in this book and the geographical designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Membership of BirdLife International does not imply any opinion or position with respect to sovereignty issues on the part of BirdLife International Partner organizations. Graphic design: Alejandro Miranda Baldares (alejoanime@yahoo.com) Translations: Christian Devenish, Ítala Yépez Zabala & Amiro Pérez-Leroux Maps: David F. Díaz Fernández, Ítala Yépez Zabala & Christian Devenish Edition of Spanish language country chapters: Ítala Yépez Zabala, Carlos Huertas Sánchez & David F. Díaz Fernández Graphic design volunteer (Spanish language country chapters): Adriana Valencia Tapia This publication and all country/territory chapters in their native languages are available for download at

2 AMERICAS

3 Peru is located in the center-west of South America and has a total area of,8,.6 km. The country shares borders ocean. Peru s capital, Lima, is located on the coast, in the center of the country and is the seat of the government. Politically, Peru is divided into regions as well as the Constitutional Province of El Callao. Regions, in turn, are subdivided into provinces, and these, into districts. Peru currently has a total of 80 provinces and 77 districts. Peru s population stands at 8,0,76 inhabitants (008), of which 7% live in urban areas and 8% in rural zones. Forty-four ethnic groups also inhabit Peru, divided into ethno-linguistic families. 008), ranging from dry or humid hot climates, through temperate and Meso-Andean valleys to puna and snow. sin, with the most representative being the Tumbes, Chira, Chancay, Jequetepeque, Santa, Rimac, Cañete, Ica, Majes and Tambo rivers. The rivers of the Amazon or Atlantic basin are generally long and voluminous with many tributaries. The most important river ports in Peru in the Amazon are Imaza, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas and Puerto Maldonado. Lake as the lake is contained by the western and eastern ranges of the Andes. The 880 km lake receives waters from the rivers Suches, Huancané, Ramis, Coata and Ilave. Peru is divided by the Andes into three regions: Northern Andes, Central Andes and Southern Andes containing ecoregions (CDC-UNALM 006), including ecosystems such as mangroves, dry, montane and humid forests, savannas, desert, paramos, puna, lakes and rivers, among others. Peru is one of the 0 most diverse, or megadiverse, countries on the planet due to its wealth in ecosystems, species, genetic resources some,000 species are calculated to exist in Peru (0% of the world s total), of which 0% are endemic. Peru has the most plant species whose known properties are used by humans (00 spp) and native domesticated species (8) in the world. Domestic animals include, alpaca (Lama pacos), llama (Lama glama), guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), domestic duck (Cairina moschata) and the cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus) from which a crimson dye is produced. Of the four most important crops for human consumption in the world (wheat, rice, potato and maize), Peru has a high genetic diversity of both potato and maize (CONAM 00). In terms of wild fauna, Peru also has a high global total), 00 species of amphibians and 6 species of mammals. ).

4 Peru has a national state system of protected areas (SINANPE, in Spanish), created in 990 and made up of 6 protected areas, totaling 8,0,79.8 ha, representing.0% of the country s area. Some of the largest protected areas within the system include Alto Purús, Pacaya- Samiria and Manu with areas over., and. million ha, respectively. Another level of protection exists in the form of Conservation Areas, which do not belong to the state (and do not form part of the SINANPE), but are managed by regional governments (Box ) or by private landowners. By the beginning of 009, 8 Conservation Areas had been declared, covering 6,7 ha, representing 0.0% of Peru s area. Both types of protected areas represent.% of the country s area (Table ). TOTAL Number ,967,9 6,98,79,98,7 8,9 6,88,7,869 89,987,7,,86 0,8 0,89 8,00,0 Other legal instruments for site conservation in Peru include ecological easements, conservation concessions, ecotourism concessions, wildlife management area concessions and contracts to manage protected areas. These conservation mechanisms are found on private property (easements), in protected areas (contracts) and state land (all other forms). Peru is party to a series of international agreements on biodiversity conservation, among which the following are highlighted: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Convention on Biological Diversity, the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and the Convention on Migratory Species. In 006, regional workshops were held to compile information on a National Bird Conservation Strategy in Peru. The initiative is being coordinated by PromPeru, BirdLife International and Naturaleza y Cultura Internacional, with backing from the National Institute of Natural Resources and the National Environment Council (CONAM, in Spanish). This strategy will Peru, as well as establishing conservation priorities based on threats faced by birds. The strategy incorporates existing conservation mechanisms such as the IBA program as well as income generating initiatives such as birding tourism aimed at creating opportunities for conservation.

