The Word 2007/2010 Equation Editor

Transcription

1 The Word 2007/2010 Equation Editor Contents The Word 2007/2010 Equation Editor... 1 When the Equation Editor Should Be Used... 1 Why the Equation Editor Should Be Used... 1 How to Enter the Equation Editor Quickly... 2 Equation display modes... 2 Insertion of Single Symols... 3 Insertion of Spaces... 3 Grouping and Brackets... 4 Superscripts and Suscripts... 4 Division and Stacking... 4 Parentheses size control with \phantom and \smash... 6 Square Roots and Higher Order Roots... 7 Integrals, Products and Sums... 7 Function Names... 7 Other Font Changes... 8 Accent Marks, Overars, Underars, Aove and Below... 8 Greek Alphaet... 9 Herew Characters... 9 Equation Numers... 9 Symol that Lack Keywords References When the Equation Editor Should Be Used The equation editor should e used to format your equations. In some cases you can use simple Word commands, such as superscript (<control>+) and suscript (<control>=) to format simple variales, as when you wish to say, L 1 is the length of the eam, ut in doing so, you should pay attention to the font in which the variale is displayed. For example, variales should e formatted in italic font, while function names and units of measure should e in regular font. (It is often easiest to use a shortcut key, as descried elow, to jump into the equation editor, even if you are simply typing a variale name). Why the Equation Editor Should Be Used Some equations will e nearly impossile to represent without this editor. Others will simply look unprofessional. Compare the following: dy ax 2 + x + c --- = sin(θ) dx (x α) 2 = aaxx2 + + cc (xx αα) 2 sin θθ The second form looks etter, requires aout a third of the time to create with the equation editor, and is far easier to modify. You can save sustantial time if you ecome familiar with the shortcut commands within the equation editor. This document descries the use of the editor availale in Word This environment differs from the keystroke-ased editor that was availale in previous versions of Word or in Mathtype. Its syntax is similar to that of TeΧ a typesetting program that pre-dates Microsoft Word. 1

2 How to Enter the Equation Editor Quickly The quickest way to enter the equation editor is the shortcut key <alt>= (hold down the <alt> key while you type = ). You can also click on Equation under the Insert ta, ut this sequence can ecome cumersome when you are setting a large numer of equations or defining multiple variales within text. The need to move your hands from the keyoard to the mouse (or mouse pad) slows your typing. You now have no excuse not to use the equation editor on a casual asis. It is only one keystroke away. While in the equation editor, you can use various symols and keywords instead of the more cumersome menu ar. A more complete description of the codes used y the equation editor and the syntax and philosophy ehind it is given y Sargent [1]. Single characters, such as _, ^ and / that have special meanings. Keywords such as \alpha that will e translated to symols (in this case, α ). Keywords such as \sqrt and \overrace will modify expressions that are correctly grouped. Note: Spaces that you type are important to the equation editor ecause they tell the editor when it is time to translate a part of the equation you are typing. Where it is necessary for clarity in this document, a space will e represented y the sequence <sp>. Equation display modes If you click on an equation, it will ecome highlighted, as shown in Figure 1. When you then click on the lue downarrow at the lower right, five options appear. Save as new equation allows you to keep the equation as a uilding lock, which makes it availale from the Insert rion. Professional means that the equation should e displayed as a formatted equation. Linear means to show the equation in its raw form, similar to the way that the equation was typed, ut with some of the typed codes translated into special characters. Display means that the equation will e formatted in a way that is appropriate for an equation etween paragraphs. Inline means that the equation will e formatted in a way that is appropriate for an equation within a paragraph. Inline equations tend to e more compressed than displayed equations. Figure 1: The appearance of an equation. 2

3 Insertion of Single Symols Keywords can e used to quickly insert a limited numer of frequently used symols. Keywords are case-sensitive (e.g., \rightarrow is different from \Rightarrow). If you need a single symol that does not appear on this list, see the section Symol that Lack Keywords. To Insert Type Or To Insert Type Or \infty ħ \har \rightarrow \-> \leftarrow \uparrow \downarrow \nearrow \nwarrow \searrow \swarrow \leftrightarrow \updownarrow \Rightarrow \Leftarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \partial \nala \le <= \ge >= \ll << \gg aa a\times ff(tt) gg(tt) f(t)\otimes g(t) aa a\cdot aa a\odot xx yy x\oplus y xx yy a\ominus y aa a\mapsto \hookrightarrow aa a\dots aa a\cdots aa a\ot aa a\top AA BB A\igcap B AA BB A\igcup B AA BB A\igsqcup B AA BB A\iguplus B aa a\star \forall \in \exists \igwedge \igvee \ne \approx \equiv \cong \sim \simeq \owtie \ox \suset \emptyset ~= \therefore \ecause ± \pm +- \mp -+ \angle \propto 22 C 22 \degree C Insertion of Spaces Because spaces have special meaning in the equation editor, and ecause the equation editor usually handles spacing appropriately, the spacear cannot usually e used to add spaces within equations. However, spaces can e inserted with the following keywords: (Keywords \medsp, \thicksp and vthicksp also exist, ut \medsp is a not-so-useful synonym for no space at all, and \thicksp and \vthicksp are synonyms for \thinsp). \hairsp a small space e.g. xx \thinsp a wider space e.g. xx 3

