Diachronic syntax based on constituency and dependency annotated corpora: theoretical and methodological issues

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1 City University of New York, April 17-19, 2013 Diachronic syntax based on constituency and dependency annotated corpora: theoretical and methodological issues Achim Stein (ILR, Universität Stuttgart) This talk based on collaborative research with Sophie Prévost (CNRS LaTTiCE) and the members of the ANR/DFG project Syntactic Reference Corpus of Medieval French (SRCMF) Universität Stuttgart Achim Stein 2013

2 Syntactic Reference Corpus of Medieval French Principal investigators: Sophie Prévost, Achim Stein Funding: Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR (France) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (Germany) Institutions and staff: Paris: UMR 8094-LaTTiCe (CNRS/ENS Paris): Sophie Prévost, Julie Glikman Lyon: ENS de Lyon Céline Guillot, Serge Heiden, Alexei Lavrentiev, Tom Rainsford Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik (ILR) Achim Stein, Beatrice Bischof, Nicolas Mazziotta Universität Stuttgart 2 c Achim Stein, Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik

3 The annotation workflow preparation Corpora: Base de français médiéval (BFM); Nouveau Corpus d'amsterdam (NCA) dependency model annotation principles Forum: discussion of grammar and annotation principles work correction 1: compare parallel annotations manual annotation with the Notabene tool (Mazziotta 2010) correction 2: review of compared versions use queries with TigerSearch (local) or TXM (web) XML syntactic structures (RDF graphs) CoNLL training of dependency parsers CoNLL based query tools Universität Stuttgart 3 Achim Stein 2013

4 Dependency structures Universität Stuttgart c Achim Stein, Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik

5 Penn style constituent structure Tresqu'en la mer cunquist la tere altaigne. (Chanson de Roland) Until the sea he conquered the high land. The noun phrase (NP) consists of "la" and "mer" (MCVF, Martineau 2009) Universität Stuttgart 5 c Achim Stein 2013

6 Dependency structure (compare with constituency) Tresqu'en la mer cunquist la tere altaigne. Until the sea he conquered the high land. "Tresqu", "en", and "la" depend on "mer" "mer" depends on "cunquist" (SRCMF, Prévost/Stein 2013) Universität Stuttgart 6 c Achim Stein 2013

7 SRCMF annotated categories: labels and their meaning Universität Stuttgart Achim Stein 2013

8 phrase [Snt] structure maximale non-phrase [nsnt] noeud verbal personnel [VFin] structure syntactic entities noeud structure non-maximale noeud non-verbal [nv] noeud verbal noeud verbal infinitif [VInf] noeud verbal participial [VPar] unité syntaxique groupe coordonné [Coo] sujet personnel [SjPer] coordination [GpCoo] sujet sujet impersonnel [SjImp] attribut de sujet [AtSj] actant attribut attribut d'objet [AtObj] circonstant [Circ] attribut du réfléchi [AtRfc] classe négation [Ng] objet [Obj] satellite forclusif [NgPrt] régime [Regim] complément [Cmpl] auxilié [Aux] auxilié actif [AuxA] réfléchi [Rfc] functions apostrophe [Apst] auxilié passif [AuxP] réfléxif renforcé [Rfx] fonction parenthese modifieur interjection [Int] insertion [Insrt] modifieur attaché [ModA] The class hierarchy of SRCMF categories modifieur détaché [ModD] relateur coordonnant [RelC] relateur relateur non-coordonnant [RelNC] Universität Stuttgart 8 Achim Stein 2013

9 SRCMF grammar: heads and "functional categories" preposition Turin University Treebank Functional categories = heads e.g. prepositional phrase: in > quei > giorni (in > these > days) SRCMF Lexical categories = heads e.g. prepositional phrase mer > outre (sea > over) verb noun conjunction noun (TUT, Bosco 2004) preposition Universität Stuttgart 9 Achim Stein 2013