5 Peru is considered to hold the second highest number of bird species in the world, after Colombia. A total of 8 species have been recorded (this could increase to 80 with changes in taxonomy), belonging to orders and 89 families, of which 0 are endemic to the country. Peru has 7 bird species (Remsen et al. 008). According to the IUCN Red List, Peru has 00 threatened species at global level (BirdLife International 007), consisting of eight Critically Endangered species (CR), Endangered (EN) and 6 Vulnerable (VU). The national red list established by the Peruvian State (El Peruano 00) puts the total at 08, divided as follows: CR, EN and 6 VU. Apart from the above government decree, no red data book as such has been published in Peru (Box ). The principal direct threats to birds in Peru are hunting for consump- habitat destruction (mainly conversion of montane, dry and Amazon forests to agriculture caused by human migrations). Mining and petro- At global level, Peru has the second highest number of restricted-range species () and the highest among Neotropical countries. These species are distributed over 6 Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) and three Ornithological studies began in Peru at the end of the 770s. The Pérou as a result of Taczanowski s sponsorship of expeditions by Stolzmann and Jelski after 860. Later, between 9 and 9 John T. Zimmer published Studies on Peruvian Birds following expeditions to the country backed by the Chicago Field Museum. In 96, O Neill began expeditions in Peru, resulting in the descrip- specimens formed the basis of the Ornithological Collection of the Natural History Museum of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Franke 007). Further collections now exist in Trujillo, Arequipa, and Lima. ). et al. 998). A new Secondary Area has also been proposed for Scarlet-banded Barbet (Capito wallacei) and Royal Sunangel (Heliangelus regalis). There are species restricted to six biomes, with the Central Andes (CAN) biome being the best represented with 79 species present in Peru of a total of restricted to the biome. Records also exist for migratory species, which can be grouped into three categories: 0 Neartic migratory species, breeding in the Neotropics, Neartic species which do not breed in the Neotropics and austral migrants (Stotz et al. 996). Peru has more members of the family Tyrannidae (8 species), Furnariidae Incaspiza (Valqui 006). An important milestone in Peruvian ornithology was the publication et al. (98). In 00, the subsequently, Schulenberg et al. produced the most complete work on Peruvian birds in 007. The Ornithological Union of Peru was established in October 006 the Peruvian Checklist Committee was created, consisting of a group of 0 ornithologists, and aimed at evaluating and validating new bird records for the country.

6 International, and was consolidated at the st National IBA Workshop, during the th National Ornithological Meeting in Arequipa (0- October 00). The above process, as well as the workshop, at which almost 0 people participated, was organized by staff at the Javier Prado Natural History Museum, led by Irma Franke (Franke et al. 00). A preliminary workshop, covering 9,99 km (.7% of Peru s area). These IBAs were published in the 00 regional directory for the Tropical Andes (BirdLife International & Conservation International 00). In 008, a process to update the IBA inventory was begun. At the 7th National Ornithological Conference in Piura a second IBA workshop was held with approxi- revised and updated, resulting in new IBA proposals, elimination of others, cies within IBAs. This chapter presents the results of this updating process. In total, 6 IBAs have been designated in Peru, covering 0,0,070 ha, representing % of the country s land area (Table, Figure ). IBAs include of 6 protected areas within the national protected area system (wholly or partially), representing 6% of protected areas. Nine of Ramsar sites in Peru have been designated as IBAs: Bofedales y Laguna de Salinas (PE0), Humedal Lucre (Huacarpay; PE09), Lago Titicaca (PE097), Pacaya Samiria (PE09), Paracas (PE08), Reserva Nacional de Junín (PE077), Santuario Nacional Lagunas de Mejía (PE06), Pantanos de Villa (PE0) and Vice (PE0). PE00* PE00 PE00 PE00 PE00 PE006 PE007 PE008 PE009 PE00* PE0** PE0** PE0** PE0 PE0 PE06 PE07* PE08* PE09 PE00 PE0 9 0 et al. (00) are marked by a singled asterisk, new sites are marked by a double asterisk.