4 Grouping and Brackets The equation editor causes rackets (such as [], {} and ( )) to grow to the size of the expression within them. However, parentheses are the grouping character and will not display when used as such. To force parentheses to display, you must doule them. To prevent rackets from eing reformatted, precede them y the \ character. Some examples follow. aa [a/] The / command for fractions is descried in a later section. aa {a/} aa (a/) Parentheses display. aa + 1 aa ( + 1) a/(+1) a/((+1)) Parentheses used for grouping do not display. Doule parentheses display. aa yy { a\atop \close y The \close keyword completes the opened race. The \atop command is descried in a later section. aa ff cc + dd (a f)/(c+d) The parentheses are, again, used for grouping. ff aa cc + dd a f/(c+d) yy = [ aa ] y=\[<sp>a/<sp>\] Backslashes prevent [ and ] from growing. aa \norm a\norm Superscripts and Suscripts The _ and ^ keys are used to insert superscripts and suscripts. Grouping is important ecause it 2 distinguishes etween F 2 and F n n. Terms can e grouped y enclosing them in parentheses, where the parentheses themselves do not print. Some simple examples follow: To Display Type Notes xx ii yy nn x_i\times<sp>y^n The spacear <sp> is needed. xx ii+1 x^(i+1) The parentheses do not show. See grouping. x_i^n nn xx ii kk+1 FF nn F_n^(k+1) FF nn kk+1 F_(n^(k+1)) All of the parentheses are needed. 0 9 HH (_0^9)H Division and Stacking Use the / character for division. The equation editor will reformat the expression to place the numerator aove the denominator. To prevent vertical uildup of the fraction, use \/ instead of / alone. As with superscripts and suscripts, you can use parentheses to group expressions into a numerator and denominator. Examples follow: 4

5 a a/ a+ (a+)/(c+d) Parentheses do not print. c+ d ( a+ ) The doule parentheses force the single parentheses ((a+))/(c+d) to print in the numerator. c+ d a+ + n c+ d f x e 1/2 ( ) + ((a+)/(c+d) + n)/(f(x)+e^(1\/2))<sp> The / is preceded y \ in the exponential to provide a horizontal fraction (1/2 instead of 1 2 ). If you need to stack expressions without the horizontal division line, use \atop or \matrix. The vertical ar can also e used in place of \atop. a Do not add spaces etween the a\atop or a expression and the vertical ar. a+ (a+)\atop(c+d) Parentheses do not print. c+ d x = 0 f(x)={\matrix (\infty x=0@0 x\ne 0) character ends a row of the f ( x) = 0 x 0 \close matrix. x11 x12 x13 A=[\matrix(x_11&x_12&x_13@ The matrix must e enclosed in () s. The A= x21 x22 x 23 x_21&x_22&x23@ & character separates columns of the x31 x32 x x_31&x_32&x_33)] matrix. separates rows. 33 The syntax for matrices tends to lead to expressions that are difficult to read. An easier approach is to enter the equation editor with <alt>+ and then use the Matrix dropdown menu in the structures group to insert the closest approximation to the matrix that you need. To add extra columns and rows, click on the equation and then click on the small lue down-arrow and scroll down to Linear to change the display to linear, then insert & symols as appropriate, and return to Professional. 5