10 SRCMF grammar: duplicates A duplicate is a double reference to a node (not two forms). Duplicates allow for the assignment of a second relation to the node. Duplicates are used in relative clauses and contracted forms. Examples: In (1) the relative pronoun qui is a non-coordinating relator (RelNC). Its duplicate is a subject (SjPer). In (2) the contracted form nes (= ne + les) is a negation (Ng). Its duplicate is an object (Obj). (1) Souffrance si est semblable a esmeraude qui toz jorz est vert. Sufferance such is like an emerald which all day is green. (2) sovent dit / Qu'or veut morir s'il nes ocit. often says / that now wants die if he not+them kills Universität Stuttgart 10 c Achim Stein, Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik

11 Annotation with Notabene Universität Stuttgart c Achim Stein, Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik

12 The Notabene annotation tool (Mazziotta 2010) Universität Stuttgart 12 c Achim Stein (Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik)

13 The Notabene annotation tool (Mazziotta 2010) Universität Stuttgart 13 c Achim Stein (Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik)

14 Outlook and results Universität Stuttgart c Achim Stein, Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik

15 SRCMF texts Universität Stuttgart 15 Achim Stein 2013

16 SRCMF: a first parsing experiment Parser: mate tools (Bohnet 2010; Björkelund, Bohnet et al. 2010) training on three different texts (90% of 6508 sentences) evaluation on 10% (650 sentences) Encouraging results, considering that the SRCMF grammar designed is motivated linguistically no compromise was made to facilitate automatic parsing Difficulties to guess the right label: the price for a very explicit annotation model? Main error: Cmpl-Circ Too few exact matches: a small number of dependencies is hard to learn. Universität Stuttgart 16 Achim Stein 2013

17 IMSExplorer (IMS Stuttgart, under development) using the mate tools parser with the SRCMF model Universität Stuttgart 17 Achim Stein 2013

18 Results See the SRCMF homepage: Publication is on-going: 15 Old French texts, > words, > sentences. online access (via TXM web, ENS Lyon) download formats for local queries documentation Re-usable tools Notabene annotation tool Models for dependency parsing Universität Stuttgart 18 Achim Stein 2013

19 References: Bechhofer, Sean; van Harmelen, Frank; Hendler, Jim; Horrocks, Ian; McGuinness, Deborah L.; F., Patel- Schneider Peter; Andrea Stein, Lynn (2004): OWL Web Ontology Language Reference. W3C Recommendation 10 February Björkelund, Anders; Bohnet, Bernd; Hafdell, Love; Nugues, Pierre (2010): A high-performance syntactic and semantic dependency parser. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations, Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, Bohnet, Bernd (2010): Top Accuracy and Fast Dependency Parsing is not a Contradiction. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2010), Beijing, China: Coling 2010 Organizing Committee, Bosco, Cristina (2004): A Grammatical Relation System for Treebank Annotation. : PhD Thesis, Università degli Studi di Turino. Guillot, Céline; Marchello-Nizia, Christiane; Lavrentiev, Alexeij (2007): La Base de Français Médiéval (BFM) : états et perspectives. Kunstmann, Pierre; Stein, Achim (ed.): Le Nouveau Corpus d'amsterdam. Actes de l'atelier de Lauterbad, février 2006, Stuttgart: Steiner. Martineau, France (2009): Le corpus MCVF. Modéliser le changement: les voies du français. Ottawa: Université d'ottawa. Mazziotta, Nicolas (2010): Logiciel NotaBene pour l'annotation linguistique. Annotations et conceptualisations multiples. Recherches qualitatives. Hors-série 'Les actes', 9, Achim Stein et al. (2006): Nouveau Corpus d'amsterdam. Corpus informatique de textes littéraires d'ancien français (ca ), établi par Anthonij Dees (Amsterdam 1987), remanié par Achim Stein, Pierre Kunstmann et Martin-D. Gleßgen. Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik. Stein, Achim; Prévost, Sophie (2013): Syntactic annotation of medieval texts: the Syntactic Reference Corpus of Medieval French (SRCMF). Bennett, Paul; Durrell, Martin; Scheible, Silke; Whitt, Richard (ed.): New Methods in Historical Corpus Linguistics, Tübingen: Narr. Universität Stuttgart 19 Achim Stein 2013