7 PE0 PE0 PE0 PE0** PE06 PE07 PE08 PE09 PE00 PE0 PE0 PE0 PE0 PE0 PE06 PE07 PE08 PE09 PE00 PE0** PE0 PE0 PE0 PE0 PE06 PE07 PE08 PE09 PE00 PE0 PE0 PE0 PE0** PE0** PE06* PE07** PE08* PE09 PE060 PE06* PE06 PE06* PE06 PE06* PE066* PE067 PE068 PE069 PE070* PE07 PE07 PE07 PE07 PE07 PE076 PE077 PE078 PE079 PE080 PE08 PE08 PE08 PE08 PE08 PE086 PE087 PE088 PE089 PE090 PE

8 PE09 PE09 PE09 PE09 PE096 PE097 PE098** PE099 PE00 PE0 PE0 PE0 PE0* PE0 PE06 PE07* PE08 PE09 PE0 PE* PE PE PE PE PE The data compiled to identify IBAs in Peru comprises 70 records of 9 bird species meeting different IBA criteria, corresponding to % of the country s avifauna. A total of 86 of 00 species of globally threatened birds present in Peru meet IBA criteria within the network of sites. The main exceptions are marine birds, especially threatened Albatrosses and Petrels, given that the present inventory only includes terrestrial sites and islands. 0 species restricted to the 6 EBAs and Secondary Areas are represented in 99 sites as well as 08 biome-restricted species in 8 sites. Compared to the 00 IBA inventory, nine new sites were added to the net- the total IBA area in the country by 90,70 ha (shown in Table ). New IBAs are located in the regions of Ancash, Piura, Lambayeque, Amazonas, Cajamarca, La Libertad, San Martin and Arequipa. Sites have been boundaries. The least represented regions in the whole IBA network are Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Abancay and Moquegua, whereas the best represented regions correspond to Madre de Dios, San Martin and Tumbes. All ecoregions in Peru except two are represented in at least one IBA. Both unrepresented ecoregions are found in geographical extremes of the country: Tumbesian mangroves in northwest Peru on the border with Ecuador; and Solimoes-Japura humid forests in the northwest of the country, to the north of the Napo and Amazon rivers, on the border with Colombia.

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10 )