6 Parentheses size control with \phantom and \smash The keywords \phantom and \smash can e used to force rackets and parentheses to have a specific size. [\phantom (a\atop )]<sp> The \phantom command creates an oject as large as the expression in parentheses, ut does not print it, so you can create, for example, large empty rackets. [ aa \smash creates the oject, ut makes its size [\smash(a\atop )\close<sp><sp> zero so that the enclosing racket does not grow. [ ] [\hphantom((a+)/c)] [\vphantom((a+)/c)] The \hphantom command creates an oject with the width of the expression in parentheses, ut zero height. The \vphantom command creates an oject with the height of the expression in parentheses, ut zero width. This example shows a Routh matrix that was constructed with the aid of \vphantom. ss 3 ss 2 ss 1 ss 0 ss 3 ss 2 ss 1 ss (48 32) Without the \vphantom, the vertical spacing of the stack of ss nn symols on the left would not match with that of the two columns on the right The syntax is 1 (48 32) \open\matrix(s^3@s^2@ (1/4) s^1@s^0 ) \matrix(1&8\vphantom(s^3 )@4&48\vphantom(s^2 )@-1/4 (48-32)&0@_1&0\vphantom(s^0 )) Yes. I do realize that this example is far more than you want to worry aout. 6

7 Square Roots and Higher Order Roots The square root keyword \sqrt operates on the argument that follows it. The equation editor also has keywords for higher order roots. Examples are: xx \sqrt x xx + 1 \sqrt(x+1) 3 xx + 1 \crt(x+1) 4 xx + 1 \qdrt(x+1) ± 2 4aaaa 2aa (-\pm\sqrt(^2-4ac))/2a<sp> nn xx \sqrt(n&x)<sp> The & separates the root order from the argument Integrals, Products and Sums Integrals, products and sums are inserted with the keywords \sum, \int and \prod. Use suscripts and superscripts to insert the limits. Examples are: To Display NN xx nn nn=0 NN xx nn nn=0 ff(tt)ee iiiiii dddd ff(xx)dddd ff(xx)dddd ff(xx, yy)dddd Type \sum_(n=0)^n x^n<sp> \prod_(n=0)^n x^n<sp> \int_-\infty^\infty <sp> <sp> f(t) e^i\omega t<sp>dt \iint f(x) dx \iiint f(x) dx \oint f(x,y) dl Function Names The equation editor switches etween variale style or function style, depending on whether it interprets part of an equation as a variale or a function (compare the two styles in the equation y = sin( x), which would not look right if it were displayed as y = sin( x) ). You must type a space after the function name to allow the editor to interpret it as a function. Some of the functions that are recognized are: sin θθ sec θθ arcsin(yy) cosh θθ exp(iiiiii) cos θθ csc θθ arctan(yy/xx) tanh θθ tan θθ arccos(xx) sinh θθ log(xx) If a function keyword is not recognized, you can force the editor to treat it as a function if you follow it with the \funcapply keyword. For example, sinc is not recognized as a function, ut the sequence sinc\funcapply<sp><sp> will produce sinc xx (as opposed to the less attractive ssssssss xx). 7

8 Other Font Changes Many of the utilities on the Font group of the Home rion can e used to modify text within an equation. The \scriptx command (where X is any single letter) can also e used to quickly create a script letter. The variale style can e overridden with several commands. See Gardner [2] for more information. To Insert Use a script character (e.g. F ) \scriptf (Notice that there is no space etween \script and F) regular text Enclose in quotes. E.g. a = produces a= instead of a =. italic text toggle italic on and off with <control>i old text toggle old on and off with <control> hello there <control>i hello <control>i there hello there <control>i hello <control> there L { f ( x) } \scriptl {f(x)} xx = R(xx + iiii) x=\re(x+iy) yy = I(xx + iiii) y=\im(x+iy) Select the character. Then, on the Design rion, under the Tools a large character x= a+ group, click on Normal Text. Now go to the Home rion and change the font size. Go ack to the Design rion and click on Normal Text again to get ack to the correct font design (e.g. italic if it is a variale).* * Sorry aout this level of complication. There should just e a command like \size24 to change the point size, ut there is not. Also, if you try to change font size without first clicking on Normal Text, the font size of the entire equation changes, rather than just the characters you selected. Accent Marks, Overars, Underars, Aove and Below Certain keywords can e used to place accents, overars, overraces and other modifiers on characters and expressions. Examples are: Force Mass times Acceleration \overrace F^ force = Overar text is introduced with ^, as if F = ma \overrace(ma)^ Mass times Acceleration it were a superscript. a+ \overar(a+) a+ \overparen(a+) a+ \underar(a+) lim \elow(x\rightarrow 0) lim x 0 0 lim x lim\aove(x\rightarrow 0) Because lim is a keyword it is not displayed in italics. 8