11 system conservation in general, have been implemented in IBAs. Site management and project implementation has been strongest in IBAs which are also protected areas and managed by the National State Protected Areas Service, sometimes in association with conservation organizations. However, in recent years, intense efforts by organizations, individuals and researchers have been focused on bird conservation actions in IBAs outside the National System of Protected Areas. A tangible example of site conservation following IBA designation is the project funded by the British Birdwatching Fair in 00, promoting the conservation of species in the north of Peru, such as the Endangered Marvellous Spatuletail (Loddigesia mirabilis) and the Critically Endangered White-winged Guan (Penelope albipennis) in the IBAs of Rio Utcubamba (PE07) and Bosques Secos de Salitral - Huarmaca Olmos (PE00), respectively, both of which currently lack formal protection. The IBA concept in Peru is relatively young and has only recently begun to gather strength. Priorities for the IBA program should include: ) creating formal protection for unprotected sites, given the many and increasing threats; ) basic research on many threatened species in order to ascertain their real status; ) priority setting among IBAs to establish where most urgent action is needed; and ) incorporation of the IBA concept at central government level to ensure that IBAs are considered within development plans at all levels. Another opportunity for IBA conservation is to position sites as key observation points on birding routes. PromPeru, the national Export and Tourism Promotion Board, has recently begun a strong marketing campaign to publicize this type of tourism both within Peru and abroad. Three main birding routes exist in the north, center and south of the country, in which many key sites coincide with IBAs. This cooccurrence provides excellent development opportunities for local communities, which could help ensure site conservation. Data sources Regional IBA Directory (Franke et al. 00). Bird lists for Peru Listadeaves_mplenge.pdf SACC: Contact information Fernando Angulo Pratolongo (fernando.angulo@birdlife.org) BirdLife International Piura, Peru Tel / 89 My sincere thanks to all those people who contributed information to the process of identifying and updating Peru s IBAs. At the risk of omitting names, a special thanks to the following people: Edgardo Aguilar, José Álvarez, Constantino Aucca, Katya Balta, Javier Barrio, Ronald Catpo, Ana Chunga, Vicente Cortéz, Alex Cruz, Gunnar Engblom, Judith Figueroa, Jeremy Flanagan, Juan Carlos Flores, Irma Franke, Antonio Garcia Bravo, Diego García Olaechea, Mishari García, Melvin Gastañaga, Oscar Gonzales, Edwin Gutiérrez, David Kikuchi, Jose La Torre, Ernesto Málaga, Víctor Martínez, Ross McLeod, Alex More, Renzo Piana, David Pineda, Manuel Plenge, Berioska Quispe, Neil Renwick, Luis Ríos, Indra Rodríguez, Tom Schulenberg, Nathan Senner, Diego Shoobridge, Noam Shany, Alejandro Tabini, Trinidad Tapia, Alejandro Tello, Joe Tobias, Joaquín Ugarte, Mauricio Ugarte, Jorge Valdez, Jaime Valenzuela, José Luis Venero, Jhonson Vizcarra, Barry Walker, Rob Williams, Carlos Zavalaga, Horacio Zeballos, William Zeña and Renzo Zeppilli. A special thanks is also due to those people who attended the IBA workshop during the 7th National Ornithological Conference, held in Piura on 9 April 008, as well as to the organizers of the conference for providing this opportunity. Many thanks also to Rob P. Clay, Ian Davidson, Christian Devenish, David Díaz, Santiago Llore, Amiro Perez-Leroux, Amanda Tapia and Ítala Yépez of the BirdLife Americas Secretariat in Quito for their support and help during the process. Finally, a sincere thanks to the Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos and the authors of the Peru chapter in the regional IBA directory (Franke et al. 00), including all those mentioned in the acknowledgements of this publication. ANGULO, F., PALOMINO, W., ARNAL, H., AUCCA, C. & UCHOFEN, O. (008) Corredor. Cusco, Peru: Asociación Ecosistemas Andinos, American Bird Conservancy. BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL & CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (00) para la Conservación de las Aves en los Andes Tropicales: sitios prioritarios para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series Nº ). BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (007) 007 IUCN Red List for birds. org/datazone/species/ CDC-UNALM - CENTRO DE DATOS PARA LA CONSERVACION-UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA (006). Lima, Peru: CDC- UNALM, The Nature Conservancy. CLEMENTS, J. & SHANY, N. (00) A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru. California, USA: Ibis Publishing Company. CONAM - CONSEJO NACIONAL DEL AMBIENTE (00) Perú: Estrategia Nacional sobre Diversidad Biológica. Lima, Peru: CONAM. FRANKE, I., MATTOS, J., SALINAS, L., MENDOZA, C. & ZAMBRANO, S. (00) Áreas importantes para la conservación de las aves en el Perú. Pp in BirdLife International & Conservation Internacional. para la conservación de las aves en los Andes Tropicales. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife Internacional (BirdLife Conservation Series Nº ) FRANKE, I. (007) Historia de la ornitología peruana e importancia de las Revista peruana de biología (): 9-6. MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA (008). PARKER, T. A., PARKER, S. A. & PLENGE, M. A. (98) An Annotated Checklist of Peruvian birds. Vermillion, USA: Buteo Books. EL PERUANO (00) Decreto Supremo Nº 0 00 AG del de Septiembre de 00. Categorización de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna Silvestre. REMSEN, J. V., JR., CADENA, C. D., JARAMILLO, A., NORES, M., PACHECO, J. F., ROBBINS, M. B., SCHULENBERG, T. S., STILES, F. G., STOTZ, D. F. & ZIMMER, K. J. (008) American Ornithologists Union. SACCBaseline.html SCHULENBERG, T. S., STOTZ, D. F., LANE, D. F., O NEILL, J. P. & PARKER, T. A. (007) Birds of Peru. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press. STATTERSFIELD A. J., CROSBY, M. J., LONG, A. J. & WEGE, D. C. (998) Endemic Bird Areas of the World: priorities for biodiversity conservation. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series Nº 6). STOTZ, D. F., FITZPATRICK, J. W., PARKER, T. A. & MOSKOVITS, D. K. (996) Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. Chicago, USA: Chicago University Press. VALQUI, T. (006) Perú. Edén natural de aves. Natural Eden of birds. Lima, Peru: Graph & Consult.