9 Some accents are designed to fit over a single character. The keyword must e typed after the modified character and followed y two spaces. For Type For Type For Type xx x\ar<sp><sp> xx x\ddot<sp><sp> xx x\hvec<sp><sp> xx x\bar<sp><sp> xx x\hat<sp><sp> xx x\tvec<sp><sp> xx x\check<sp><sp> xx x\tilde<sp><sp> xx x\dot<sp><sp> xx x\vec<sp><sp> Prime marks also follow the expression that they modify, ut are followed y only a single space: To Display xx xx xx Type x\prime<sp> x\pprime<sp> x\ppprime<sp> Greek Alphaet To include a Greek letter in an equation, spell the name of the letter, preceded y the ackslash character (\). If the name egins with a lower case letter, a lower case Greek letter is inserted. If the name egins with an upper case letter, an upper case Greek letter is inserted. The tale elow provides the names for each of the lower case Greek letters (with some variations). For Type For Type For Type For Type αα \alpha ηη \eta ο \omicron * υυ \upsilon ββ \eta ιι \iota ππ \pi ππ \varpi χχ \chi φφ \varphi θθ \theta ωω \omega δδ \delta κκ \kappa θθ \vartheta ξξ \xi εε \epsilon λλ \lamda ρρ \rho ψψ \psi φφ \phi μμ \mu σσ \sigma ζζ \zeta γγ \gamma νν \nu ττ \tau * \omicron should work, ut did not when I tried it in the Word 2007 editor. If you have troule with this letter, you can use the Symols group of the Insert rion. Herew Characters The equation editor s collection of Herew characters is limited to the first four. ℵ ℶ ℸ ℷ \aleph \eth \daleth \gimel Equation Numers The easiest way to numer equations is to put the equation in a tale. If you wish to have the equation centered, use a tale with three columns so that the left column alances the right column. Here is an example. The tale orders are included for clarity, ut in most cases, it is est to remove them. ee iiii = cos xx + ii sin xx Eq. 1 9

10 You can make the equations automatically numered if you click inside the tale, go to the References rion, and click on Insert Caption. Choose Equation, and use the lael that fits your taste (in this case, I have used Eq. ). Finally, change the orders and shading for the tale to None. To generate additional numered equations, you can copy and paste the tale that you just generated into different locations and simply change the equation. Highlight the equation numer, right click, and select Update Field to have Word automatically change the numer. To simplify matters further, you can just copy and paste the aove tale into your document and use it as a template. R{ee iiii } = cos xx Eq. 2 Symol that Lack Keywords The equation editor lacks keywords for some symols. Some missing keywords are surprising, such as one for Å, which one would expect to e simply \Angstrom. 1 If the keyword cannot e found, the symol is proaly still availale. First, check the Symols group on the Design rion under Equation Tools (Figure 2), which should appear when you type <control>+ to enter the equation editor. Figure 2: The Symols group under the Design ta of Equation Tools. Most of the default symols in this group have already een descried. However, if you click on the downarrow (circled in Figure 2) and then click on the downarrow at the top of the resulting menu, the following options will appear: Basic Math Greek Letters Letter-Like Symols Operators Arrows Negated Relationships Scripts Geometry 1 An insane method that approximates the Angstrom symol uses \vphantom and \smash. Type: (\vphantom(a)<sp>\smash(a)<sp>)\aove\circ)<sp><sp> and then convert to non-italic with <control>i. The result is A. The \vphantom and \smash are used to place the circle at the right height. If you type simply A\aove\circ<sp><sp>, you get A, which places the circle too high. 10

11 For example, the Letter-Like Symols group contains the following symols that do not have keywords. Symol Name ASCII Hexadecimal Code C Doule-Struck Capital C 2102 ð Latin Small Letter Eth 00F0 Ⅎ Turned Capital F 2132 H Hilert Space 210C N The Set of Natural Numers 2115 Q Rational Numers 211A R Real Numers 211D Z The Set of Integers 2124 A Angstrom 212B Inverted Ohm Sign 2127 There Does Not Exist 2204 The ASCII hexadecimal code may e useful for a small suset of people. If you type that code into an equation, then select the code and type <alt>x (think of the x as standing for hexadecimal), it will convert the numer to the corresponding character. You can convert only one character at a time. So if your thesis uses the A symol frequently, you may find it worthwhile to memorize the code 212B for that symol so that you do not need to keep extracting it from the Symols group. Conversely, if you are in the linear mode of the equation editor, you can highlight a single character and then type <alt>x to print that character s hexadecimal code. As a last resort, you can resort to using Symol under the Symols group of the standard Insert rion, which is completely independent of the equation editor. References 1. Sargent, M III, Unicode nearly plain-tex encoding of mathematics, Office Authoring Services, Microsoft Corporation, 2006 ( 2. Gardner J, Shortcuts for the Word 2007 equation editor, ( 11